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42-611: Toppila is a district of Oulu , Finland . It is bounded by the Toppilansalmi strait in the south and west, railway in the east and the Taskila district in the north. The Möljä Bridge over the Toppilansalmi strait connects Toppila with the Toppilansaari district. Historically Toppila has been an industrial district with the residential areas built mainly along the railway. The Meri-Toppila residential neighbourhood in

84-575: A Uralic language, the name must be a derivative . In all likelihood, it also predates Finnish settlement and is thus a loanword from one of the now-extinct Saami languages once spoken in the area. The most probable theory is that the name derives from the Finnish dialectal word oulu , meaning " floodwater ", which is related to e.g. Southern Sami åulo , meaning "melted snow", åulot meaning "thaw" (of unknown ultimate origin). Two other word families have also been speculated to be related. The first

126-477: A sculpture of Frans Michael Franzén and The Bobby at the Market Place statue. Finlands' Eurovision representatives 2021 rock band Blind Channel are from Oulu. They placed 6th in the competition. Kalmah is a melodic death metal-band from Oulu that formed in 1998. In the 1980s, rössypottu , salmon soup and sweet cheese ( juhannusjuusto ) were named Oulu's traditional parish dishes. Oulu

168-551: A community-wide scale. Although only in the top 2% of universities, the University of Oulu is regionally renowned in the field of information technology. Oulu has also been very successful in recent city image surveys; in a study published by the Finnish Economic Survey in 2008, Oulu received the best image rating among large cities in the country, including ratings from respondents in all provinces . In

210-673: A defensive castle which was later captured by the Kingdom of Sweden in 1377. The 1400s were characterized by Russian raids in the region, during these raids captured people would be killed and/or taken back to the region of Russia. In 1531, the city was granted permission to act as a trading post . In 1590, the Oulu Castle was built by the Swedes and in 1595, the Treaty of Teusina firmly established Sweden's control over Oulu. The city

252-440: A reflex is the known derivative of an earlier form, which may be either attested or reconstructed. A reflex that is predictable from the reconstructed history of the language is a 'regular' reflex. Reflexes of the same source are cognates . First, languages that are thought to have arisen from a common proto-language must meet certain criteria in order to be grouped together; this is a process called subgrouping. Since this grouping

294-454: A word), it is likely that this pattern was retained from its mother language. The Most Natural Development Principle states that some alterations in languages, diachronically speaking, are more common than others. There are four key tendencies: The Majority Principle is applied in identifying the most likely pronunciation of the predicted etymon, the original word from which the cognates originated. The Most Natural Development Principle describes

336-466: Is 155 inhabitants. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon. At least 100 different languages are spoken in Oulu. The most common foreign languages are Russian (0.6%), Arabic (0.5%), English (0.5%) and Chinese (0.4%). As of 2023 , 13,040 people with a migrant background lived in Oulu, or 6.1% of

378-481: Is based purely on linguistics, manuscripts and other historical documentation should be analyzed to accomplish this step. However, the assumption that the delineations of linguistics always align with those of culture and ethnicity must not be made. One of the criteria is that the grouped languages usually exemplify shared innovation. This means that the languages must show common changes made throughout history. In addition, most grouped languages have shared retention. This

420-523: Is home to 4% of Finland's population. 6.1% of the population has a foreign background, which is lower than in the major Finnish cities of Helsinki , Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa or Turku . Population by native language (2023) Oulu is the second largest monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality in Finland after Tampere. There are 497 Swedish speakers in Oulu, or 0.2% of the population. The number of Sámi speakers, Finland's third official language,

462-460: Is not necessarily cleared from rooftop solar installations. The local utility, Oulun Energia, is owned by the city of Oulu. The energy mix it receives from the Nordic-wide grid includes wood pellets, waste incineration, bioenergy, hydro-electric, geothermal, wind, nuclear, peat, natural gas and coal. Ice hockey is the most popular spectator sport in Oulu. The local club Kärpät has won

