Misplaced Pages

#254745

136-539: The Turf Shipyard is the only of its kind preserved in Northern Germany . As a museum it is undoubtedly in the front row of Worpswede's tourist sights. Among the attractions of the art colony of Worpswede, the Turf Shipyard museum turned out to be a gem. The visit is especially recommended to people with children, as everything is presented very vividly. Following Jürgen Christian Findorff's plans for

272-444: A current to transport materials varies with its velocity , so that torrents with a rapid fall near the sources of rivers can carry down rocks, boulders and large stones , which are by degrees ground by attrition in their onward course into slate , gravel , sand and silt , simultaneously with the gradual reduction in fall, and, consequently, in the transporting force of the current. Accordingly, under ordinary conditions, most of

408-399: A lock has to be provided alongside the weir, or in a side channel, to provide for the passage of vessels. A river is thereby converted into a succession of fairly level reaches rising in steps up-stream, providing still-water navigation comparable to a canal; but it differs from a canal in the introduction of weirs for keeping up the water-level, in the provision for the regular discharge of

544-483: A watershed (called a "divide" in North America) over which rainfall flows down towards the river traversing the lowest part of the valley, whereas the rain falling on the far slope of the watershed flows away to another river draining an adjacent basin. River basins vary in extent according to the configuration of the country, ranging from the insignificant drainage areas of streams rising on high ground very near

680-690: A Hunt) each. They could not be bigger because the Grotheers launched their turf boats to the Schlussdorf-Winkelmoorer Schiffgraben which – like many of its kind entering the Hamme or the Wümme  – does not allow larger barges. Boatbuilding was poorly paid. In the early 19th century a ½-Hunt barge cost Thl. 80, by its end ℳ  250–300 and ℳ 450 for a full-Hunt barge. In 1934 Heinrich Grabau paid for

816-449: A Schütt it was to be opened board by board, a time-consuming procedure implying water losses. So usually two people manned a barge, one navigating and one opening and closing weirs. In order to balance these losses streams on the geest had to be tapped, provoking disputes with the inhabitants there. The Schlussdorf-Winkelmoorer Schiffgraben (Schlussdorf-Winkelmoor shipping ditch) between Schlussdorf and Winkelmoor  [ nds ]

952-570: A boat builder's yard for his son Cord Hinrich Grotheer (1844–1914), at last led by his grandson Hinrich Grotheer (1871–1957). Boat builders established on mire rivers and turf canals, such as in Moorhausen upon Hamme  [ nds ] , Mooringen  [ de ] , Trupermoor  [ de ] (there even two), Überhamm  [ de ] and Weyermoor  [ nds ] , with Grotheer's in Schlussdorf having then been

1088-538: A boat took the services of an Eichenfahrer , a commission shipper from Bremen. Boat sheds mostly disappeared to these days or remain very dilapidated, except of few preserved in museums, such as the Torfschiffswerft in Schlussdorf. The oldest, and for a long time only made road through the Teufelsmoor, the highway Worpswede- Karlshöfen  [ nds ] - Gnarrenburg (today's Lower Saxon L 165),

1224-534: A cold season, extending from May to October and from November to April in the Northern hemisphere respectively; the rivers are low and moderate floods are of rare occurrence during the warm period, and the rivers are high and subject to occasional heavy floods after a considerable rainfall during the cold period in most years. The only exceptions are rivers which have their sources amongst mountains clad with perpetual snow and are fed by glaciers ; their floods occur in

1360-415: A day: at breakfast, after lunch, in the evening at around 4 pm, and after dinner. Many people also drink a coffee at their place of work at the start of the day's work, and a coffee break with colleagues around an hour before or after lunch. There is also a strong tradition of taking coffee breaks and visiting cafés with friends and acquaintances. In places such as publicly funded universities where free coffee

1496-428: A farmer in the drained mire had a horse, in Schlussdorf e.g. no family had a horse in 1828, they were useless lacking made roads. However, Schlussdorfers had some horned cattle reaching a livestock hardly securing their living only in the second generation. A situation accounted for by the traditional local rhyming saying: Den Eersten sien Dood, den Tweeten sien Nood, den Drütten sien Brood ( Northern Low Saxon for: Unto

SECTION 10

#1732790444255

1632-665: A lower peat layer, considered the best for fuel turf. If necessary the farmers compressed the peaty soil before cutting by hours-long barefoot tamping, a procedure called petten in Northern Low Saxon . Then the brick-formed peat pieces were piled up to stacks for drying in the summer sun to become fuel turf, before the deliveries started from autumn till mid-December. After 1800 turf prices in Bremen soared. In 1830 fuel turf cost Thaler (Thl.)  4 to 8 (about mark [ℳ] 12 to 24) per 1  Hunt  [ de ] , which

1768-522: A main source of revenues for mire farmers till the begin of the 20th century, when modern fertilising sharply increased the harvests. Fuel turf experienced a last boom in demand by the end of the Second World War and in the immediate postwar years. For their own requirements some mire farmers continued heating with fuel turf until the late 1960s. All the 20 villages newly founded between 1751 and 1808 stretch as linear settlements along

1904-399: A moderate fall and a fair discharge at their lowest stage, for with a large fall the current presents a great impediment to up-stream navigation, and there are generally great variations in water level, and when the discharge becomes very small in the dry season. It is impossible to maintain a sufficient depth of water in the low-water channel. The possibility to secure uniformity of depth in

2040-469: A net effect of flood control in one area coming at the expense of greatly aggravated flooding in another. In addition, studies have shown that stream channelization results in declines of river fish populations. A 1971 study of the Chariton River in northern Missouri , United States, found that the channelized section of the river contained only 13 species of fish, whereas the natural segment of

2176-405: A physical alteration, and maintain public safety. The size of rivers above any tidal limit and their average freshwater discharge are proportionate to the extent of their basins and the amount of rain which, after falling over these basins, reaches the river channels in the bottom of the valleys, by which it is conveyed to the sea. The basin of a river is the expanse of country bounded by

2312-592: A ramrod straight causeway thrown up from material dug out from the drainage ditches running parallelly. The intermediate Royal-Electoral Chamber of Hanover  [ de ] (fiscal authority supervising and controlling the royal-electoral demesnes ) and the provincial Bremen-Verden government in Stade paid for their part the main causeways in each village. The colonists, again, had to maintain them and to build and to maintain connecting causeways (German: Communicationsdämme , i.e. communication dams) between

