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32-570: The Toplica originates under the name of Duboka from the eastern slopes of the Kopaonik mountain, just south of the highest peak, Pančićev vrh . It flows to the southeast, on the western slopes of the Lepa Gora mountain, next to the villages of Merćez, Selova, Žuč, Miljeviće and Dankoviće. At the monastery of Mačkovac, it reaches the northern side of the Radan mountain and turns to the east. This

64-491: A clear day, a distant mountains in Montenegro , Bulgaria and Albania can be observed. There are 13 localities within the park which are declared strict nature reserves : Barska Reka, Bele Stene, Vučak, Gobelja, Duboka, Jankove Bare, Jelak, Jelovarnik, Kozje Stene, Mrkonje, Metođe, Samokovska Reka and Suvo Rudište. The Jankove Bare reserve is located in the section called Ravni Kopaonik (Flat or Plateaued Kopaonik), at

96-526: A large number of autochthonous plant species ( Balkan beech , fir , spruce , yew , several kinds of maple , pine and oak ). Deciduous forests and native coniferous woodland make up most of the forested land in the park. There are also forests of willow , poplar , common hornbeam , durmast oak and Turkey oak . In total, there are 1,600 plant species in the park, out of which 200 grow only on Kopaonik. It also includes over 200 species of fungi. Special value of Kopaonik in terms of biological diversity

128-470: Is Maglič . During the Ottoman period, from the 15th century, the mining gradually ceased, but they developed the thermal springs, building Turkish baths . Remains of one are found in modern spa of Jošanička Banja . First scientific exploration of the mountain's flora came in 1836-38 when the geologist Ami Boué visited the mountain. He made a collection of Kopaonik's plant life which is today kept in

160-630: Is Llap. In the Middle Ages, the form Lapia is found. Near its origin are the remains of one of the medieval palaces of Serbian King Milutin (1282-1321) called Vrhlab. Ottoman writer Evliya Celebi mentioned the Llapi river as having "its source in Albania" and joining other rivers before flowing into the Danube , during one of his travels to Kosovo in the 1660s. The Llapi River originates in

192-529: Is also where the Toplica receives from the right its major tributary, Kosanica . Near the mouth are located the city of Kuršumlija and medieval ruins of "Marina kula" ( The tower of Mara ), and this is where the Toplica region begins. The region is very fertile, especially for grains, fruits and grapes (famous prokupačko vino , wine of Prokuplje). The central part of the region occupies Toplička (or Prokupačka) kotlina (Depression of Toplica/Prokuplje), between

224-579: Is located in the southern foothills of the Kopaonik mountains, and it is in an altitude of 1,800 m (5,900 ft). With its 105.6 MW capacity, Bajgora Wind Farm accounts for around 10% of Kosovo's total installed domestic capacity. Kopaonik is well-connected with the main transport routes in Serbia. The central part of Kopaonik with the tourist center and ski slopes are linked with the Ibar highway , and

256-594: Is that 11.9% of the high mountain endemic species in the Balkans inhabits the mountain. Endemic species which grow only on Kopaonik include Kopaonik's houseleek , Kopaonik's violet and Pančić's bittercress . Other endemites include sea thrift , Balkan docks ( Rumex balcanicus ) , Pancicia serbica , Blečić's columbine ( Aquilegia blecicii ), Bosnian marsh orchid, Bulgarian achillea ( Achillea bulgarica ), Alyssum , aconite and Yugoslav bell ( Edrianthus jugoslavicus ). There are several "botanical monuments" in

288-599: Is the Pančić's Peak with an altitude of 2,017 m (6,617 ft). The central part of the Kopaonik plateau was declared a national park in 1981 which today covers an area of 121.06 km (46.74 sq mi). On the slopes of the mountain range there is Kopaonik ski resort which is one of the largest in Southeastern Europe . There are 25 ski lifts with capacity of 32,000 skiers per hour. Kopaonik mountains stretch for around 75 km (47 mi) in

320-616: Is the highest point of the mountains and it marks the border between Kosovo and Serbia. Kopaonik has a subalpine climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ) with fresh summers, and long, cold winters with abundant snowfall. The snow season lasts from November to April, while there are around 200 sunny days. Kopaonik was hit five times by earthquakes of Mercalli intensity VII to VIII between 1978 and 1985. The 1983 earthquake had an intensity of VIII ( Severe ) and affected 7 villages, leaving 200 people homeless, and damaging 1,200 buildings and dwellings. Due to its rich mines, Kopaonik

