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64-652: The dagger was commissioned by the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud I (r. 1730–54) as a peace offering to the Shah of Iran , Nadir Shah (r. 1736-47). It was among several valuable gifts that was carried by Ahmad Pasha Kesrieli , accompanied by 1,000 retainers. As the embassy traveled en route to the border of Persia, the Ottoman ambassadors learned of the assassination of the Shah (20 June 1747) and returned to Istanbul with

128-516: A new dimension in February 1743, and Shah Safi, who was one of Shah Hussein's princes and held hostage on Chios Island , was condemned and led to Nader Shah's inability to complete. He was sent to the Afsharid border with the troops that joined him. Mahmud I who was disturbed by fistula and during the harsh winter his health declined day by day. On Friday, 13 December 1754 he went for attending

192-521: A reign of twenty-four years. This is why Sakaoğlu, a Turkish historian, speculates that Mahmud may have been castrated during his years of imprisonment in Kafes . The known consorts of Mahmud I are: Muhammad Shah Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah (born Roshan Akhtar ; 7 August 1702 – 26 April 1748) was the thirteenth Mughal emperor from 1719 to 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar ,

256-535: A relative to Saadullah Khan and his maternal uncle, to administer Gujarat after having sending him on the pretext of restoring order to the province. Realising his loss of influence and trust from the emperor, Asaf Jah resigned as Grand Vizier and returned to the Deccan. Asaf Jah I appointed commander Ewaz Khan as the master of the garrison at Aurangabad , and much of his logistical duties were carried out by Inayatullah Kashmiri. In 1723 he set out on an expedition to

320-496: A royal chhatri to pay tribute to Rao Bal Kishan. After entering Delhi, Nader Shah claimed to invasion and occupation of the Mughal Empire was borne out of religious devotion and that if "the wretched Marathas of the Deccan" moved towards Delhi, he might "send an army of victorious Qizilbash to drive them to the abyss of Hell." The occupation of Delhi was initially cordial, however, rumours spread throughout

384-406: A son, Shahriyar Shah Bahadur, who died young in 1726. She died on 14 December 1789. Muhammad Shah took a second wife, Sahiba Mahal , and had a daughter Hazrat Begum , who was married to Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1757. His third wife was a dancing girl, Qudsia Begum, Begum of Bhopal , who bore him his successor, Ahmad Shah Bahadur on 23 December 1725. Upon his birth, he was taken from her and

448-484: Is covered by another large emerald. In Ottoman culture, daggers and swords, along with horses, played an important role in both the military and religious spheres, reinforcing one's legitimization, authority, and leadership. This symbolic role of daggers was not limited to men, as women of high rank carried them too. For Islam, the color green is traditionally considered the color of the Prophet Mohammed and

512-604: The Battle of Palkhed , Bajirao I and his brother Chimaji Appa re-invaded Malwa. The Mughal subahdar Giridhar Bahadur was defeated and killed at the battle of Amjhera in November 1729. Chimnaji Appa then unsuccessfully attempted to besiege the remnants of the Mughal army at Ujjain. In 1731, Asaf Jah managed to secure the defections of influential Maratha leaders, such as Trimbak Rao Dabhade and Sanbhoji who threatened to abandon

576-534: The Durrani Empire at Battle of Manupur . Emperor Muhammad Shah had four wives. His first wife and chief consort was his first-cousin, Princess Badshah Begum , the daughter of Emperor Farrukhsiyar and his first wife, Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum. They married after his accession, on 8 December 1721, at Delhi, and he gave her the title Malika-uz-Zamani (Queen of the Age) by which she was popularly known. They had

640-578: The Hyderabad State and appointed himself the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1725. The Mughal-Maratha Wars (1728–1763) would cause irreparable devastation to six Deccan subahs – Khandesh , Bijapur , Berar , Aurangabad , Hyderabad and Bidar . Asaf Jah would the Marathas to invade Malwa and the northern territories of the Mughal empire to protect his newfound independence. The Nizam described

704-712: The Maratha army to be an instrument to be wielded to his own advantage in the Maasir-i Nizami : "I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own and I will get my work done through them. It is necessary to take our hands off Malwa. God willing, I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri (raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them." The ears of the Muhammed Shah were possessed by

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768-679: The Mughal Army at the Battle of Burdwan where Raghoji I Bhonsle and his Maratha forces were completely routed. The enraged Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan then dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar. However, four years later, emperor Muhammad Shah ceded Orissa was ceded over to the Marathas. Following Nader Shah's invasion, the Ottoman Empire exploited the void that was created at their eastern borders as almost all Persian forces were deployed to India. During that period, emperor Muhammad Shah tried to recover all territory until being attacked by