2448-526: A replica of a traditional brick oven house completed in December 1985, which became centre for a new tradition, the annual Steinofenfest (i.e. stone oven village fête). In 1988 the Heimatverein bought an additional piece of land from the Grotheers to extend the museum area by a replica of a flap weir (German: Klappstau ) built by the club members Waldemar Hartstock and Heinz Kommerau. In 1989

2584-479: A river bed furnishes a simple and efficient means of increasing the discharging capacity of its channel. Such removals will consequently lower the height of floods upstream. Every impediment to the flow, in proportion to its extent, raises the level of the river above it so as to produce the additional artificial fall necessary to convey the flow through the restricted channel, thereby reducing the total available fall. Human intervention sometimes inadvertently modifies

2720-407: A river by lowering the shoals obstructing the channel depends on the nature of the shoals. A soft shoal in the bed of a river is due to deposit from a diminution in velocity of flow, produced by a reduction in fall and by a widening of the channel, or to a loss in concentration of the scour of the main current in passing over from one concave bank to the next on the opposite side. The lowering of such

2856-421: A routine basis. One major reason is to reduce natural erosion ; as a natural waterway curves back and forth, it usually deposits sand and gravel on the inside of the corners where the water flows slowly, and cuts sand, gravel, subsoil , and precious topsoil from the outside corners where it flows rapidly due to a change in direction. Unlike sand and gravel, the topsoil that is eroded does not get deposited on

SECTION 20

#1732790444255

2992-476: A shoal by dredging merely effects a temporary deepening, for it soon forms again from the causes which produced it. The removal, moreover, of the rocky obstructions at rapids, though increasing the depth and equalizing the flow at these places, produces a lowering of the river above the rapids by facilitating the efflux, which may result in the appearance of fresh shoals at the low stage of the river. Where, however, narrow rocky reefs or other hard shoals stretch across

3128-456: A slightly stronger tradition of hard liquor , such as corn , vodka , and schnapps . Binge drinking is far more common in the north – almost 70% of binge drinking hospitalizations on weekends happen in the eight northern provinces and states containing just 40% of the population. As in all of Germany, mulled wine is a popular alcoholic drink during the Christmas season. In

3264-500: A solid farm building within the span of one year, however, so many failed that the commission already counted the presence of timber as fulfilment of that obligation, and thus some simple mire cottages (German: Moorkate[n] ) were still to be found in the 1930s. As the soil was poor, the farming revenues remained meagre, and their recipients lived in poverty and often suffered from malnutrition and disease such as rickets and tuberculosis . In springtime farmers started to cut peat from

3400-401: A stream channelization project in one place must be offset by the creation of new wetlands in another, a process known as "mitigation." The major agency involved in the enforcement of this policy is the same Army Corps of Engineers, which for many years was the primary promoter of wide-scale channelization. Often, in the instances where channelization is permitted, boulders may be installed in

3536-493: A stream may be undertaken for several reasons. One is to make a stream more suitable for navigation or for navigation by larger vessels with deep draughts. Another is to restrict water to a certain area of a stream's natural bottom lands so that the bulk of such lands can be made available for agriculture. A third reason is flood control, with the idea of giving a stream a sufficiently large and deep channel so that flooding beyond those limits will be minimal or nonexistent, at least on

3672-479: A stream once it has been dredged is extremely slow, with many streams showing no significant recovery 30 to 40 years after the date of channelization. For the reasons cited above, in recent years stream channelization has been greatly curtailed in the U.S., and in some instances even partially reversed. In 1990 the United States Government published a " no net loss of wetlands" policy, whereby

3808-531: A usual sight in summers and autumns on the watercourses in the Teufelsmoor region. For the shallow mire and drainage watercourses one needs special boats , Torfschiffe . A Torfschiff (literally: turf ship) is a flat-bottomed barge, with similarities to a punt as to construction and propulsion, or a weidling as to material. Torfschiffe can be propelled by poling with quants of 3.6 metres (12 ft) in navigable drainage ditches of 4.5 metres (15 ft) of width or in rivers like Wümme and Lesum , resulting from

3944-400: A variety of black puddings commonly eaten for brunch . Another northern German regional specialty are meatloaves ( Hackbraten ), made from a mixture of ground pork and beef and served with mashed potatoes, brown sauce and lingonberry jam. Many traditional meat-based lunch dishes are served with boiled or mashed potatoes and brown sauce. Eating brunch is very popular during weekends in

4080-421: A very variable flow, and end as gently flowing rivers with a comparatively regular discharge. The irregular flow of rivers throughout their course forms one of the main difficulties in devising works for mitigating inundations or for increasing the navigable capabilities of rivers. In tropical countries subject to periodical rains, the rivers are in flood during the rainy season and have hardly any flow during

4216-634: A ½-Hunt barge ℛℳ 450 to Hinrich Grotheer, with a down payment of ℛℳ 100 for wood. In 1950 a full-Hunt barge cost deutschmark (DM)  1,000. One 1938-built boat from Schlussdorf is preserved in the Osterholz Traditions Museum in Osterholz-Scharmbeck . Another one, built in 1930 in Schlussdorf, was renovated and is now shown in Giehlermoor  [ nds ] (a locality of Vollersode ). In 1950

Torfschiffswerft Schlussdorf - Misplaced Pages Continue

4352-562: Is 13.567 cubic metres (479.1 cu ft). In his teenage days the Schlussdorf-born Heinrich Schriefer  [ nds ] (1847–1912) navigated turf barges to Vegesack and Bremen selling 1 Hunt of fuel turf for Thl. 2⅔ to 3 (about ℳ 16 to 18), as this author of rustic novels described. Between 1866 and 1884 turf prices per Hunt freely delivered rose from ℳ 60 (in 1866 still Thl. 20 circa) to ℳ 72. Selling fuel turf remained

4488-617: Is a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural and historic region in the northern part of Germany which includes the coastal states of Schleswig-Holstein , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony and the two city-states Hamburg and Bremen . It contrasts with Southern Germany , Western Germany , and Eastern Germany . Northern Germany generally refers to the Sprachraum area north of the Uerdingen and Benrath line isoglosses , where Low German dialects are spoken. These comprise

4624-409: Is an exception insofar as tea is largely preferred over coffee there, to the extent that East Frisians drink about 300 litres (79 US gal) of tea per capita and year, more than in any particular country. Lunch at workplaces and educational institutions in northern Germany begins very early – usually between 11:45 and 12:15 pm, and dinner is usually eaten between 7 and 8 pm. This

