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87-829: The Toronto Power Generating Station is a former generating station located along the Niagara River in Niagara Falls, Ontario , Canada , slightly upstream from the newer Rankine power station . Completed in 1906 in the Beaux-Arts -style, the station was designed by architect E. J. Lennox and was built by the Electrical Development Company of Ontario (owned by William Mackenzie , Frederic Thomas Nicholls , and Henry Mill Pellatt ) under supervision of Hugh L. Cooper to supply hydro-electric power to nearby Toronto, Ontario . The plant

174-415: A breech-loading gun with a strong, rifled barrel made from wrought iron wrapped around a steel inner lining, designed to fire a shell rather than a ball . In 1855 he had a five-pounder ready for inspection by a government committee. The gun proved successful in trials, but the committee thought a higher calibre gun was needed, so Armstrong built an 18-pounder on the same design. After trials, this gun

261-447: A magnetic field and a conductor creates an electric current . The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal , oil , and natural gas to generate electricity. Low-carbon power sources include nuclear power , and use of renewables such as solar , wind , geothermal , and hydroelectric . In early 1871 Belgian inventor Zénobe Gramme invented

348-579: A transformer to step up voltage for long-distance transmission and then stepped it back down for indoor lighting, a more efficient and less expensive system which is similar to modern systems. The war of the currents eventually resolved in favor of AC distribution and utilization, although some DC systems persisted to the end of the 20th century. DC systems with a service radius of a mile (kilometer) or so were necessarily smaller, less efficient of fuel consumption, and more labor-intensive to operate than much larger central AC generating stations. AC systems used

435-420: A byproduct of the useful electrical energy produced. The amount of waste heat energy equals or exceeds the amount of energy converted into useful electricity . Gas-fired power plants can achieve as much as 65% conversion efficiency, while coal and oil plants achieve around 30–49%. The waste heat produces a temperature rise in the atmosphere, which is small compared to that produced by greenhouse-gas emissions from

522-427: A generator powerful enough to produce power on a commercial scale for industry. In 1878, a hydroelectric power station was designed and built by William, Lord Armstrong at Cragside , England . It used water from lakes on his estate to power Siemens dynamos . The electricity supplied power to lights, heating, produced hot water, ran an elevator as well as labor-saving devices and farm buildings. In January 1882

609-485: A great deal of opposition to the gun arose, both inside the army and from rival arms manufacturers, particularly Joseph Whitworth of Manchester . Stories were publicised that the new gun was too difficult to use, that it was too expensive, that it was dangerous to use, that it frequently needed repair and so on. All of this smacked of a concerted campaign against Armstrong. Armstrong was able to refute all of these claims in front of various government committees, but he found

696-425: A hydroelectric power station water flows through turbines using hydropower to generate hydroelectricity . Power is captured from the gravitational force of water falling through penstocks to water turbines connected to generators . The amount of power available is a combination of height and water flow. A wide range of Dams may be built to raise the water level, and create a lake for storing water . Hydropower

783-403: A lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Because the pumping takes place "off peak", electricity is less valuable than at peak times. This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low. During daytime peak demand, when electricity prices are high,

870-406: A material that enhances the mixing of the upflowing air and the down-flowing water. In areas with restricted water use, a dry cooling tower or directly air-cooled radiators may be necessary, since the cost or environmental consequences of obtaining make-up water for evaporative cooling would be prohibitive. These coolers have lower efficiency and higher energy consumption to drive fans, compared to

957-524: A partner in Donkin's business and the firm became Donkin, Stable and Armstrong. Armstrong married Margaret Ramshaw in 1835, and they built a house in Jesmond Dene , on the eastern edge of Newcastle. Armstrong worked for eleven years as a solicitor, but during his spare time he showed great interest in engineering, developing the " Armstrong Hydroelectric Machine " between 1840 and 1842. In 1837, he laid