832-643: The Siege of Trichinopoly (1743) , which lasted five months and forced the Marathas led by Murari Rao Ghorpade to evacuate the Carnatic. In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji I Bhonsle, began to raid, pillage and annex the territories of the Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan. During the Maratha invasion of Orissa , its subahdar Mir Jafar completely withdrew all forces until the arrival of Alivardi Khan and

896-565: The Sword of Osman was performed; many of the chief officers were deposed and successors to them appointed at the dictation of the bold rebel who had served in the ranks of the Janissaries and who appeared before the sultan bare-legged and in his old uniform of a common soldier. A Greek butcher, named Yanaki, had formerly given credit to Halil and had lent him money during the three days of the insurrection. Halil showed his gratitude by compelling

960-504: The fortress of Peshawar . In January 1739, he captured Lahore , after completely subduing the forces of the Mughal viceroy, Zakariya Khan Bahadur and his 25,000 sowars , by the Chenab river. The Afsharid forces soon encountered bands of Sikh rebels whom Nader Shah predicted would clearly benefit after his invasion. The Afsharids would capture territory all the way up to Attock , forcing Muhammad Shah and his court to realise that

1024-632: The Amir-ul-Umara, Khan-i Dauran. Muhammad Shah appointed Qamar-ud-Din Khan as Grand Wazir to succeed Asaf Jah. However, he was quickly dismissed in favour of Roshan-ud-Daulah Turrah Baz Khan , a native of Panipat, who was appointed the Grand Wazir, in order to reduce the influence of the Turani family. Despite the loss of the Deccan subahs in 1724, the Nawab of Awadh Saadat Ali Khan and

1088-639: The Cağaloğlu Bath, called Yeni Hamam, in the spring of 1740 on the site of Cağaloğlu Palace, which covers a large area. Foundation houses were built on the remaining empty lands and a neighborhood was established. The sultan opened the one in the courtyard of the Hagia Sophia Mosque , the first of the three libraries it established in Istanbul, with a ceremony and made 4,000 volumes. In the library, Sahih-i Buharf reading of ten inhabitants every day

1152-541: The Deccan, where he fought Mubariz Khan , the Mughal Subahdar of the Deccan, who had kept the ravaging Maratha Empire at bay. Mubariz Khan was a former ally of the Barha Sayyids, who was appointed by Muhammad Shah to kill Asaf Jah I. Taking advantage of Mubariz Khan's conventional weaknesses, Asaf Jah I defeated and eliminated his opponent during the Battle of Shakar Kheda . Asaf Jah I then established

1216-767: The Divan to make Yanaki Hospodar of Moldavia. However, Yanaki never took charge of this office. The Khan of the Crimea assisted the Grand Vizier , the Mufti and the Aga of the Janissaries in putting down the rebellion. On 24 November 1731, Halil was strangled by the sultan's order and in his presence, after a Divan in which Halil had dictated that war be declared against Russia. His Greek friend, Yanaki, and 7,000 of those who had supported him were also put to death. The jealousy which

1280-631: The Emperor encouraged the arts, employing master artists such as Nidha Mal (active 1735–75) and Chitarman, whose vivacious paintings depict scenes of court life, such as Holi celebrations, hunting and hawking. The Mughal court of the time had musicians such as Naimat Khan, also known as Sadarang , and his nephew Firoz Khan (Adarang), whose compositions popularised the musical form of khyal . Naimat Khan composed khyal for his disciples and he never performed khyal. This key component of Indian classical music evolved, ascended and received princely patronage at

1344-713: The Europeans after Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 's expedition and subsequent conquest of the region in the 1530s. The emeralds in the Topkapı dagger exuded exoticism and the opulence of court life in Islamic empires such as Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. The Topkapı Dagger is one of the most famous objects in the collection of the Topkapı Palace Treasury. The dagger was the main theme of Jules Dassin ’s 1964 comedic film Topkapi , in which it became

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1408-549: The Friday prayer. After attending the prayer he went back to his palace but in the journey he collapsed on his horse and died on the same day and was buried in his great-grandmother Turhan Sultan Mausoleum in New Mosque, at Eminönü, in Istanbul, Turkey. There are eleven known consorts of Mahmud I, but he had no children by any of them (just as his heir, his younger half-brother Osman III , who also remained childless), despite