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504-483: Is notable for its transportation network dedicated to non-motor vehicular traffic, including pedestrians and bicycles (termed "light" traffic in Finland). In 2022, the city contained more than 950 kilometres (590 mi) of pathways and more than 300 underpasses and bridges devoted exclusively to pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The network is used year-round. The ratio of walking and cycling traffic pathways to residents

546-522: Is seen in the Northern Savo dialectal word uula and its Sami counterpart oalli , both meaning "river channel". The second is the Uralic root reconstructed as * uwa , meaning "river bed" (reflected as vuo in modern Finnish, also in derivatives such as vuolas "heavy-flowing"). To either of these roots, some Sami variety would have to be assumed having added further derivational suffixes. Oulu

588-490: Is served by Oulu Airport , the second largest airport in Finland by passenger volume. It is located 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-west of the city centre. The Port of Oulu is one of the busiest harbours on the Bothnian Bay . It includes four separate harbour areas: Vihreäsaari oil and bulk docks, Nuottasaari docks and Oritkari docks. There is also a ferry service in Oulu, which is mostly used between Oulunsalo and

630-404: Is similar to the first criterion, but instead of changes, they are features that have stayed the same in both languages. Because linguistics, as in other scientific areas, seeks to reflect simplicity, an important principle in the linguistic reconstruction process is to generate the least possible number of phonemes that correspond to available data. This principle is again reflected when choosing

672-772: Is situated by the Gulf of Bothnia , at the mouth of river Oulujoki , which is an ancient trading site. Following the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323, the status of Oulu was disputed in its ownership, as both the Novgorod Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden held much influence. In 1345, the Kingdom of Sweden annexed territory up to the Kemi River for the Diocese of Turku . In 1375, the Novgorod Republic built

714-446: Is the highest in Finland and the cycling mode share is 20 percent. Even in winter, bicycle commuting remains strong in Oulu, in spite of the cold, dark, and snow. About 12% of winter trips are by bicycle, and about half of trips to school or university are. The city has a robust system for keeping bike paths maintained and clear of snow, and bike paths and lanes are plowed before roadways to encourage such human-scale winter transit in

756-411: Is the practice of establishing the features of an unattested ancestor language of one or more given languages. There are two kinds of reconstruction: Texts discussing linguistic reconstruction commonly preface reconstructed forms with an asterisk (*) to distinguish them from attested forms. An attested word from which a root in the proto-language is reconstructed is a reflex . More generally,

798-468: Is the third northernmost city in the world with a population of over 100,000, after Murmansk and Norilsk in Russia . Due to its large population and geopolitical, economic and cultural-historical position, Oulu has been called the "capital of Northern Finland". Oulu is also considered one of Europe's "living labs", where residents experiment with new technologies (such as NFC tags and ubi -screens) on

840-599: The Bothnian Bay ( Perämeri in Finnish) and the Swedish mainland is about 180 km directly west across the Bothnian Bay. From the center of Oulu in the direction of Oulunsalo , there is Kempeleenlahti  [ fi ] , a smaller but wide, meadow -belted bay, and part of it has been listed as a nature conservation area . The nearby island Hailuoto is just off the coast, 53 kilometres (33 mi) away in

882-526: The European Capital of Culture for 2026. The city is named after the river Oulujoki , which originates in the lake Oulujärvi . There have been a number of other theories for the origin of the name Oulu . One possible source is a word in the Sami language meaning 'flood water', but there are other suggestions. At minimum, the structure of the word requires that, if originally given by speakers of

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924-554: The Hailuoto Island . The shortest travel time from Oulu railway station to Helsinki Central railway station is 5 h 34 min, operated by VR . Other destinations include Kolari , Rovaniemi , Seinäjoki and Tampere . The most important road in Oulu is Highway 4 ( E8 / E75 ) that runs from Helsinki to Utsjoki via Lahti , Jyväskylä , Oulu, Kemi and Rovaniemi . Other highways running to and from Oulu are Highway 20 to Kuusamo and Highway 22 to Kajaani . Oulu