4760-467: Is because the work and school day starts pretty early, at 8 am sharp. Lunches eaten at home during holidays and weekends usually start later – around 1 pm. The drinking culture in the north is more or less similar to that of the rest of the country, heavily based on beer with pale lagers and pilsners being favourites. Unlike Bavaria and Central Germany , dark beers or dark lagers are not at all popular in northern Germany. The north has

4896-553: Is centered around boiled potatoes , rye bread, dairy products, cabbages, cucumbers, berries, jams, fish , and pork and beef . A breakfast specialty is the crispbread ( Knäckebrot ), eaten with a variety of toppings such as ham, soft cheese, cucumber, tomatoes, and liver paste. Lentil stews and soups are very popular as a working lunch. Regional specialties in Schleswig-Holstein , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony include blood sausage ( Blutwurst ) and

5032-699: Is characterized by higher levels of income equality and gender equality than southern and south-western Germany. While the national federal Gini coefficient for Germany stands at around 30, the southern states have a Gini coefficient of 30.6 whereas for the Northern states the Gini coefficient stands at 27.5 which is closer to the Scandinavian average of 25. Traditional society in the western part of Northern Germany ( Schleswig-Holstein , Lower Saxony and some parts of North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony-Anhalt ) until

5168-408: Is generally referred to as canalization . Reducing the length of the channel by substituting straight cuts for a winding course is the only way in which the effective fall can be increased. This involves some loss of capacity in the channel as a whole, and in the case of a large river with a considerable flow it is very difficult to maintain a straight cut owing to the tendency of the current to erode

5304-737: Is given first. The German Football Association was founded in Leipzig in 1900. Several cities in Northern Germany have hosted matches of the 1974 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 and 2006 FIFA World Cup . The Nordderby ( Northern derby ) is played between Hamburger SV and SV Werder Bremen , whereas the Hamburg derby is played between Hamburger SV and FC St. Pauli . Other notable men's football clubs include Hertha Berlin , VfL Wolfsburg , Hannover 96 , Eintracht Braunschweig , F.C. Hansa Rostock , 1. FC Magdeburg . Hamburger SV won

5440-486: Is liable to be stopped during the descent of high floods, which in many cases rise above the locks; and it is necessarily arrested in cold climates on all rivers by long, severe frosts, and especially by ice. Many small rivers, like the Thames above its tidal limit, have been rendered navigable by canalization, and several fairly large rivers have thereby provided a good depth for vessels for considerable distances inland. Thus

5576-620: Is long replaced by up-to-date sanitary fittings. The museum hall was also used for cinema shows. On 5 October 1984 the Bremen State Visual Media Centre (German: Landesbildstelle Bremen ) and Helmut Oestmann screened his film 'Bauern im Teufelsmoor' (1931–35; Farmers in the Teufelsmoor) in the museum, also showing Hinrich Grotheer at work building a boat. More films followed. The museum, surrounded by old oaks which especially in summer invite to linger in

Torfschiffswerft Schlussdorf - Misplaced Pages Continue

5712-457: Is not available to students, it is not uncommon for students to bring their own hot coffee in insulated flasks and drink from it intermittently. Cafés usually offer medium-fat milk and sugar cubes along with filter coffee . Commonly eaten desserts include waffles with ice cream, pancakes, the sweet bun roll with cream known as Heißwecke , and blueberry pie ( Heidelbeerkuchen ) with vanilla cream. The northwesternmost region of East Frisia

5848-440: Is provided for the discharge of the river as soon as it overflows its banks, while leaving the natural channel unaltered for the ordinary flow. Low embankments may be sufficient where only exceptional summer floods have to be excluded from meadows. Occasionally the embankments are raised high enough to retain the floods during most years, while provision is made for the escape of the rare, exceptionally high floods at special places in

5984-512: Is the case with the smaller river. The fall available in a section of a river approximately corresponds to the slope of the country it traverses; as rivers rise close to the highest part of their basins, generally in hilly regions, their fall is rapid near their source and gradually diminishes, with occasional irregularities, until, in traversing plains along the latter part of their course, their fall usually becomes quite gentle. Accordingly, in large basins, rivers in most cases begin as torrents with

6120-577: Is time-consuming, with – in the 1870s – 1,500 turf barges in the Teufelsmoor making up for 9,000 passages per year at, e.g., the Ritterhude Lock, tinkerers plotted a remedy. The canal steward (German: Kanalvogt ) Müller from Wörpedorf  [ nds ] invented the Klappstau  [ de ] (flap weir ) by 1830. It is a leather flap vertically flexible and horizontally enforced by parallel wooden boards applicated on

6256-1205: The 1982–83 European Cup and six German championships, whereas Werder Bremen won the German championship four times and Hertha Berlin twice. In women's football, the VfL Wolfsburg won the Bundesliga three times and the UEFA Women's Champions League twice, whereas 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam won the Bundesliga six times and the UEFA Champions League twice. Notable Basketball Bundesliga teams include Alba Berlin , Basketball Löwen Braunschweig , Hamburg Towers and EWE Baskets Oldenburg . Notable Eishockey-Bundesliga teams include Eisbären Berlin , Grizzlys Wolfsburg , Hamburg Freezers , Hannover Scorpions and Fischtown Pinguins . Notable handball teams include GWD Minden , SG Flensburg-Handewitt , TuS Nettelstedt-Lübbecke , THW Kiel , Handball Hamburg , SC Magdeburg , Buxtehuder SV , VfL Oldenburg and HSG Blomberg-Lippe . Notable marathon races include

6392-901: The Berlin Marathon (one of the World Marathon Majors ), Hamburg Marathon , Hannover Marathon . Notable tennis tournaments include the Halle Open , International German Open and Sparkassen Open . Other notable competitions are the Kiel Week , EuroEyes Cyclassics and the Hanse Sail . The Olympiastadion in Berlin has hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics , 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and Internationales Stadionfest . The sailing competitions for

6528-946: The Early Middle Ages , Northern Germany was the settlement area of the Saxon tribes, which were subjugated by the Frankish ruler Charlemagne in the Saxon Wars from 772 onwards, whereafter the Imperial Duchy of Saxony was established in 804. In the 10th century the Saxon lands, enlarged by the Saxon Eastern March , became the cradle of the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire , when

6664-897: The Heimatverein from 1968 to 1993, then persuaded the Grotheer family to lease the shipyard with its 350 square metres (3,800 sq ft) of land by way of emphyteusis for 99 years to the Heimatverein . In 1987 the Heimatverein bought the site from the Grotheer family with financial support by the Worpswede municipality, the Osterholz district and the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden  [ de ] (association for Stade regional culture, history and economy). From 1975 to 1977 immediate structural safeguarding measurements rescued