1472-775: The Hunchback , was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He took over the throne after the quelling of the Patrona Halil rebellion . His reign was marked by wars in Persia and conflicts in Europe . He delegated government affairs to his viziers and devoted time to writing poetry. Nader Shah 's devastating campaign weakened the Mughal Empire and created the opportunity for Mahmud I to initiate war with cooperation from Muhammad Shah . The alliance ended with

1536-650: The Imperial Treasury, located in the Third Court of the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul , Türkiye. The sheath of the dagger is adorned with many smaller-sized diamonds that are rose-cut , as well as a polychrome enameled section that is decorated with baskets filled with fruit. Three large Colombian emeralds are set into the gold hilt . The pommel of the dagger has an English watch embedded that

1600-749: The Kolis of Kankrej against sultan and continually plundered the mughal territory. Jawan Marad Khan was ordered to march against the Koli chieftain but he was unable to maintain order so he requested the Fida-ud-din Khan to subdue the Kolis. After defeating the Koli chieftain, the Koli country was plundered by mughal troops. In 1740, Kolis of Atarsumba, challenged the Mughal authority and refused to pay any form of tax to mughal sultan. Jawan marad khan along with his brother Zorawar Khan Babi Marched against Kolis of Atarsumba but they were strongly resisted and there

1664-709: The Kolis of Mehmudabad and Mahudha rebelled, but the revolt was speedily crushed by Sháhbáz Rohilla. On 9 October 1720, Syed Hussain Ali Khan Barha, the commander and chief of the Mughal army , was assassinated in his encampment in Todabhim and Muhammad Shah took direct command of the army. Asaf Jah I was then dispatched to gain complete control of six Mughal provinces in the Deccan , and Muhammad Amin Khan Turani

1728-458: The Marathas and join the forces with the emperor Muhammad Shah. However, the defectors were overrun and killed by a large Maratha force led by Bajirao I and Chimnaji Appa during Battle of Dabhoi . Bajirao I then attacked Gujarat with his full force and drove out Sarbuland Khan by 1735. Bajirao I defeated a well-trained Mughal army led by Amir Khan Bahadur, but was forced to withdraw when well-armed Mughal reinforcements fought major skirmishes with

1792-651: The Marathas on the outskirts of Delhi. Bajirao and his Marathas fled southeast to Badshahpur , where he corresponded with the emperor Muhammad Shah, who ratified peace by agreeing the handover of Malwa to the Marathas . In May 1738, Nader Shah attacked northern Afghanistan and captured Ghazni . He captured Kabul in June and Jalalabad in September. By November, he had crossed the Khyber Pass and besieged and razed

1856-470: The Mughal subahdar Dilawar Khan (r. 1726–1756) remained loyal to the emperor and established a well-protected bastion on the Malabar Coast . While Urdu (derived from Zuban-i Urdū-yi Muʿallá or in local translation Lashkari Zaban , shortened to Lashkari ) was already in use before Muhammad Shah's reign, it was during his reign that it became more popular among the people and he declared it as

1920-672: The Mughal Empire that was exacerbated by Nader Shah's invasion of India and the sacking of Delhi in 1739. The course of events not only shocked and mortified the Mughals themselves, but also other foreigners, including the British . In 1719, Kolis of Mahi River were most rebellious against Mughal rule and plundering the villages, Mihir Ali Khan who was acting as Viceroy of Gujarat at the place of Ajit Singh of Marwar , marched against Koli rebels of Mahi who were committing piracy against Muslims and subdued them. In 1721, Kasim Ali Khan who

1984-561: The Mughal capital of Delhi. Rao Bal Kishan of Rewari , with his army of 5,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry and with the forces of Delhi, attempted a desperate defence of the city but was killed in battle and has been immortalized the name " Vijay or " Veergati ". Nadir Shah remarked to emperor Muhammad Shah that "if your combined forces helped Rao Balkrishna of Rewari , then I might not able to enter in Delhi. I had never seen any warrior like him brave, Fierce and strong. Muhammed Shah commissioned

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2048-657: The Persian emperor would not be satisfied with the loot of a province. The cities of Wazirabad , Eminabad and Gujrat were not only sacked but razed to the ground. Near Larkana , the Afsharids completely routed the Mughal army of the Nawab of Sindh , Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro , and later captured him and his two sons. Sirhind was then captured by the Persians in February 1739, opening the route towards