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1044-569: A pipe containing a heat transfer fluid, such as oil. The heated oil is then used to boil water into steam, which turns a turbine that drives an electrical generator. The central tower type of solar thermal power plant uses hundreds or thousands of mirrors, depending on size, to direct sunlight onto a receiver on top of a tower. The heat is used to produce steam to turn turbines that drive electrical generators. Wind turbines can be used to generate electricity in areas with strong, steady winds, sometimes offshore . Many different designs have been used in

1131-592: A power station is nearly the maximum electrical power that the power station can produce. Some power plants are run at almost exactly their rated capacity all the time, as a non-load-following base load power plant , except at times of scheduled or unscheduled maintenance. However, many power plants usually produce much less power than their rated capacity. In some cases a power plant produces much less power than its rated capacity because it uses an intermittent energy source . Operators try to pull maximum available power from such power plants, because their marginal cost

1218-463: A result of a 2021 procurement process, the Commission announced in 2024 a partnership with venue management company Pearle Hospitality and condo developer Society Developments to develop the station into a luxury hotel. Under the station will remain in the hands of Niagara Parks with Pearle Hospitality as a tenant, with developers will provide the $ 200 million investment. The opening of the new hotel

1305-532: A rotary engine powered by water, and this was built in the High Bridge works of his friend Henry Watson. Little interest was shown in the engine. Armstrong subsequently developed a piston engine instead of a rotary one and decided that it might be suitable for driving a hydraulic crane . In 1846 his work as an amateur scientist was recognized when he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . In 1845

1392-464: A scheme was set in motion to provide piped water from distant reservoirs to the households of Newcastle. Armstrong was involved in this scheme and he proposed to Newcastle Corporation that the excess water pressure in the lower part of town could be used to power a quayside crane specially adapted by himself. He claimed that his hydraulic crane could unload ships faster and more cheaply than conventional cranes. The Corporation agreed to his suggestion, and

1479-464: A separate company, called Elswick Ordnance Company , in which he had no financial involvement. The new company agreed to manufacture armaments for the British government and no other. Under his new position, Armstrong worked to bring the old Woolwich Arsenal up to date so that it could build guns designed at Elswick. However, just when it looked as if the new gun was about to become a great success,

1566-616: A shipbuilder in Low Walker, whereby Mitchells would build warships and Elswick would provide the guns. The first ship, in 1868 was HMS Staunch , a gunboat . In 1876, because the 18th-century bridge at Newcastle restricted access by ships to the Elswick works, Armstrong's company paid for a new Swing Bridge to be built, so that warships could have their guns fitted at Elswick. In 1882 Armstrong's company merged with Mitchell's to form Sir William Armstrong, Mitchell and Co. Ltd. and in 1884

1653-549: A shipyard opened at Elswick to specialise in warship production. The first vessels produced were the torpedo cruisers Panther and Leopard for the Austro-Hungarian Navy . The first battleship produced at Elswick was HMS Victoria , launched in 1887. The ship was originally to be named Renown , but the name was changed in honour of the Queen's Golden Jubilee. Armstrong drove the first and last rivets. The ship

1740-421: A steam turbine. Bioenergy can also be processed through a range of temperatures and pressures in gasification , pyrolysis or torrefaction reactions. Depending on the desired end product, these reactions create more energy-dense products ( syngas , wood pellets , biocoal ) that can then be fed into an accompanying engine to produce electricity at a much lower emission rate when compared with open burning. It

1827-643: A steam turbine. The combination of a "top" cycle and a "bottom" cycle produces higher overall efficiency than either cycle can attain alone. In 2018, Inter RAO UES and State Grid Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine planned to build an 8-GW thermal power plant, which's the largest coal-fired power plant construction project in Russia . A prime mover is a machine that converts energy of various forms into energy of motion. Power plants that can be dispatched (scheduled) to provide energy to

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1914-553: A supply of water at pressure – for instance, the Grimsby Dock Tower . However, when supplying cranes for use at New Holland on the Humber Estuary , he was unable to do this because the foundations consisted of sand. After much careful thought he produced the weighted accumulator , a cast-iron cylinder fitted with a plunger supporting a very heavy weight. The plunger would slowly be raised, drawing in water, until