352-609: The Black Sea drainage basin with its own drainage area of 2,217 km. The river is not navigable. The river valley is a major traffic route in southern Serbia as both road and railway (Transbalkanic rail) pass through here. It connects northern and eastern Serbia with Kosovo over the Prepolac ridge and Merdare . Above the Prokuplje, the Toplica curves around the huge rock, almost making it an island. The picturesque hill,

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384-545: The Hisar is the symbol of the city Despite being fertile, the Toplica region is one of the highest depopulating areas of Serbia (population of 129.542 in 1971, or 58 per km; population of 102.075 in 2002, or 45 per km; down 22%). The region was the site of a rebellion of the local Serbian population against Bulgarian occupational forces in 1917 during World War I . Initially, under the leadership of Kosta Vojinoviċ (1890-1917), rebels had some success, liberating many places in

416-706: The Imperial Natural History Museum in Vienna . Botanist Josif Pančić gave the greatest scientific contribution to the plant life on Kopaonik. In 1851 he explored the mountain for the first time, followed by another 18 expeditions. During World War II the Yugoslav Partisans were active in the region. With territorial reorganization in the mid-1950s, the southern parts of Kopaonik were to be ceded from NR Serbia to its autonomous province Kosovo and Metohija . In 1959, Leposavić

448-648: The nearest international airport is in Niš . A public heliport is located in a military base half a mile north of the resort. in 2019, the longest artificial ski slope in Europe opened in the resort. Llapi River The Llapi River is a river in the north-eastern part of Kosovo . The 72 km (45 mi) long right tributary to the Sitnica river, it is the main river in the Llap (region) depression. The etymology of

480-575: The 3rd or 4th century AD and it was the administrative center of the mining and metallurgic operations on the western slope of the mountain. The area remained an important mining center in the Middle Ages and by the 14th century it became the main mining area of Serbia. Emperor Dušan visited the Silver Mountain in August 1336. In 1412 despot Stefan Lazarević granted the Law on mines which mentions

512-595: The Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe in May 2020. The nomination was rejected due to the Serbian laws allowing shelterwood cutting on the area of 5 hectares (12 acres), while UNESCO accepts cut areas no larger than 1 hectare (2.5 acres), and even that is not only in the areas of the highest level of protection, but also in the surrounding zones. The fauna is also diverse but its concentration varies, depending on

544-568: The Kukavica locality in 2021. It is part of the wider project of reintroducing red deer in the central parts of Serbia. In the part of the mountains within Kosovo, the golden jackal , the grey wolf , the roe deer and the wildcat have been spotted. In the Kosovo's part of Kopaonik mountains, specifically in the Shala e Bajgorës region, lies Kosovo's largest wind farm. The Bajgora Wind Farm

576-461: The altitude of 1,420 metres (4,660 ft), in the valley of the Rečica creek. Under the 1st level of protection, it is the reserve of the mire ecosystem, especially of rare and endangered and endemic plants, amphibians and birds ( peregrine falcon , common buzzard , common redstart ). Soil erosion is a threat as there is a lot of logging and deforestation in the park. Kopaonik's flora has

608-451: The area (at that time, Niški okrug ). All three occupying forces in Serbia, Austro-Hungary , Germany and Bulgaria, joined forces and brought three artillery divisions into the area, crushing the rebellion. Kopaonik Kopaonik ( Albanian : Kopaoniku ; Serbian Cyrillic : Копаоник ) is a mountain range located in Kosovo and Serbia . The highest point of this mountain range

640-574: The localities of Gornji Kaznovići (Rosulja and Lug), Greblje, Tomovićko Brdo and the Neolithic range of Beglučka. The mining fully developed during the Classical antiquity . The Romans began to dig the first proper mines and to build the surrounding settlements. The remains from this period include the archaeo-metallurgic complex Zajačak and the locality of Dobrinac in Rvati . Dobrinac originates from

672-410: The mines of gold, silver, iron, copper, lead and zinc in the area. By that time, the mountain already hosted the colonies of Saxons , Kotorans and Ragusians . Besides old churches and monasteries like Đurđevi stupovi , Studenica monastery , Sopoćani and Gradac Monastery , there are also several early and medieval fortresses locally, built by Serbian dynasties. The nearest Serbian medieval castle

