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58-640: Toppilansaari is a neighbourhood in the Tuira area in the city of Oulu , Finland . It is located on the south side of the Toppilansalmi strait. Toppilansaari was separated from the Hietasaari district while it was rezoned to residential development in the early 2000s. The westernmost part of the neighbourhood was the location for the Finnish Housing Fair in 2005. The Möljä Bridge over

116-477: A sculpture of Frans Michael Franzén and The Bobby at the Market Place statue. Finlands' Eurovision representatives 2021 rock band Blind Channel are from Oulu. They placed 6th in the competition. Kalmah is a melodic death metal-band from Oulu that formed in 1998. In the 1980s, rössypottu , salmon soup and sweet cheese ( juhannusjuusto ) were named Oulu's traditional parish dishes. Oulu

174-673: A defensive castle which was later captured by the Kingdom of Sweden in 1377. The 1400s were characterized by Russian raids in the region, during these raids captured people would be killed and/or taken back to the region of Russia. In 1531, the city was granted permission to act as a trading post . In 1590, the Oulu Castle was built by the Swedes and in 1595, the Treaty of Teusina firmly established Sweden's control over Oulu. The city

232-482: A full overview of the alternations: On the other hand, Southern Sámi is the only Sami language that does not have consonant gradation . Hence, consonants in the middle of words never alternate in Southern Sámi, even though such alternations are frequent in its relatives. Compare, for instance, Southern Sámi nomme 'name' : nommesne 'in the name' to Northern Sámi namma  : namas , with

290-400: A plural object in the nominative: dellie then manne 1 . SG . NOM naarra-h snare- NOM . PL tjeegk-i-m set.up- PST - 1SG dellie manne naarra-h tjeegk-i-m then 1.SG.NOM snare-NOM.PL set.up-PST-1SG "Then I set up snares." Subject and agent are always marked identically, while the marking of the object depends on definiteness. The verb agrees with

348-461: A population of over 100,000, after Murmansk and Norilsk in Russia . Due to its large population and geopolitical, economic and cultural-historical position, Oulu has been called the "capital of Northern Finland". Oulu is also considered one of Europe's "living labs", where residents experiment with new technologies (such as NFC tags and ubi -screens) on a community-wide scale. Although only in

406-403: A singular or plural entity, and some also adapt to different cases. Demonstratives distinguish between three degrees of distance relative to the speaker. Southern Sámi verbs inflect for person (first, second, and third) and number (singular, dual, and plural, where dual is an optional category). There are also two finite inflectional categories, the present and the past tense. Subject suffixes are

464-415: Is -h in the nominative case, otherwise -i/j-, to which the case endings are added. There are five different inflection classes but no declension classes. All nouns take the same case markers. The function of the nominative is to mark the subject, and the accusative marks the object. The nominative plural can also be used to mark plural (direct) objects, a feature called differential object marking , and here

522-466: Is 155 inhabitants. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon. At least 100 different languages are spoken in Oulu. The most common foreign languages are Russian (0.6%), Arabic (0.5%), English (0.5%) and Chinese (0.4%). As of 2023 , 13,040 people with a migrant background lived in Oulu, or 6.1% of

580-719: Is closely based on Swedish and Norwegian and uses the following Latin alphabet : In 1976, the Sámi Language Council recommended the use of ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ö⟩, but in practice the latter is replaced by ⟨ø⟩ in Norway and the former by ⟨ä⟩ in Sweden. This is in accordance with the usage in Norwegian and Swedish , based on computer or typewriter availability. The ⟨Ï ï⟩ represents a back version of ⟨I i⟩ ; however, many texts fail to distinguish between

638-523: Is home to 4% of Finland's population. 6.1% of the population has a foreign background, which is lower than in the major Finnish cities of Helsinki , Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa or Turku . Population by native language (2023) Oulu is the second largest monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality in Finland after Tampere. There are 497 Swedish speakers in Oulu, or 0.2% of the population. The number of Sámi speakers, Finland's third official language,

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696-516: Is named after the river Oulujoki , which originates in the lake Oulujärvi . There have been a number of other theories for the origin of the name Oulu . One possible source is a word in the Sami language meaning 'flood water', but there are other suggestions. At minimum, the structure of the word requires that, if originally given by speakers of a Uralic language, the name must be a derivative . In all likelihood, it also predates Finnish settlement and