2112-571: The Sayyid Brothers would mark the beginning of the end of the Mughal Empire's direct control over its dominions in the Deccan. On 21 February 1722, Muhammad Shah appointed the Asaf Jah I as Grand Vizier. He advised Muhammad Shah to be "as cautious as Akbar and as brave as Aurangzeb ". Asaf Jah used his influence with the emperor to fulfil his territorial ambitions in the Deccan. He lost the emperor's confidence when he appointed Hamid Khan,

2176-461: The citizens of Constantinople who opposed the reforms of Ahmed III . Sweeping up more soldiers Halil led the riot to the Topkapı Palace and demanded the death of the grand vizer, Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha and the abdication of Ahmed III. Ahmed III acceded to the demands, had İbrahim Pasha strangled, and agreed to his nephew, Mahmud, becoming sultan. Mahmud's real reign began on 25 November 1730, after this incident. First of all, Istanbul

2240-499: The city that Nader Shah was assassinated. The masses attacked the Persian force and killed some soldiers. Nader Shah became furious, ordered to massacre the populace, and leaving at least 30,000 dead. Muhammad Shah and Asaf Jah I had to beg Nader Shah for mercy and thus he stopped the massacre and turned to looting the Mughal treasury. The famous Peacock Throne , the Daria-i-Noor and Koh-i-Noor diamonds and unimaginable wealth

2304-601: The concept of paradise . Thus, the inclusion of emeralds on gifts to/from Islamic rulers had added significance, since the stone was imbued with a sacredness. Moreover, gifts with emeralds often indicated the wealth, power, and magnificence of the giver. Large emeralds, such as those found on the Topkapı dagger, were mined in the far away lands of the New Kingdom of Granada (now Colombia, near the town Muzo ), further adding notions of otherworldliness and novelty. These large and deeply-colored green emeralds had been discovered by

2368-617: The condemnation of Freemasonry by Pope Clement XII in 1738, he followed suit outlawing the organization and since that time Freemasonry was equated with atheism in the Ottoman Empire and the broader Islamic world. Mahmud I entrusted government to his viziers and spent much of his time composing poetry. The fire that started at the Ayazma gate in January 1750 lasted for 19 hours. Numerous shops, houses, and mansions burned until

2432-491: The court language, replacing Persian. During Muhammad Shah's reign, Qawwali was reintroduced into the Mughal imperial court and it quickly spread throughout South Asia . Muhammad Shah is also known to have introduced religious institutions for education such as Maktabs . During his reign, the Quran was translated for the first time into simple Persian and Urdu . Also, during his reign, the formal Turkic dress, normally worn by

2496-492: The court of Muhammad Shah. He himself was a poet under the penname "Sadrang" and was also a composer of Indian classical raga songs in the bhairav , kafi , dhamar and malkauns genres. These included songs on the themes of love and the festival of Holi . During the reign of Muhammad Shah, a significant scientific work known as the Zij-i Muhammad Shahi was completed by Jai Singh II of Amber between

2560-463: The dagger. It is interesting to note that on the eve of his death, Nadir Shah dispatched an assemblage of splendid gifts for Mahmud I, the Ottoman sultan, including pearls from the Persian Gulf, a Mughal throne bedecked with jewels, and two dancing Mughal elephants. Since the Ottoman embassy returned to Istanbul with the gift, Nadir Shah's gift-exchange was only one-sided. The dagger is housed in

2624-675: The day of the Ulufe Court, he presented his name to the Sultan. Various demonstrations were held in places where welcome and farewell ceremonies were held for the ambassador from Yeniköy Pier. The rest of Mahmud I's reign was dominated by wars in Persia , with the collapsing Safavid dynasty and the ascendance of Nader Shah. Mahmud also faced a notable war in Europe—the Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735–1739) . After

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2688-491: The desired object of the main character, played by Melina Mercouri . She, along with a group of "world-class" jewelry thieves, plot to steal the dagger from the Topkapı Palace. This Turkey -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mahmud I Mahmud I ( Ottoman Turkish : محمود اول , Turkish : I. Mahmud ; 2 August 1696  – 13 December 1754), known as Mahmud

2752-482: The fire reached Vefa district. The sultan dismissed Boynueğri Abdullah Pasha and appointed Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha on 9 January 1750. In the second fire that broke out on 31 March 1750, Bitpazan, Abacılar, Yorgancılar, Yağlıkcılar, Haffaflar were completely burned. The fire spread to Fingerkapi and Tatlikuyu. The sultan, with the help of the treasury , repaired the burned down areas. Mahmud I started construction of