2001-495: A system include: Non-dispatchable plants include such sources as wind and solar energy; while their long-term contribution to system energy supply is predictable, on a short-term (daily or hourly) base their energy must be used as available since generation cannot be deferred. Contractual arrangements ("take or pay") with independent power producers or system interconnections to other networks may be effectively non-dispatchable. All thermal power plants produce waste heat energy as

2088-682: A turbine is spun creating energy. This method is being specifically studied by the Norwegian utility Statkraft, which has calculated that up to 25 TWh/yr would be available from this process in Norway. Statkraft has built the world's first prototype osmotic power plant on the Oslo fjord which was opened on 24 November 2009. In January 2014, however, Statkraft announced not to continue this pilot. Biomass energy can be produced from combustion of waste green material to heat water into steam and drive

2175-445: A typical wet, evaporative cooling tower. Power plants can use an air-cooled condenser, traditionally in areas with a limited or expensive water supply. Air-cooled condensers serve the same purpose as a cooling tower (heat dissipation) without using water. They consume additional auxiliary power and thus may have a higher carbon footprint compared to a traditional cooling tower. Electric companies often prefer to use cooling water from

2262-487: A wide range of frequencies depending on the type of load; lighting load using higher frequencies, and traction systems and heavy motor load systems preferring lower frequencies. The economics of central station generation improved greatly when unified light and power systems, operating at a common frequency, were developed. The same generating plant that fed large industrial loads during the day, could feed commuter railway systems during rush hour and then serve lighting load in

2349-451: Is built on top of a deep wheel pit, with turbines at the bottom of the pit, turning generators at the top by means of long vertical shafts. The water from the turbines runs out through a brick-lined tailrace which eventually comes out at the base of the falls. In its prime, it had a generating capacity of 137,500 horsepower (102,500 kW). The plant ceased operations on February 15, 1974 as Ontario Hydro looked to make better use of

2436-478: Is no evidence that Armstrong agonised over his decision to go into armament production. He once said: "If I thought that war would be fomented, or the interests of humanity suffer, by what I have done, I would greatly regret it. I have no such apprehension." He also said: "It is our province, as engineers to make the forces of matter obedient to the will of man; those who use the means we supply must be responsible for their legitimate application." Armstrong advocated

2523-483: Is now demolished, and not to be confused with the nearby Jesmond Dene House . Armstrong's house was to the west of Jesmond Dene , Newcastle, and thus not far from his birthplace, and he began to landscape and improve land that he bought within the Dene. In 1860 he paid local architect John Dobson to design a Banqueting Hall overlooking the Dene, which still survives, though it is now roofless. His house close to Newcastle

2610-583: Is possible to store energy and produce electrical power at a later time as in pumped-storage hydroelectricity , thermal energy storage , flywheel energy storage , battery storage power station and so on. The world's largest form of storage for excess electricity, pumped-storage is a reversible hydroelectric plant. They are a net consumer of energy but provide storage for any source of electricity, effectively smoothing peaks and troughs in electricity supply and demand. Pumped storage plants typically use "spare" electricity during off peak periods to pump water from

2697-518: Is practically zero, but the available power varies widely—in particular, it may be zero during heavy storms at night. In some cases operators deliberately produce less power for economic reasons. The cost of fuel to run a load following power plant may be relatively high, and the cost of fuel to run a peaking power plant is even higher—they have relatively high marginal costs. Operators keep power plants turned off ("operational reserve") or running at minimum fuel consumption ("spinning reserve") most of

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2784-465: Is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. Solar energy can be turned into electricity either directly in solar cells , or in a concentrating solar power plant by focusing

2871-416: Is scheduled for 2027. [REDACTED] Media related to Toronto Power Generating Station at Wikimedia Commons 43°04′19″N 79°04′25″W  /  43.071997°N 79.0737°W  / 43.071997; -79.0737 Power station Many power stations contain one or more generators , rotating machine that converts mechanical power into three-phase electric power . The relative motion between