754-460: Is not necessarily cleared from rooftop solar installations. The local utility, Oulun Energia, is owned by the city of Oulu. The energy mix it receives from the Nordic-wide grid includes wood pellets, waste incineration, bioenergy, hydro-electric, geothermal, wind, nuclear, peat, natural gas and coal. Ice hockey is the most popular spectator sport in Oulu. The local club Kärpät has won

812-483: Is notable for its transportation network dedicated to non-motor vehicular traffic, including pedestrians and bicycles (termed "light" traffic in Finland). In 2022, the city contained more than 950 kilometres (590 mi) of pathways and more than 300 underpasses and bridges devoted exclusively to pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The network is used year-round. The ratio of walking and cycling traffic pathways to residents

870-522: Is seen in the Northern Savo dialectal word uula and its Sami counterpart oalli , both meaning "river channel". The second is the Uralic root reconstructed as * uwa , meaning "river bed" (reflected as vuo in modern Finnish, also in derivatives such as vuolas "heavy-flowing"). To either of these roots, some Sami variety would have to be assumed having added further derivational suffixes. Oulu

928-490: Is served by Oulu Airport , the second largest airport in Finland by passenger volume. It is located 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-west of the city centre. The Port of Oulu is one of the busiest harbours on the Bothnian Bay . It includes four separate harbour areas: Vihreäsaari oil and bulk docks, Nuottasaari docks and Oritkari docks. There is also a ferry service in Oulu, which is mostly used between Oulunsalo and

986-772: Is situated by the Gulf of Bothnia , at the mouth of river Oulujoki , which is an ancient trading site. Following the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323, the status of Oulu was disputed in its ownership, as both the Novgorod Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden held much influence. In 1345, the Kingdom of Sweden annexed territory up to the Kemi River for the Diocese of Turku . In 1375, the Novgorod Republic built

1044-446: Is the highest in Finland and the cycling mode share is 20 percent. Even in winter, bicycle commuting remains strong in Oulu, in spite of the cold, dark, and snow. About 12% of winter trips are by bicycle, and about half of trips to school or university are. The city has a robust system for keeping bike paths maintained and clear of snow, and bike paths and lanes are plowed before roadways to encourage such human-scale winter transit in

1102-818: Is the southwesternmost of the Sámi languages , and is spoken in Norway and Sweden . It is an endangered language . The strongholds of Southern Sámi in Norway are Aarborten Municipality (Hattfjelldal) in Nordlaante County (Nordland) and also in Raarvihken Municipality (Røyrvik), Snåasen Municipality (Snåsa), and Rossen Municipality (Røros), all of which are in Trööndelage County (Trøndelag). Out of an ethnic population of approximately two thousand, only about five hundred still speak

1160-462: Is thus a loanword from one of the now-extinct Saami languages once spoken in the area. The most probable theory is that the name derives from the Finnish dialectal word oulu , meaning " floodwater ", which is related to e.g. Southern Sami åulo , meaning "melted snow", åulot meaning "thaw" (of unknown ultimate origin). Two other word families have also been speculated to be related. The first

1218-599: The Bothnian Bay ( Perämeri in Finnish) and the Swedish mainland is about 180 km directly west across the Bothnian Bay. From the center of Oulu in the direction of Oulunsalo , there is Kempeleenlahti  [ fi ] , a smaller but wide, meadow -belted bay, and part of it has been listed as a nature conservation area . The nearby island Hailuoto is just off the coast, 53 kilometres (33 mi) away in

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1276-554: The Hailuoto Island . The shortest travel time from Oulu railway station to Helsinki Central railway station is 5 h 34 min, operated by VR . Other destinations include Kolari , Rovaniemi , Seinäjoki and Tampere . The most important road in Oulu is Highway 4 ( E8 / E75 ) that runs from Helsinki to Utsjoki via Lahti , Jyväskylä , Oulu, Kemi and Rovaniemi . Other highways running to and from Oulu are Highway 20 to Kuusamo and Highway 22 to Kajaani . Oulu

1334-856: The SM-liiga championship title eight times ( 1981 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2014 , 2015 and 2018 ). It has also twice been the runner-up in the IIHF European Champions Cup , in 2005 and in 2006 . In football AC Oulu plays in Veikkausliiga , the premier division of Finnish football. So far OPS has claimed the Finnish football championship only twice by winning Mestaruussarja in 1979 and in 1980 . Other notable football clubs include OLS , OTP and JS Hercules . Southern Sami language Southern or South Sámi (Southern Sami: åarjelsaemien gïele ; Norwegian : sørsamisk ; Swedish : sydsamiska )