6800-613: The Kleine Wümme  [ de ] in order to reach Bremen's turf harbour (German: Torfhafen ) in the northeastern suburb Findorff  [ de ] . There, poor women (the so-called Brockelweiber ; i.e. wodge totty), granted besides their day-wage the turf which would drop off, were hired to reload the fuel turf to carts. However, until 1860 this route included two slipways (Low Saxon: Övertog ) up and down over dikes , difficult to pass for loaded turf barges, using animal and manpower, one at Dammsiel (Schmidts Övertog in

6936-1023: The Low Saxon dialects in the west (including the Westphalian language area up to the Rhineland ), the East Low German region along the Baltic coast with Western Pomerania , the Altmark and northern Brandenburg , as well as the North Low German dialects. Although from the 19th century onwards, the use of Standard German was strongly promoted especially by the Prussian administration, Low German dialects are still present in rural areas, with an estimated number of five to eight million active speakers. However, since World War II and

SECTION 50

#1732790444255

7072-608: The North German Confederation in the 19th century. The boundary between the spheres of political influence of Prussia (Northern Germany) and Austria (Southern Germany) within the German Confederation (1815–1866) was known as the "Main line" ( Mainlinie , after the river Main ), Frankfurt am Main being the seat of the federal assembly. The "Main line" did not follow the course of the river Main upstream of Frankfurt, rather corresponding to

7208-617: The Rhine , the Danube and the Mississippi . River engineering works are only required to prevent changes in the course of the stream, to regulate its depth, and especially to fix the low-water channel and concentrate the flow in it, so as to increase as far as practicable the navigable depth at the lowest stage of the water level. Engineering works to increase the navigability of rivers can only be advantageously undertaken in large rivers with

7344-534: The Senate of Bremen ordered the last turf barge in Schlussdorf which Hinrich Grotheer laid down in 1951. The turf barge was completed in 1954 and hauled by low-loader to Bremen where it was used as a working boat on the Weser. Decommissioned in 1954 the shipyard went into rack in the following decades, especially after Hinrich Grotheer's death in 1957. For about 150 years pitch-black turf barges with puce sails were

7480-782: The geest and heaths inland. Also prominent are the low hills of the Baltic Uplands , the ground moraines , end moraines , sandur , glacial valleys , bogs and Luch . These features were formed during the Weichselian glaciation and contrast topographically with the adjacent Central Uplands of Germany to the south, such as the Harz and Teutoburg Forest , which are occasionally counted as part of Northern Germany. Northern Germany has traditionally been dominated by Protestantism , especially Lutheranism . The two northern provinces of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony have

7616-475: The inner colonisation in the drained mires of the Teufelsmoor the village of Schlussdorf was founded in 1800 with originally 24 colonist families. Findorff  [ de ] (1720–1792), whom on 20 September 1771 George III of Britain and Hanover had appointed as Mire Commissioner (German: Moorkommissar ) for the drainage and colonisation of the Teufelsmoor, included fuel turf sales as

7752-685: The restoration or protection of natural characteristics and habitats . Hydromodification encompasses the systematic response to alterations to riverine and non-riverine water bodies such as coastal waters ( estuaries and bays ) and lakes. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has defined hydromodification as the "alteration of the hydrologic characteristics of coastal and non-coastal waters, which in turn could cause degradation of water resources." River engineering has often resulted in unintended systematic responses, such as reduced habitat for fish and wildlife, and alterations of water temperature and sediment transport patterns. Beginning in

7888-468: The water resources , to protect against flooding , or to make passage along or across rivers easier. Since the Yuan Dynasty and Ancient Roman times, rivers have been used as a source of hydropower . From the late 20th century, the practice of river engineering has responded to environmental concerns broader than immediate human benefit. Some river engineering projects have focused exclusively on

8024-498: The 1936 and 1972 Summer Olympics were held at the Bay of Kiel. River engineering#Regulation works (flow and depth control) River engineering is a discipline of civil engineering which studies human intervention in the course, characteristics, or flow of a river with the intention of producing some defined benefit. People have intervened in the natural course and behaviour of rivers since before recorded history—to manage

8160-461: The Army Corps with EPA participation. Rivers whose discharge is liable to become quite small at their low stage, or which have a somewhat large fall, as is usual in the upper part of rivers, cannot be given an adequate depth for navigation purely by works which regulate the flow; their ordinary summer level has to be raised by impounding the flow with weirs at intervals across the channel, while

8296-608: The Heimatverein, explained, opening the café follows the request of many visitors for museum tours enhanced by a culinary offer. The café shall further enhance the attractivity of the museum. One Sunday in July every year club members and other Schlussdorfers celebrate their village fête , the Steinofenfest (i.e. stone oven fête), around and in the museum. In the oven house in the museum's outdoor area villagers bake traditional regional cakes such as Butterkuchen then offered to

SECTION 60

#1732790444255

8432-504: The Lesum enters the Weser. From the northerly Teufelsmoor it took turf barges two days to get to Vegesack. From there it took them another day to reach Bremen city centre which is located upstream the Weser, whereas Brake or Bremerhaven are downstream. An alternative route, lasting two days and measuring 28 kilometres (17 mi), would lead after passing Ritterhude into the Wümme and on into

8568-671: The Lower Blockland ), charging 2 groats slip toll, and the other across the Wümme-dike at Kuhsiel in the Upper Blockland. Both slipways were replaced by locks in 1865 (Kuhsiel) and 1896 (Dammsiel). In 1975 the members of the Heimatverein Schlußdorf (Schlussdorf Traditions Club) decided to make the rescue of the dilapidated shipyard their collaborative project. Hermann Giere, president of

8704-730: The Neue Semkenfahrt further shortened the connection between Bremen and the villages north of Worpswede. But navigating on that canals implied dues of three groats for the Semkenfahrt, another three at Höftdeich and six groats at entering Bremen city at the Doventor gate. In the Teufelsmoor literally every farming lot is connected to drainage ditches, and the farmers expanded their adjacent ditches to navigable size, or even dug branch ditches to their farmsteads, adding boat sheds where navigability ended. Farmers who could not afford

8840-514: The Po River, taken in 1874 and 1901, show that its bed was materially raised during this period from the confluence of the Ticino to below Caranella , despite the clearance of sediment effected by the rush through breaches. Therefore, the completion of the embankments, together with their raising, would only eventually aggravate the injuries of the inundations they have been designed to prevent, as