966-763: The SM-liiga championship title eight times ( 1981 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2014 , 2015 and 2018 ). It has also twice been the runner-up in the IIHF European Champions Cup , in 2005 and in 2006 . In football AC Oulu plays in Veikkausliiga , the premier division of Finnish football. So far OPS has claimed the Finnish football championship only twice by winning Mestaruussarja in 1979 and in 1980 . Other notable football clubs include OLS , OTP and JS Hercules . Linguistic reconstruction Linguistic reconstruction

1008-614: The neoclassical (empire style) buildings around Helsinki Senate Square , was enlisted to provide the plan for its rebuilding. With minor changes, this plan remains the basis for the layout of Oulu's town center. The Oulu Cathedral was built in 1832 to his designs, with the spire being finished in 1844. During the Åland War , part of the Crimean War , Oulu's harbour was raided by the British fleet, who destroyed ships and burned tar houses, leading to international criticism. The city

1050-451: The 2023 T-Media survey, Oulu was tied with Kuopio as the second most attractive city in Finland, while Tampere was ranked first. Once known for wood tar and salmon , Oulu has become a major high-tech centre, particularly in IT and wellness technology. Other important industries include wood processing , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , paper and steel . Oulu has been selected as

1092-478: The Bothnian Bay. Along the coast to the southwest, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) of Oulu is Raahe ( Brahestad ), known for its historic wooden town, and, further to the southwest, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) of Oulu is Kalajoki , known for its popular sandy beaches. Oulu is divided into 106 city districts. The largest of these are Haukipudas , Oulunsalo , Kaakkuri , Ritaharju , Tuira , and Kello  [ fi ] . The municipality of Ylikiiminki

1134-864: The annual rock festival Qstock takes place. The Oulu Music Festival is held in winter and the Oulunsalo Music Festival in summer. The Irish Festival of Oulu takes place each October, and the International Children's Film Festival each November. Museums in Oulu include the Northern Ostrobothnia museum , the Oulu Museum of Art (OMA), the Tietomaa science center , and the Turkansaari open-air museum . Notable statues and sculptures in Oulu include

1176-622: The city of Oulu, located near the Arctic Circle , has only two hours of weak sunlight in December, the photovoltaic cells work almost around the clock in the summer. The cold climate means the PV panels can get up to a 25% boost per hour, as they don't overheat. Because the sun is quite low in the sky at this latitude, vertical PV installations are popular on the sides of buildings. These solar walls also capture light reflected from snow. Snow

1218-518: The city where 12% already do so. The Winter Cycling Federation was founded in Oulu in 2013, and the first Winter Cycling Congress was held there. In 2015, a large underground parking facility, Kivisydän ( Stone Heart ), opened in the city center directly beneath main shopping streets. The network of parallel roads for cars and pedestrians was drilled in the rock at the depth of 30 meters (98 ft). The parking facility includes two ramps, 900 visitor parking lots (expandable to 1500), six access points to

1260-485: The ground served by 19 elevators (expandable to nine and 25), a service facility for commercial delivery vehicles, and ubi -screens that guide the driver to the selected ground access point and help locate the parked car by its license number. In 2015, the Kaleva Media printing plant in Oulu became the most powerful photovoltaic solar plant in Finland, with 1,604 solar photovoltaic (PV) units on its roof. Although

1302-409: The horizon. This gives Oulu white nights during the summer. FMI (record highs and lows 1961–present) Source 3: weather2travel.com (average monthly UV index) The city of Oulu has 216,174 inhabitants, making it the 5th most populous municipality in Finland. The Oulu region has a population of 264,143, making it the fourth largest region in Finland after Helsinki , Tampere and Turku . Oulu