2958-410: Is used intermittently (peak load). Steam turbines generally operate at higher efficiency when operated at full capacity. Besides use of reject heat for process or district heating, one way to improve overall efficiency of a power plant is to combine two different thermodynamic cycles in a combined cycle plant. Most commonly, exhaust gases from a gas turbine are used to generate steam for a boiler and

3045-531: The American Civil War was unfounded. In 1864 the two companies, W. G. Armstrong & Company and Elswick Ordnance Company merged to form Sir W. G. Armstrong & Company. Armstrong had resigned from his employment with the War Office, so there was no longer a conflict of interest. The company turned its attention to naval guns. In 1867 Armstrong reached an agreement with Charles Mitchell ,

3132-589: The Pandon Dene , was rural. His father, also called William , was a corn merchant on the Newcastle quayside, who rose through the ranks of Newcastle society to become mayor of the town in 1850. An elder sister, Anne, born in 1802, was named after his mother, the daughter of Addison Potter. Armstrong was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne , until he was sixteen, when he

3219-760: The Roscoe Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm in the world, producing 8000  MW of power, followed by the Zhang Jiakou (3000 MW). As of January 2022, the Hornsea Wind Farm in United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 1218 MW, followed by Walney Wind Farm in United Kingdom at 1026 MW. In 2021, the worldwide installed capacity of power plants increased by 347 GW. Solar and wind power plant capacities rose by 80% in one year.  As of 2022 ,

3306-417: The cruiser as a naval vessel. There was great rivalry and dislike between Noble and Rendel, which became open after Armstrong's death. From 1863 onwards, although Armstrong remained the head of his company, he became less involved in its day-to-day running. He appointed several very able men to senior positions and they continued his work. When he married, he acquired a house called Jesmond Dean (sic), which

3393-488: The largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are led by Bhadla Solar Park in India, rated at 2245 MW. Solar thermal power stations in the U.S. have the following output: Large coal-fired, nuclear, and hydroelectric power stations can generate hundreds of megawatts to multiple gigawatts. Some examples: Gas turbine power plants can generate tens to hundreds of megawatts. Some examples: The rated capacity of

3480-439: The second law of thermodynamics ; therefore, there is always heat lost to the environment. If this loss is employed as useful heat, for industrial processes or district heating , the power plant is referred to as a cogeneration power plant or CHP (combined heat-and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is common, there are dedicated heat plants called heat-only boiler stations . An important class of power stations in

3567-490: The 20th century central stations became larger, using higher steam pressures to provide greater efficiency, and relying on interconnections of multiple generating stations to improve reliability and cost. High-voltage AC transmission allowed hydroelectric power to be conveniently moved from distant waterfalls to city markets. The advent of the steam turbine in central station service, around 1906, allowed great expansion of generating capacity. Generators were no longer limited by

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3654-572: The Drakensberg, Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme . The power generated by a power station is measured in multiples of the watt , typically megawatts (10 watts) or gigawatts (10 watts). Power stations vary greatly in capacity depending on the type of power plant and on historical, geographical and economic factors. The following examples offer a sense of the scale. Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in China. As of 2022,

3741-493: The Middle East uses by-product heat for the desalination of water. The efficiency of a thermal power cycle is limited by the maximum working fluid temperature produced. The efficiency is not directly a function of the fuel used. For the same steam conditions, coal-, nuclear- and gas power plants all have the same theoretical efficiency. Overall, if a system is on constantly (base load) it will be more efficient than one that

3828-629: The United States, Ferranti and Charles Hesterman Merz in UK, and many others . 2021 world electricity generation by source. Total generation was 28 petawatt-hours . In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal energy , often from combustion of a fuel , into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce steam, so they are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power, according to

3915-528: The amazing power of 4,000 horses acting for nearly nine hours every day". Armstrong donated the long wooded gorge of Jesmond Dene to the people of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1883, as well as Armstrong Bridge and Armstrong Park nearby. He was involved in the foundation in 1871 of the College of Physical Science – a forerunner of the University of Newcastle , renamed Armstrong College in 1906. He