8976-489: The Teufelsmoor drainage ditches were put out of navigation. Truck transport replaced canal traffic. In the Great Depression and the early Nazi period more causeways were paved within job creation schemes , with villagers having to feed and lodge the workers in the scheme and provide hand and hitch-up services . Between 1900 and 1954/1956 the narrow-gauge railway Jan Reiners  [ de ] connected Bremen's Parkbahnhof station with Tarmstedt calling also stations in

9112-408: The Teufelsmoor. Since 1911 the Mire Express railway, since 1978 only operating seasonally, provides its services. In 1800 Johann 'Jan' Grotheer, then head of one of the 24 original colonist families, took the land lot Schlussdorf #6 , readdressed Schlussdorfer Straße 22 in 1978. The Grotheers replaced their initial cottage by a solid farm building by 1820, and in 1850 Jan Grotheer built

9248-485: The Traditions Club began issuing information brochures on the museum and the subjects it covers, such as colonising boglands, peat-cutting, turf barges etc. Since 1984 the museum also published postcards. The first heating, an iron stove installed in 1980, was replaced by club members in autumn 1991 by an automated filament heating, subsidised by the Worpswede municipality and Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden . The pit toilet, installed in 1981,

9384-452: The back. The bow usually contained a cabin to rest in. Teufelsmoor farmers delivered fuel turf on barges through drainage ditches, downstream the Weser tributaries. Many ventured on the Weser to supply customers even as far as Brake . A boat tour from Schlussdorf to Bremerhaven could last a week, downstream the Hamme via the Ritterhude Lock, continuing with the confluent Wümme as the Lesum, flowing through Burg upon Lesum down to Vegesack where

9520-463: The banks and form again a sinuous channel. Even if the cut is preserved by protecting the banks, it is liable to produce changes shoals and raise the flood-level in the channel just below its termination. Nevertheless, where the available fall is exceptionally small, as in land originally reclaimed from the sea, such as the English Fenlands , and where, in consequence, the drainage is in a great measure artificial, straight channels have been formed for

9656-540: The bed of the new channel so that water velocity is slowed, and channels may be deliberately curved as well. In 1990 the U.S. Congress gave the Army Corps a specific mandate to include environmental protection in its mission, and in 1996 it authorized the Corps to undertake restoration projects. The U.S. Clean Water Act regulates certain aspects of channelization by requiring non-Federal entities (i.e. state and local governments, private parties) to obtain permits for dredging and filling operations. Permits are issued by

9792-537: The beginning two members of the Grotheer family worked as guides in the boat builder's yard, Beta Grotheer (died in April 1984) and her son Johann Grotheer (died in 1989). Then Jürgen Hägele-Falkenberg became the guide, while Heinz Kommerau offered turf barge tours on the river Hamme. Guided tours are now in the hands of Siegfried Fest, Horst Flömer, and Sonja Melingkat. The museum comprises the former shipyard building with 45 square metres (480 sq ft) floor area on

9928-409: The best known in all the Teufelsmoor. Over three generations the Grotheers launched more than 600 boats within the 104 years of boat building in Schlussdorf. Without constructional drawings they built their barges, each taking about six weeks of actual boat building. Besides turf barges, mostly for freight (such as fuel turf, or hay to be brought from the remote meadows to the barns at

10064-406: The bottom of a river and present obstacles to the erosion by the current of the soft materials forming the bed of the river above and below, their removal may result in permanent improvement by enabling the river to deepen its bed by natural scour. The capability of a river to provide a waterway for navigation during the summer or throughout the dry season depends on the depth that can be secured in

10200-404: The canalized Seine has secured a navigable depth of 10 1 ⁄ 2 feet (3.2 metres) from its tidal limit up to Paris, a distance of 135 miles, and a depth of 6 3 ⁄ 4 feet (2.06 metres) up to Montereau, 62 miles higher up. As rivers flow onward towards the sea, they experience a considerable diminution in their fall, and a progressive increase in the basin which they drain, owing to

10336-480: The channel at the low stage by low-dipping cross dikes extending from the river banks down the slope and pointing slightly up-stream so as to direct the water flowing over them into a central channel. The needs of navigation may also require that a stable, continuous, navigable channel is prolonged from the navigable river to deep water at the mouth of the estuary . The interaction of river flow and tide needs to be modeled by computer or using scale models, moulded to

10472-496: The channel at the lowest stage. The problem in the dry season is the small discharge and deficiency in scour during this period. A typical solution is to restrict the width of the low-water channel, concentrate all of the flow in it, and also to fix its position so that it is scoured out every year by the floods which follow the deepest part of the bed along the line of the strongest current. This can be effected by closing subsidiary low-water channels with dikes across them, and narrowing

10608-449: The channelization of Florida's Kissimmee River has been cited as a cause contributing to the loss of wetlands. This straightening causes the streams to flow more rapidly, which can, in some instances, vastly increase soil erosion. It can also increase flooding downstream from the channelized area, as larger volumes of water traveling more rapidly than normal can reach choke points over a shorter period of time than they otherwise would, with

10744-573: The closest paved highway, typically with turf-fired clinker (German: Moorklinker ). In the years 1928 and 1929 in Schlussdorf its mayor Diedrich Schnakenberg (1857–1942) propelled paving the first road with clinker, the one to Weyerdeelen-Umbeck, then costing reichsmark (ℛℳ)  210,000, of which the Osterholz district paid one third, while two thirds were personal contributions by the Schlussdorfers. With more and more causeways paved in

10880-433: The coast and flowing straight down into the sea, up to immense tracts of great continents, where rivers rising on the slopes of mountain ranges far inland have to traverse vast stretches of valleys and plains before reaching the ocean. The size of the largest river basin of any country depends on the extent of the continent in which it is situated, its position in relation to the hilly regions in which rivers generally arise and

11016-416: The compulsory raising of their gates for the passage of floods, the removal of fish traps , which are frequently blocked up by leaves and floating rubbish, reduction in the number and width of bridge piers when rebuilt, and the substitution of movable weirs for solid weirs. By installing gauges in a fairly large river and its tributaries at suitable points, and keeping continuous records for some time of

11152-406: The course or characteristics of a river, for example by introducing obstructions such as mining refuse, sluice gates for mills, fish-traps, unduly wide piers for bridges and solid weirs . By impeding flow these measures can raise the flood-level upstream. Regulations for the management of rivers may include stringent prohibitions with regard to pollution , requirements for enlarging sluice-ways and