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1344-641: The northern part of Toppila was built on the site of the former Toppila pulp mill. The pulp mill was established by English company, Peter Dixon & Son Ltd. The pulp mill was operative in the year 1931-1985. The former Toppila harbour areas are being converted into residential areas in the southern part of district. The Toppila Power Station is located in between these new residential neighbourhoods. [REDACTED] Media related to Toppila at Wikimedia Commons Oulu Oulu's neighbouring municipalities are: Hailuoto , Ii , Kempele , Liminka , Lumijoki , Muhos , Pudasjärvi , Tyrnävä and Utajärvi . Oulu

1386-778: The now defunct metal band Sentenced , and one of the best ice hockey teams in Europe, Oulun Kärpät . Many artists, writers, and musicians live in the city. A variety of concerts – rock, classical, and jazz – as well as other cultural events take place each year. Examples include the Oulu Music Video Festival , the Air Guitar World Championships , and the Musixine Music Film Competition, all in August. In July,

1428-429: The population. There are 13,986 residents who were born abroad, which or 6.5% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Oulu is 9,405. Most foreign-born citizens come from the former Soviet Union , Sweden, Iraq , China and India. The relative share of immigrants in Oulu's population is below the national average. Nevertheless, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase

1470-696: The proportion of foreign residents in the coming years. In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 67.2% of the population of Oulu. Other religious groups accounted for 1.9% of the population. 30.9% of the population had no religious affiliation. Oulu, as well as other parts of North Ostrobothnia, is well known as a strong support area of the Conservative Laestadianism revival movement . A Laestadian background has been estimated to be common in construction sector management. Oulu

1512-501: The sound quality of phonemes, as the one which results in the fewest changes (with respect to the data) is preferred. Comparative Reconstruction makes use of two rather general principles: The Majority Principle and the Most Natural Development Principle. The Majority Principle is the observation that if a cognate set displays a certain pattern (such as a repeating letter in specific positions within

1554-455: The world. The typical features are cold and snowy winters with short and mild summers. Average annual temperature is 3.3 °C (37.9 °F). The average annual precipitation is 477 mm (18.78 in) falling 105 days per year, mostly in late summer and fall. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Oulu was 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) in July 1957, while the coldest temperature on record

1596-475: Was founded on 8 April 1605 by King Charles IX of Sweden , and granted city privileges in 1610. In 1765, Oulu received township rights granting them to trade outside of Sweden. Oulu was the capital of the Province of Oulu from 1776 to 2009. In 1822, a major fire destroyed much of the city, especially the city centre as most of the city was made from wood. The architect Carl Ludvig Engel , chiefly known for

1638-417: Was merged with the city of Oulu on 1 January 2009. Oulu and the municipalities of Haukipudas , Kiiminki , Oulunsalo , and Yli-Ii were merged on 1 January 2013. Oulu has a subarctic climate ( Köppen : Dfc , Trewartha Eolo ), bordering a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb , Trewartha Dclo ). It is the largest Finnish city entirely in this climatic zone as well as one of the largest such in

1680-641: Was the site of the Battle of Oulu on 3 February 1918 between the Whites and the Reds during the Finnish Civil War . Oulu is located in northern Finland, a considerable distance from the other cities in the country. It is located 607 kilometres (377 mi) north of the capital city Helsinki . Mainland Finland's northernmost and southernmost points are roughly equidistant from Oulu. Oulu's coast sits at

1722-488: Was the site of the 2018 Oulu child sexual exploitation scandal . Prime Minister Juha Sipilä declared that "Sex crimes against children are inhumane acts of incomprehensible evil." As of 31 December 2008, the active working population was employed as follows: In 2011, the most important employers were: The best known cultural exports of the city of Oulu are the Air Guitar World Championships held annually in August, Mieskuoro Huutajat (also known as Screaming Men ),

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1764-483: Was −41.5 °C (−42.7 °F) in February 1966. Due to Oulu's far northern location, and its frequent overcast skies, it only sees on average 15 minutes of sunshine per day in December. During the winter solstice days only last 3 hours and 34 minutes with the sun rising 1.9 degrees over the horizon. On the other hand, during the summer solstice days last 22 hours and 3 minutes, with the sun dipping 1 degree below

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