1392-614: The neoclassical (empire style) buildings around Helsinki Senate Square , was enlisted to provide the plan for its rebuilding. With minor changes, this plan remains the basis for the layout of Oulu's town center. The Oulu Cathedral was built in 1832 to his designs, with the spire being finished in 1844. During the Åland War , part of the Crimean War , Oulu's harbour was raided by the British fleet, who destroyed ships and burned tar houses, leading to international criticism. The city

1450-403: The 1990s. Toppilansaari has also been a historic villa area of which a few villas, like Villa Hannala has survived. [REDACTED] Media related to Toppilansaari at Wikimedia Commons Oulu Oulu's neighbouring municipalities are: Hailuoto , Ii , Kempele , Liminka , Lumijoki , Muhos , Pudasjärvi , Tyrnävä and Utajärvi . Oulu is the third northernmost city in the world with

1508-478: The Bothnian Bay. Along the coast to the southwest, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) of Oulu is Raahe ( Brahestad ), known for its historic wooden town, and, further to the southwest, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) of Oulu is Kalajoki , known for its popular sandy beaches. Oulu is divided into 106 city districts. The largest of these are Haukipudas , Oulunsalo , Kaakkuri , Ritaharju , Tuira , and Kello  [ fi ] . The municipality of Ylikiiminki

1566-538: The Toppilansalmi strait connects Toppilansaari with the Toppila neighbourhood. The bridge was completed in 2012. The Toppilansaari has been an island before, but it has connected into Mustasaari island due to the post-glacial rebound . The Toppila harbour used to occupy both sides of the Toppilansalmi Strait. The harbour has been closed for commercial traffic in 2012, but the activity has ceased since

1624-453: The above with the exception of the essive). A demonstrative pronoun without specific deictic bias is employed as the third-person pronoun, treating dual and plural forms as indistinguishable. Additional pronouns encompass pronominal and adnominal demonstratives, along with interrogative and relative pronouns, reflexive, logophoric, reciprocal, and a variety of indefinite pronouns. The majority of these pronouns change based on whether they refer to

1682-864: The annual rock festival Qstock takes place. The Oulu Music Festival is held in winter and the Oulunsalo Music Festival in summer. The Irish Festival of Oulu takes place each October, and the International Children's Film Festival each November. Museums in Oulu include the Northern Ostrobothnia museum , the Oulu Museum of Art (OMA), the Tietomaa science center , and the Turkansaari open-air museum . Notable statues and sculptures in Oulu include

1740-403: The basic structure SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Only the copula ('to be') and auxiliary verbs appear second. The case-alignment system is nominative-accusative. However, plural objects are also sometimes marked with the nominative. Objects in the nominative plural get an indefinite reading, while objects in the accusative plural are definite. This applies for nouns as well as pronouns. An example of

1798-622: The city of Oulu, located near the Arctic Circle , has only two hours of weak sunlight in December, the photovoltaic cells work almost around the clock in the summer. The cold climate means the PV panels can get up to a 25% boost per hour, as they don't overheat. Because the sun is quite low in the sky at this latitude, vertical PV installations are popular on the sides of buildings. These solar walls also capture light reflected from snow. Snow

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1856-518: The city where 12% already do so. The Winter Cycling Federation was founded in Oulu in 2013, and the first Winter Cycling Congress was held there. In 2015, a large underground parking facility, Kivisydän ( Stone Heart ), opened in the city center directly beneath main shopping streets. The network of parallel roads for cars and pedestrians was drilled in the rock at the depth of 30 meters (98 ft). The parking facility includes two ramps, 900 visitor parking lots (expandable to 1500), six access points to

1914-582: The conditional. In the verbum, a distinction must be made between odd-syllable and even-syllable verbs; in the latter, there are six different stem classes. An overview of the forms of the ie stems using the example of båetedh 'to come': The morphology of adjectives is restricted to comparative and superlative forms. Some have different forms in attributive and predicative position, but most are invariable. Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons : Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers : Southern Sámi, like Finnish,

1972-430: The consonant gradation mm  : m . Southern Sámi has eight cases : Southern Sámi nouns inflect for singular and plural and have eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, illative, locative, elative, comitative, and essive, but number is not distinguished in the essive. Inflection is essentially agglutinative, but the case endings are not always the same in the plural and in the singular. The plural marker