11288-825: The danger of flooding downstream. In the Midwestern United States and the Southern United States the term for this measure is channelization. Much of it was done under the auspices or overall direction of the United States Army Corps of Engineers . One of the most heavily channelized areas in the United States is West Tennessee , where every major stream with one exception (the Hatchie River ) has been partially or completely channelized. Channelization of

11424-438: The downstream side and upheld on the upstream side by the headwater and on the downstream side by guiding lateral edges bent upstream. So when a vessel approaches upstream its bow well sticks out above the upper edge of the concavely bent flap weir and by moving on its sloping underside gently presses down the flap, allowing the vessel to skim over it with the swashing downstream torrent. Moving upstream needs more manpower pushing

11560-586: The dukes of the Ottonian dynasty were elected King of the Romans and crowned Holy Roman Emperors . From 1500 onwards, the former Saxon territories (except for Westphalia) were incorporated into the Lower Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire . The Hanseatic League is also part of the common history and culture of the cities in northern Germany. Northern Germany corresponds to the territory of

11696-460: The early 20th century was based on well-off, literate and landowning yeoman farmers owning relatively large pieces of land, making a living growing grain crops and raising dairy cattle and pigs, and a large and educated middle class in the towns and cities working in the civil service, or as businessmen, artisans, blue-collar workers and skilled workers. Thus, the proportion of serfs, landless labourers, semi-skilled industrial workers and large landlords

11832-410: The embankments, where the scour of the issuing current is guarded against, and the inundation of the neighboring land is least injurious. In this manner, the increased cost of embankments raised above the highest flood-level of rare occurrence is avoided, as is the danger of breaches in the banks from an unusually high flood-rise and rapid flow, with their disastrous effects. A most serious objection to

11968-466: The escape of floods from the raised river must occur sooner or later. In the UK, problems of flooding of domestic properties around the turn of the 21st century have been blamed on inadequate planning controls which have permitted development on floodplains. This exposes the properties on the floodplain to flood, and the substitution of concrete for natural strata speeds the run-off of water, which increases

12104-545: The expenditure involved where significant assets (such as a town) are under threat. Additionally, even when successful, such floodworks may simply move the problem further downstream and threaten some other town. Recent floodworks in Europe have included restoration of natural floodplains and winding courses, so that floodwater is held back and released more slowly. The removal of obstructions, natural or artificial (e.g., trunks of trees, boulders and accumulations of gravel) from

12240-482: The farmsteads, or construction materials) the Grotheers also built locally typical passenger boats, the so-called Entenjäger (i.e. duck hunter). Grotheers built their boats from long seasoned 10-metre-long (33 ft) oak wood and supplied them with lugsails of 10 square metres (110 sq ft). The barges from Schlussdorf belong to the class of Halbhuntschiffe with a capacity of c. 6 cubic metres (7.8 cu yd) or 50 standard baskets of turf (½

12376-493: The first his death, unto the second his need, unto the third his bread). Lacking sufficient travelways the mire colonists also extended drainage ditches to navigability when clearing them, using the dug-out material to raise and repair parallel causeways. Hydraulic engineers and colonists straightened natural rivers and created most of today's watercourses between 1751 and 1799, forming a grid expanding to today's length of 222 kilometres (138 mi) to be maintained and financed by

12512-511: The first samples got installed in a watercourse at Eickedorf  [ nds ] , soon spreading to all navigable watercourses in the Teufelsmoor. In 1856 flap weirs were installed in the Schlussdorf-Winkelmoorer Schiffgraben replacing the previous devices. By straightening the meandering Hamme its course was shortened by half. The southward extension of the old Semkenfahrt by the Semkenfahrtskanal in 1888 and later further on by

12648-493: The floorboards and planks manually from a trunk, later they purchased them sawn from a sawmill and bent them into the required shape. All parts were dowelled with wooden pegs. Torfschiffe are differentiated by their capacities as Vollhuntschiff (containing up to 1 full Hunt), Halbhuntschiff (up to ½ Hunt) or Viertelhuntschiff (up to ¼ Hunt) with Hunt being a unit of volume for fuel turf (making up 6,480 brick-formed pieces called Soden ). The size varieties account for

12784-430: The formation of continuous, high embankments along rivers bringing down considerable quantities of detritus, especially near a place where their fall has been abruptly reduced by descending from mountain slopes onto alluvial plains, is the danger of their bed being raised by deposit, producing a rise in the flood-level, and necessitating a raising of the embankments if inundations are to be prevented. Longitudinal sections of

12920-539: The former Iron Curtain and mutual prejudices regarding what once was the other side may still persist today. A number of Scottish and English Lutheran Families settled in Northern Germany between the years 1683 and 1709, with the result that many Germans in Northwest Germany can claim Scottish and English ancestry. The term northern German states is always used to refer to the following coastal federal States of Germany : In some cases, it also includes

13056-423: The former's confluence with the Hamme. However, with wind they can also sail on rivers wide enough. Many watercourses also had lateral towpaths allowing haulage. The Torfschiff is traditionally constructed from solid wood (oak), seasoned for ten years. The barges, mostly by 10-metre-long (33 ft), were usually built from oaken planks of equal length gained in the geest forests. Shipbuilders originally sawed

13192-443: The ground level and an exhibition hall of 50 square metres (540 sq ft) in the attic. The builder's yard itself, actually a hall in the ground floor, is just big enough to accommodate a barge ten metres long. Today there is a smaller version, a half-finished passenger boat of the type Entenjäger (duck hunter), on a cradle. Primitive-looking tools for boat building, once used by Cord-Hinrich and Hinrich Grotheer are presented on

13328-419: The guests. Music and dance enhance the fête, ending with a barbeque. The attendance developed encouraging in the first 20 years after opening the museum with more than 4,000 visitors per year, however, by 2015 it had halved. According to another source the number of visitors only slightly declined in the last intervall (4,657 annually). The decline may account for the fact that the museum's exhibition deals with

13464-485: The half-timbered shipyard buildings followed by a thorough renovation. The Worpswede municipality and the Osterholz district bestowed one-off grants of DM  15,000 and 25,000 respectively, whereas the club members added own work – 600 hours of handcraftship, 150 hours of transport services, and 1,800 hours of menial work – amounting altogether to an equivalent of DM 60,000. The museum opened its doors for visitors on 13 August 1977. In