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704-453: The mountains of Veliki Jastrebac from the north and Sokolovica , Vidojevica and Pasjača from the south, with many smaller settlements on the river: Donje Krmčare, Grabovnica, Bogojeva, Barlovo, Donje Točane, Donji Pločnik, Tulare, Donja Konjuša, Donja Toponica, and the center of the whole region, the city of Prokuplje . The river continues on the northern slopes of mountain Pasjača , next to

736-461: The north-south direction. The mountain's southern border is in Kosovo, between the rivers of Llapi and Sitnica while, the northern boundary is set by the Jošanica river in Serbia. It belongs to the region of Raška of Serbia. The Kopaonik mountain massif ( Kopaoničke planine ) includes the mountains of Kopaonik, Željin , Goč and Stolovi . The Pančić's Peak , with 2,017 m (6,617 ft),

768-409: The northernmost village of Podujevë , Murgull , 744.2 m (2,442 ft) with a secondary source in the village of Pollatë . After descending from the mountains, it flows southward through Podujevë . Close to Pristina and Obiliq , the river turns westwards of its origin and joins the Sitnica river , in the village of Lumadh . The width of the river changes due to the dynamics of rivers, it

800-729: The park, with trees which are very old, large in size and still vital. Among them are the fir "of the hundred elbows" in Samokovska Reka, a spruce in Gobeljska Reka and three mountain sycamores in Kriva Reka. With several other beech localities in the national parks of Fruška Gora and Tara, beech forest Kozje Stene on Kopaonik have been submitted for the inclusion into the UNESCO World Heritage Site Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of

832-503: The quality of the habitat. An endemic butterfly, the Balkan postman , lives on the mountain. Kopaonik has 175 species of birds, including the protected ones like woodpecker and thrush . Other species include rock partridge , scops owl , red-backed shrike and wood lark . Major representatives of the mammalian fauna are wild boar and wild cat . After they went extinct on the mountain in 1856, 30 red deers were reintroduced in

864-412: The range were proclaimed a national park. The national park is situated on a relatively flat region, at an altitude of about 1,700 m (5,577 ft). This central Kopaonik plateau is called Suvo Rudište . It is surrounded by mountain peaks . To the north and northwest of this plateau stretches Banjski Kopaonik, which is the location of Jošanička Banja spa , whose strong springs' waters reach

896-574: The river's name is derived from a pre-Slavic form Alb that underwent linguistic metathesis within Slavic giving the final form as Lab . The name of the river was first used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, but has been preserved in the New Age. Many scholars take the hydronym Lab as ancient and derive it from an alb-, from which lab-, alp- could come. The phonetic form for Albanian speakers

928-636: The temperature of 88 °C (190 °F). Directly below the Suvo Rudište plateau starts the valley of the Samokovska River, with its steep run, numerous rapids, falls and gorges . Kopaonik has over 200 sunny days annually and over 160 days covered by snow . There is also the Jelovarnik falls , the third highest waterfall in Serbia. Kopaonik has several excellent natural lookouts: Suvo Rudište, Gobelja, Karaman, Kukavica, Vučak and Treska. On

960-453: The villages of Podina, Voljčince, Badnjevac and the smaller regional center Žitorađa . After the Toplica reaches municipal center of Doljevac , it enters the most densely populated part of the south Pomoravlje , turns north and flows into the Južna Morava at the village of Orljane, across the medieval ruins of Kurvin grad , as Južna Morava's longest left tributary. The Toplica belongs to

992-535: Was incorporated into the province. In Pančić's honor, marking the 100th anniversary of his first expedition, the highest point was renamed from Milan's Peak ( Milanov vrh ) to Pančić's Peak in 1951. A mausoleum was built on the peak and the remains of Pančić and his wife were reinterred in it. They were buried in the coffins made of Serbian spruce , which Pančić discovered. In 1981, due to its location, climate, rich forests, variety of herbs, and area for holiday and recreation, 121.06 km (46.74 sq mi) of

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1024-656: Was originally named Silver Mountain ( Serbian : Сребрна планина , romanized :  Srebrna planina ) and that name was also used by the Romans , Venetians and Ottomans . Its current name, originally Kopalnik , is also connected to the ore mining as it comes from kopati , Serbian for digging. Kopaonik has a rich historical heritage. Oldest findings are from the Paleolithic and already show that local people used metals. Localities include Bela Stena, Veliki Krš and Jasova Bačija. Neolithic remains were discovered on

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