2030-428: The essive marks a state or a function. Four stem classes can be distinguished: ie-stems, e-stems, a-stems, and oe-stems. An overview of the modern inflection of guelie 'fish': Earlier, in the comitative singular and in the plural, besides the nominative i, umlaut of the root vowel to öö took place: Gen. Pl. göölij etc. Personal pronouns inflect for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and seven cases (all of

2088-485: The ground served by 19 elevators (expandable to nine and 25), a service facility for commercial delivery vehicles, and ubi -screens that guide the driver to the selected ground access point and help locate the parked car by its license number. In 2015, the Kaleva Media printing plant in Oulu became the most powerful photovoltaic solar plant in Finland, with 1,604 solar photovoltaic (PV) units on its roof. Although

2146-409: The horizon. This gives Oulu white nights during the summer. FMI (record highs and lows 1961–present) Source 3: weather2travel.com (average monthly UV index) The city of Oulu has 216,174 inhabitants, making it the 5th most populous municipality in Finland. The Oulu region has a population of 264,143, making it the fourth largest region in Finland after Helsinki , Tampere and Turku . Oulu

2204-431: The language at Umeå University. Language courses are also offered at different Sámi-language centres throughout the Southern Sámi area. Southern Sámi is one of the eight Sámi languages that have an official written standard, but only a few books have been published for the language, one of which is an adequate-sized Southern Sámi–Norwegian dictionary. This language has had an official written form since 1978. The spelling

2262-893: The language fluently. Southern Sámi belongs to the Saamic group within the Uralic language family . In Sweden, Saami is one of five recognized minority languages, but the term "Saami" comprises different varieties/languages, and they are not individually recognized. In Norway, Southern Sámi is recognized as a minority language in its own right. It is possible to study Southern Sámi at Nord University in Levanger Municipality , Umeå University in Umeå Municipality , and Uppsala University in Uppsala Municipality. In 2018, two master's degrees were written in

2320-405: The northern dialect are the following; orthographic counterparts are given in italics: The non-high vowels /e/ , /æ/ , /o/ , and /ɑ/ contrast in length : they may occur as both short and long. High vowels only occur short. The vowels may combine to form ten different diphthongs : In Southern Sámi, all consonants occur as geminates in word-medial position. In Southern Sámi, the vowel in

2378-458: The noun gets an indefinite reading, while the accusative plural marks definite direct objects. The genitive is used in adnominal possession and marks the dependent of postpositions. The illative is a spatial case marking the recipient; while the locative and elative are also spatial cases, the locative is additionally used in existential constructions and the elative in partitive constructions. The comitative expresses participation and instrument, and

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2436-778: The now defunct metal band Sentenced , and one of the best ice hockey teams in Europe, Oulun Kärpät . Many artists, writers, and musicians live in the city. A variety of concerts – rock, classical, and jazz – as well as other cultural events take place each year. Examples include the Oulu Music Video Festival , the Air Guitar World Championships , and the Musixine Music Film Competition, all in August. In July,

2494-448: The other Sámi languages, and Estonian, has a negative verb . In Southern Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to tense (past and non-past), mood (indicative and imperative), person (first, second, and third), and number (singular, dual, and plural). This differs from some other Sámi languages, e.g. Northern Sámi , which do not conjugate according to tense. Like Skolt Sámi and unlike other Sámi languages, Southern Sámi has

2552-606: The phonemic system of the northern dialect is explained below. The typical word in Southern Sámi is disyllabic, containing a long stem vowel and ending in a vowel, as in the word /pa:ko/ 'word'. Function words are monosyllabic, as are the copula and the negative auxiliary. Stress is fixed and always word-initial. Words with more than three syllables are given secondary stress in the penultimate syllable. The eleven vowel phonemes comprise four phonologically short and long vowels (i-i:, e-e:, a-a:, u-u:) and three vowel phonemes which do not distinguish length (ø, æ, o). The vowel phonemes of

2610-429: The population. There are 13,986 residents who were born abroad, which or 6.5% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Oulu is 9,405. Most foreign-born citizens come from the former Soviet Union , Sweden, Iraq , China and India. The relative share of immigrants in Oulu's population is below the national average. Nevertheless, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase

2668-696: The proportion of foreign residents in the coming years. In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 67.2% of the population of Oulu. Other religious groups accounted for 1.9% of the population. 30.9% of the population had no religious affiliation. Oulu, as well as other parts of North Ostrobothnia, is well known as a strong support area of the Conservative Laestadianism revival movement . A Laestadian background has been estimated to be common in construction sector management. Oulu