13600-440: The hall's walls, such as drills, grindstones and saws of various kinds as well as all sorts of tools for woodworking. They give an idea of the simple means by which these watercraft were built. In the room next to the hall there are original tools and devices for peat cutting, manual agriculture and clog -making were professionally conserved and are shown as exhibits. Also shown are so-called Brettholschen , mire clogs distributing

13736-403: The heights of the water at the various stations, the rise of the floods in the different tributaries, the periods they take in passing down to definite stations on the main river, and the influence they severally exercise on the height of the floods at these places, can be ascertained. With the help of these records, and by observing the times and heights of the maximum rise of a particular flood at

13872-535: The highest proportion of self-reported Lutherans in Germany. Exceptions include the Catholic districts of Emsland , Cloppenburg and Vechta in the west, traditionally linked to the Catholic region of Westphalia in the south, and the southernmost region of Lower Saxony , around the city of Duderstadt , comprising part of the traditional Catholic enclave of Eichsfeld . Culturally and socially, Northern Germany

14008-592: The immigration of expellees from the former eastern territories of Germany , its prevalence has steadily reduced. Besides which, Frisian is spoken in East and North Frisia , as well as Danish (Standard and South Jutlandic ) in parts of Schleswig . The key terrain feature of Northern Germany is the North German Plain including the marshes along the coastline of the North and Baltic Seas , as well as

14144-400: The impending inundation. Where portions of a riverside town are situated below the maximum flood-level, or when it is important to protect land adjoining a river from inundations, the overflow of the river must be diverted into a flood-dam or confined within continuous embankments on both sides. By placing these embankments somewhat back from the margin of the river-bed, a wide flood-channel

14280-402: The inside of the next corner of the river. It simply washes away. Channelization has several predictable and negative effects. One of them is loss of wetlands . Wetlands are an excellent habitat for many forms of wildlife, and additionally serve as a "filter" for much of the world's surface fresh water. Another is the fact that channelized streams are almost invariably straightened. For example,

14416-560: The landowners in the drained mire, combined in today's local water board (a public-law corporation), the Gewässer- und Landschaftspflegeverband Teufelsmoor (or GLV Teufelsmoor). Between 1769 and 1790 Findorff directed the construction of the Oste-Hamme Canal , providing for the northerly connection to Bremervörde and Stade. The mire farmers used barges (German: Torfschiff[e] ) with no considerable draught capable to cruise

14552-429: The larger towns and cities. In regions nearer to the coast, fish is very popular, with pickled herring and salmon being delicacies. Drinking coffee is firmly rooted in northern Germany and the northern provinces on average consume around 8 kilograms (18 lb) of coffee per capita annually. This is more than the 6 kilograms (13 lb) of coffee per capita consumed in the south. Coffee is frequently drunk four times

14688-572: The late 20th century, the river engineering discipline has been more focused on repairing hydromodified degradations and accounting for potential systematic response to planned alterations by considering fluvial geomorphology . Fluvial geomorphology is the study of how rivers change their form over time. Fluvial geomorphology is the cumulation of a number of sciences including open channel hydraulics , sediment transport , hydrology , physical geology, and riparian ecology. River engineering practitioners attempt to understand fluvial geomorphology, implement

14824-589: The low stage of the Saône flowing into the Rhone at Lyon, which has its floods in the winter when the Arve, on the contrary, is low. Another serious obstacle encountered in river engineering consists in the large quantity of detritus they bring down in flood-time, derived mainly from the disintegration of the surface layers of the hills and slopes in the upper parts of the valleys by glaciers, frost and rain. The power of

14960-548: The materials brought down from the high lands by torrential water courses are carried forward by the main river to the sea, or partially strewn over flat alluvial plains during floods; the size of the materials forming the bed of the river or borne along by the stream is gradually reduced on proceeding seawards, so that in the Po River in Italy, for instance, pebbles and gravel are found for about 140 miles below Turin , sand along

15096-534: The museum's logo a metal copy of which was installed as waymarker. The logo shows a turf boat with a bargeman nicknamed by townsfolk as Jan von Moor (i.e. John from [the] Mire). In late summer 1979 the Heimatverein built a carport-like shelter for the 1912-built ¼-Hunt barge which the Wasser- und Bodenverband Teufelsmoor (as the GLV Teufelsmoor was named till 2008) consigned on loan from its collection to

15232-468: The museum. Ernst Soujon thatched the boat shelter in unpaid voluntary work in spring 1991 replacing the previous conventionally modern roof. In 2015 the roof needed a new thatching for approximately € 10,000. The club members added a draw well in 1980. In 1983 club members redesigned the outdoor area also planting rhododendrons which thrive well in the sour soil of the former mire. Master Mason Georg Geffken created in 100 hours of unpaid voluntary work

15368-451: The necessary and available financial source for the colonists in their hard initial years. The colonists sold fuel turf (German: Backtorf ) prevailingly in Bremen and cities on the lower Weser , in order to raise money to make a living and build up their farms. By contract with the mire commission each colonist had to commit himself to replace the initial sod roofed A-frame shack by

15504-448: The next 100 miles, and silt and mud in the last 110 miles (176 km). Improvements can be divided into those that are aimed at improving the flow of the river, particularly in flood conditions, and those that aim to hold back the flow, primarily for navigation purposes, although power generation is often an important factor. The former is known in the US as channelization and the latter

15640-462: The non-coastal states of: Northern Germany as a region or as a historical landscape includes additional federal states (see geography above). Northwestern Germany is usually considered to be part of Northern Europe both culturally and geographically where as the southern states are much closer to Central European cultures. Where a city has different names in English and German, the English name

15776-509: The northern border of the Kingdom of Bavaria . Cultural or political east–west divisions have existed in northern Germany since at least the early modern period, when During the Cold War of the second half of the 20th century, a cultural division of northern Germany into an Eastern and a Western part has become more pronounced due to the 1949–1990 division of all of Germany into West Germany and East Germany , where identities based upon

15912-452: The outdoor area was enhanced by a laden narrow-gauge turf wagon and traditional skeps . On 22 March 2015 the Heimatverein opened a café in a former flat in the southern wing of the museum's main building. The café's opening hours parallel those of the museum itself. The café seats more than 20 guests inside, and more on the southward terrace, offering hot and cold drinks as well as home-baked cakes. As Karl-Heinz Melingkat, head of

16048-409: The rest of the year, while in temperate regions, where the rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year, evaporation causes the available rainfall to be much less in hot summer weather than in the winter months, so that the rivers fall to their low stage in the summer and are very liable to be in flood in the winter. In fact, with a temperate climate, the year may be divided into a warm and