2816-540: The fourth son of Bahadur Shah I . After being chosen by the Sayyid Brothers of Barha , he ascended the throne at the young age of 16, under their strict supervision. He later got rid of them with the help of Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I – Syed Hussain Ali Khan was murdered at Fatehpur Sikri in 1720 and Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha was captured in battle in 1720 and fatally poisoned in 1722. Muhammad Shah

2880-471: The high Mughal nobility since Mughals originally hailed from Samarqand , was replaced by the Sherwani . However, Muhammad Shah's adoption of the Deccan-influenced dress to court would lead to derisive comments, such as " See how the Deccan monkey dances! " Mohammad Shah was a patron of the performing arts, almost at the cost of administrative priorities, paving the way for the disintegration of governance. While Mughal political power did decline in his reign,

2944-540: The latter's death, leading to tensions between the Afsharids and the Ottomans. In 1748, he outlawed Freemasonry within the Ottoman Empire . He was born at Edirne Palace on 2 August 1696, the son of Mustafa II (1664–1703); his mother was Saliha Valide sultan . Mahmud I was the older half-brother of Osman III (1754–57). He developed a humped back . His father Mustafa II mostly lived in Edirne. Mahmud passed his childhood in Edirne. On 18 May 1702 he started his education in Edirne. When his father deposed himself from

3008-401: The officers of the Janissaries felt towards Halil, and their readiness to aid in his destruction, facilitated the exertions of Mahmud I's supporters in putting an end to the rebellion after it had lasted over a year. The Austrian ambassador, who came to Istanbul in August 1740, was given a dinner in Davudpaşa. Çavuşbaşı took the ambassador and took him to his mansion prepared in Beyoğlu. On

3072-459: The peace between them. Among his gifts were fabrics embroidered with jewels, ten elephants, and valuable weapons. Hacı Han was given a banquet in Fener Bahçesin. It was also a problem to pass the elephants brought by hand to Istanbul, and wide shakes were laid on the barges, so wooden curtains were laid around them so that elephants could not be scared. The relations between the Afsharid Empire and Ottoman Empire became increasingly tense, reached

3136-435: The task of expelling the Marathas under Raghoji I Bhonsle , authorised by Chhatrapati Shahu I . Dost Ali Khan was killed on 20 May 1740 at the Battle of Damalcherry in defence of Arcot , which was eventually looted and plundered. Chanda Sahib along with his garrison was captured and imprisoned in Satara . Chanda Sahib and his forces ferociously defended their rightful reams during the Siege of Trichinopoly and almost all

3200-489: The territories of the Nawab of the Carnatic despite being outnumbered substantially by the Marathas, their daunting efforts soon attracted the attention of the French East India Company official Joseph François Dupleix . Dissatisfied by the Maratha occupation of the territories of the Nawab of the Carnatic , Asaf Jah I led an expedition to liberate the region. He was joined by Sadatullah Khan II and Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan together they recaptured Arcot and initiated

3264-427: The throne he was brought to Istanbul and locked up in Kafes where he spent 27 years of his life. It is not known what kind of culture he acquired during this time, since he continued to play chess, write poetry, and deal with music. In addition for childhood and youth, there were dangers, especially for the Kafes life. On 28 September 1730, Patrona Halil with a small group of fellow Janissaries aroused some of

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3328-442: The title of Jawan Mard Khan. In 1738, Sher Khan Babi was of Junagadh was appointed as governor of sorath, Babi was obliged to march against a Koli chieftain Kanji Chunvalia of Chhaniar in Chunval because Kanji opposed and resisted the mughal authority but Sher Khan Babi was bravely resisted by Kolis so Momin Khan was called with large force and Chhaniar was burned down by mughal army. In 1739, Koli chieftain Jamaji of Thara, raised

3392-475: The title of Sher Khan. Shortly after his arrival the viceroy marched against and subdued the rebellious Kolis of the Chunval but was wounded deeply. After that Kolis of Modhera opposed the Muhammad Shah but Modhera village was burnt down. In 1729, Mughal Viceroy of Sultan Muhammad Shah faced the challenge of anti-muslim activities of Kolis of Sorath, viceroy marches against Kolis of sorath and destroying them taken to Ahmednagar. after this, Jawan Mard Khan Babi who

3456-526: The year 1727 and 1735; it consisted of 400 pages. Muhammad Ali Khan the Mughal Faujdar of Rangpur and his stern ally Deena Narayan were ambushed out of Koch Bihar by Upendra Narayan a Hindu Bihari and Mipham Wangpo (r. 1729–1736) the ruler of Bhutan . Ali Mohammed Khan had established the barons of Rohilakhand . In the Punjab region , the Sikhs were at war with local Mughal subahdars , devastating them with their hit-and-run tactics. After decisively defeating Asaf Jah in February 1728 at