2726-492: The same across the tenses, and there are three different inflectional classes based on the thematic vowels and their behaviour in inflection. Furthermore, there are 4 non-finite forms: the perfect participle, the progressive, the infinitive, and the connegative and imperative form. Meanwhile, verbs express the TAM categories present indicative, past indicative, perfect, pluperfect, progressive, and imperative. The copula also inflects for

2784-430: The second syllable of a word causes changes to the vowel in the first syllable, a feature called umlaut . The vowel in the second syllable can change depending on the inflectional ending being attached, and the vowel in the first vowel will likewise alternate accordingly. Often there are three different vowels that alternate with each other in the paradigm of a single word, for example as follows: The following table gives

2842-452: The subject in person and number. The TAM categories mentioned above are based on non-finite verb forms and are expressed in periphrastic constructions with an auxiliary. The subject agrees with the auxiliary, but it is not obligatory. It is either marked on the pronoun or inferred from context. The imperative second singular uses the same non-finite irrealis form also used in negation constructions. Southern Sámi has some features that separate

2900-539: The top 2% of universities, the University of Oulu is regionally renowned in the field of information technology. Oulu has also been very successful in recent city image surveys; in a study published by the Finnish Economic Survey in 2008, Oulu received the best image rating among large cities in the country, including ratings from respondents in all provinces . In the 2023 T-Media survey, Oulu

2958-507: The two. ⟨C c⟩ , ⟨Q q⟩ , ⟨W w⟩ , ⟨X x⟩ , and ⟨Z z⟩ are only used in words of foreign origin. Long sounds are represented with double letters for both vowels and consonants. Southern Sámi has fifteen consonant and eleven vowel phonemes; there are six places of articulation for consonants and six manners of articulation. There are also two dialects, northern and southern. The phonological differences are relatively small;

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3016-455: The world. The typical features are cold and snowy winters with short and mild summers. Average annual temperature is 3.3 °C (37.9 °F). The average annual precipitation is 477 mm (18.78 in) falling 105 days per year, mostly in late summer and fall. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Oulu was 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) in July 1957, while the coldest temperature on record

3074-475: Was founded on 8 April 1605 by King Charles IX of Sweden , and granted city privileges in 1610. In 1765, Oulu received township rights granting them to trade outside of Sweden. Oulu was the capital of the Province of Oulu from 1776 to 2009. In 1822, a major fire destroyed much of the city, especially the city centre as most of the city was made from wood. The architect Carl Ludvig Engel , chiefly known for

3132-417: Was merged with the city of Oulu on 1 January 2009. Oulu and the municipalities of Haukipudas , Kiiminki , Oulunsalo , and Yli-Ii were merged on 1 January 2013. Oulu has a subarctic climate ( Köppen : Dfc , Trewartha Eolo ), bordering a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb , Trewartha Dclo ). It is the largest Finnish city entirely in this climatic zone as well as one of the largest such in

3190-641: Was the site of the Battle of Oulu on 3 February 1918 between the Whites and the Reds during the Finnish Civil War . Oulu is located in northern Finland, a considerable distance from the other cities in the country. It is located 607 kilometres (377 mi) north of the capital city Helsinki . Mainland Finland's northernmost and southernmost points are roughly equidistant from Oulu. Oulu's coast sits at

3248-488: Was the site of the 2018 Oulu child sexual exploitation scandal . Prime Minister Juha Sipilä declared that "Sex crimes against children are inhumane acts of incomprehensible evil." As of 31 December 2008, the active working population was employed as follows: In 2011, the most important employers were: The best known cultural exports of the city of Oulu are the Air Guitar World Championships held annually in August, Mieskuoro Huutajat (also known as Screaming Men ),

3306-544: Was tied with Kuopio as the second most attractive city in Finland, while Tampere was ranked first. Once known for wood tar and salmon , Oulu has become a major high-tech centre, particularly in IT and wellness technology. Other important industries include wood processing , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , paper and steel . Oulu has been selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2026. The city

3364-483: Was −41.5 °C (−42.7 °F) in February 1966. Due to Oulu's far northern location, and its frequent overcast skies, it only sees on average 15 minutes of sunshine per day in December. During the winter solstice days only last 3 hours and 34 minutes with the sun rising 1.9 degrees over the horizon. On the other hand, during the summer solstice days last 22 hours and 3 minutes, with the sun dipping 1 degree below

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