16184-450: The river at the weirs, and in the two sills of the locks being laid at the same level instead of the upper sill being raised above the lower one to the extent of the rise at the lock, as usual on canals. Canalization secures a definite available depth for navigation; and the discharge of the river generally is amply sufficient for maintaining the impounded water level, as well as providing the necessary water for locking. Navigation, however,

16320-428: The rivers. Because of the perceived value in protecting these fertile, low-lying lands from inundation, additional straight channels have also been provided for the discharge of rainfall, known as drains in the fens. Even extensive modification of the course of a river combined with an enlargement of its channel often produces only a limited reduction in flood damage. Consequently, such floodworks are only commensurate with

16456-424: The same subject whereas its counterparts in the heart of Worpswede show altering temporary exhibitions. The small café opened also aims at countering the trend. On Mondays and Tuesdays the museum is closed, however, visits outside the opening times can be agreed beforehand. Entrance fees are moderate. Northern Germany Northern Germany (German: Norddeutschland , [ˈnɔʁtdɔɪ̯tʃlant] )

16592-414: The sea into which they flow, and the distance between the source and the outlet into the sea of the river draining it. The rate of flow of rivers depends mainly upon their fall, also known as the gradient or slope. When two rivers of different sizes have the same fall, the larger river has the quicker flow, as its retardation by friction against its bed and banks is less in proportion to its volume than

16728-512: The shade, is only a short distance away from the Schlußdorfer Straße . At the end of the driveway, paved with the locally typical peat-fired clinkers and arbored with oaks and rhododendrons, a ¼-Hunt barge from 1890 welcomes the visitors in front of the shipyard building. Time seems to have stopped there. The outdoor area is enriched by several additional elements, one of them is a model peat-cutting site. In 1978 Johann Murken designed

16864-472: The shallow navigable ditches of the Teufelsmoor mire. Once crisscrossed by drainage trenches, hill moors  – like the Teufelsmoor ;– do not well hold water, thus, in order to maintain a navigable water level manually openable sluices ( N. Low Saxon : Schütt[en ]) were installed every 400 metres (1,300 ft) to 500 metres (1,600 ft) in all the watercourses. In order to pass

17000-438: The stations on the various tributaries, the time of arrival and height of the top of the flood at any station on the main river can be predicted with remarkable accuracy two or more days beforehand. By communicating these particulars about a high flood to places on the lower river, weir-keepers are enabled to fully open the movable weirs beforehand to permit the passage of the flood, and riparian inhabitants receive timely warning of

17136-423: The stream was home to 21 species of fish. The biomass of fish able to be caught in the dredged segments of the river was 80 percent less than in the natural parts of the same stream. This loss of fish diversity and abundance is thought to occur because of reduction in habitat, elimination of riffles and pools, greater fluctuation of stream levels and water temperature, and shifting substrates. The rate of recovery for

17272-411: The successive influx of their various tributaries. Thus, their current gradually becomes more gentle and their discharge larger in volume and less subject to abrupt variations; and, consequently, they become more suitable for navigation. Eventually, large rivers, under favorable conditions, often furnish important natural highways for inland navigation in the lower portion of their course, as, for instance,

17408-562: The summer from the melting of snow and ice, as exemplified by the Rhône above the Lake of Geneva , and the Arve which joins it below. But even these rivers are liable to have their flow modified by the influx of tributaries subject to different conditions, so that the Rhone below Lyon has a more uniform discharge than most rivers, as the summer floods of the Arve are counteracted to a great extent by

17544-415: The vessel's bow against the convexly bent flap weir to press it down against the headwater's counterpressure and then steering the barge against the downstream torrent. However, barges can pass flap weirs without the help of a second person. Mire Commissioner Claus Witte (1796–1861; 1826–1861 in office) promoted Müller's idea, however, the new practical tool was very expensive, so that it took until 1840 that

17680-542: The villages on their own, as well as all the hydraulic installations (drainage ditches, navigable canals, dikes, weirs, and bridges), to which each colonist had to commit in a contract with the mire commission. All royal-electoral causeways were open to everyone for the public good. Such causeways lacked soil compaction and pavement and were thus impassable for wayns and often even for horses, so inhabitants mostly walked them by foot using – if necessary – wheelbarrows for transport. In rainy seasons or at seasonal floods

17816-468: The watercourses' varying widths. Turf barges were delivered fully equipped with sails, mostly from sailmakers in Scharmbeck, with lateral centreboards and quants. When sailing the centreboard serves to stabilise the keelless barge. Torfschiffe have no keel , stem , or sternpost . Both the bow and the stern are slightly tapering, with a long shallow underside sloping very gently at the front and

17952-488: The ways turned completely impassable, sometimes for days. In the beginning 30 villages in the Teufelsmoor were only connected by watercourses with 20 villages in the eastern mire part linked through the Wörpe and its tributaries, entering the Wümme . Until the regulation of the river Wörpe in 1860 the rather narrower navigable watercourses in its drainage basin only allowed ¼-Hunt barges, thereafter then ½-Hunt barges. Hardly

18088-406: The weight of the person over a larger area so that the person's foot does not bog down completely. Furthermore, there are a small tin stove on which bargemen on tour warmed up their soup, and a traditional wooden butter churn. Tablets, wall charts, and photos give explanations about draining, cultivating and colonising boglands, an exhibition started in 1981 and renewed and extended ever since. In 1981

18224-736: Was laid out on expenses of the Royal-Electoral Chamber in 1810, shortly before the French annexation of the Elbe–Weser triangle . The Schlussdorf-Winkelmoorer Schiffgraben measures 1.542 kilometres (0.958 mi) in length and connects via the river Umbeck to the Hamme . Ten sluices regulated its water level which in 1854 were combined in pairs to form chambers similar to locks able to include up to eight turf barges, obliged to pass in queues to reduce water outflow. Since passing sluices

18360-514: Was relatively smaller, making for a more stable society than elsewhere in Germany like the Rhineland region and the region east of the Elbe river. Additionally, Northern cities like Hamburg , Bremen and Rostock have always been economic powerhouses of trade and commerce and have had a long tradition of innovation and creativity in business and industry. The traditional northern German daily diet

18496-581: Was started in May 1785 by the provincial Bremen-Verden government. Other roads were seasonally so furrowed that pedestrians had to use a side path. Actual paving of causeways only started from 1870 on. Until the end of the First World War causeways had been built to connect all the villages so that many farmers bought for the first time a horse from demobilised army stocks in 1918. In the 1920s every village paved at least one causeway, usually connecting to

#254745