3520-400: Was Governor of Petlad ordered against rebellious Kolis of Balor, probably Bhátod about fifteen miles east of Bharuch, but Jawan Marad Khan was killed by a man of Koli tribe, and in revenge for his death the town of Balor was plundered. On the death of Jawán Mard Khan, at the request of Salabat Muhammad Khan Babi, his eldest son Kamal-ud-din Khan Babi received the districts of Sami and Munjpur and

3584-404: Was a battle but mughals defeated the Kolis and make them to pay tax. But it was not for long time, after some time, Kolis again refused to pay tax and mughal troops were sent under Abdul Hussain Khan and Vajeram burnt the three Koli villages. In 1747, Rangoji a Maratha military leader returned to Áhmedábád, and Jawán Mard Khán had an interview with him a few miles from the city. Shortly after this

3648-410: Was a great patron of the arts, including musical, cultural and administrative developments, he is thus often referred to as Muhammad Shah Rangila ( lit.   ' Muhammad Shah "the colourful" ' ). His pen-name was "Sadrang" and he is also sometimes referred to as "Bahadur Shah Rangila" after his grand father Bahadur Shah I . Muhammad Shah's reign was marked by rapid and irreversible decline of

3712-418: Was an officer in Mughal Empire under Muuhammad Shah employed against the Kolis of Kheda district to collect the fine but they refused to pay and there was a battle in Pethapur between Kolis and Mughal army under Kasim Ali Khan. Kasim Ali Khan was killed by Kolis and Mughal army was defeated and retreat to base.* In 1722, Muhammad Bahadur, son of Salabat Khan Babi, was placed in charge of Sadra and Virpur, with

3776-424: Was assigned as the Mansabdar of 8000. He was sent to pursue the Mughal Grand vizier Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha, who was defeated at the battle of Hasanpur by Muhammad Amin Turani, Khan-i Dauran , Sher Afkan Panipati, and Amin-ud-Din Sambhali. Hassan Khan Barha fought on the side opposing Khan-i-Dauran where the most danger was anticipated, was captured on 15 November 1720 and executed two years later. The fall of

3840-465: Was effectively exploited by the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud I, who initiated the Ottoman–Persian War (1743–46) , in which the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah closely cooperated with the Ottomans and their ambassador Haji Yusuf Agha, these relations between the two empires continued until Muhammad Shah's death in 1748. In March 1741, the ambassador of Nadir Shah from Iran government, Hacı Han, came to Istanbul with 3,000 people and his guards unit to prolong

3904-411: Was looted. In addition, elephants, horses and everything that was liked was taken. Muhammad Shah also had to hand over his daughter Jahan Afruz Banu Begum as a bride for Nader Shah's youngest son. Asaf Jah I retired to Deccan after installing his eldest son Intizam-ud-Daula as a major commander in the Mughal Army . In the year 1740, Dost Ali Khan to Nawab of the Carnatic and Chanda Sahib faced

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3968-722: Was lovingly brought up by Badshah Begum, who considered him her own son. It was through Badshah Begum's efforts that Ahmad Shah was able to ascend the throne upon Muhammad Shah's death in 1748. The victory of the Mughal Army during the Battle of Manupur (1748) came with a heavy price as many fell in battle. Initially this was kept a secret. However, when the news reached the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah, he could not speak, suddenly became sick, and did not come out of his apartments for three days. During this period he fasted. His guards could hear him crying out loud and saying: "How could I bring about anyone as faithful as he? ( Qamaruddin Khan )" . He died due to grief on 26 April 1748, his funeral

4032-403: Was one of the conditions of the foundation. Mahmud also came to the Rosary Gate of Hagia Sophia several times, sat in the library and listened to the commentary of tafsir . The famine, which appeared due to the heavy winter, became increasingly heavier at the end of spring. Nader Shah 's devastating campaign against the Mughal Empire , created a void in the western frontiers of Persia , which

4096-411: Was taken under strict control. Measures were taken. About two thousand suspicious people were captured, some were executed, some were exiled. Mahmud I was recognized as sultan by the mutineers as well as by court officials but for some weeks after his accession the empire was in the hands of the insurgents. Halil rode with the new sultan to the Mosque of Eyüb where the ceremony of girding Mahmud I with

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