4002-663: The available water downriver at the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations in Queenston . In addition, the plant produced electricity at a frequency of 25 Hertz , now largely unused. The vacant plant was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1983, due to its importance in the development of business, industry and technology in Ontario, its status as the first wholly Canadian-owned hydro-electric facility at Niagara Falls, and

4089-616: The city of Newcastle. He retained his house next to the Dene. Armstrong entertained several eminent guests at Cragside, including the Shah of Persia , the King of Siam , the prime minister of China and the Prince and Princess of Wales . In 1873 he served as High Sheriff of Northumberland . He was President of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers from 1872 to 1875. He

4176-406: The company merged with the company of Armstrong's old rival, Joseph Whitworth, and became Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co Ltd. Whitworth was by this time dead. Armstrong gathered many excellent engineers at Elswick. Notable among them were Andrew Noble and George Wightwick Rendel , whose design of gun-mountings and hydraulic control of gun-turrets were adopted worldwide. Rendel introduced

4263-483: The constant criticism very wearying and depressing. In 1862 the government decided to stop ordering the new gun and return to muzzle loaders. Also, because of a drop in demand, future orders for guns would be supplied from Woolwich, leaving Elswick without new business. Compensation was eventually agreed with the government for the loss of business to the company, which went on legitimately to sell its products to foreign powers. Speculation that guns were sold to both sides in

4350-552: The cooling machinery. These screens are only partially effective and as a result billions of fish and other aquatic organisms are killed by power plants each year. For example, the cooling system at the Indian Point Energy Center in New York kills over a billion fish eggs and larvae annually. A further environmental impact is that aquatic organisms which adapt to the warmer discharge water may be injured if

4437-588: The downward force of the weight was sufficient to force the water below it into pipes at great pressure. The accumulator was a very significant, if unspectacular, invention, which found many applications in the following years. In 1854, during the Crimean War , Armstrong read about the difficulties the British Army experienced in manoeuvring its heavy field guns. He decided to design a lighter, more mobile field gun, with greater range and accuracy. He built

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4524-411: The energy carried by ocean waves , tides , salinity , and ocean temperature differences . The movement of water in the world's oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy , or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries. The term marine energy encompasses both wave power —power from surface waves, and tidal power —obtained from

4611-409: The evening, thus improving the system load factor and reducing the cost of electrical energy overall. Many exceptions existed, generating stations were dedicated to power or light by the choice of frequency, and rotating frequency changers and rotating converters were particularly common to feed electric railway systems from the general lighting and power network. Throughout the first few decades of

4698-462: The experiment proved so successful that three more hydraulic cranes were installed on the Quayside. The success of his hydraulic crane led Armstrong to consider setting up a business to manufacture cranes and other hydraulic equipment. He therefore resigned from his legal practice. Donkin, his legal colleague, supported him in his career move, providing financial backing for the new venture. In 1847

4785-542: The firm of W. G. Armstrong & Company bought 5.5 acres (22,000 m ) of land alongside the river at Elswick , near Newcastle, and began to build a factory there. The new company received orders for hydraulic cranes from Edinburgh and Northern Railways and from Liverpool Docks , as well as for hydraulic machinery for dock gates in Grimsby . The company soon began to expand. In 1850 the company produced 45 cranes and two years later, 75. It averaged 100 cranes per year for

4872-510: The foundations for the engineering and environmental consultancy which is today known as Wardell Armstrong. Armstrong was a very keen angler, and while fishing on the River Dee at Dentdale in the Pennines , he saw a waterwheel in action, supplying power to a marble quarry. It struck Armstrong that much of the available power was being wasted. When he returned to Newcastle, he designed

4959-497: The house was the first in the world to be lit by hydro-electricity, using incandescent lamps provided by the inventor Joseph Swan . As Armstrong spent less and less time at the Elswick works, he spent more and more time at Cragside, and it became his main home. In 1869 he commissioned the celebrated architect Richard Norman Shaw to enlarge and improve the house, and this was done over a period of 15 years. In 1883 Armstrong gave Jesmond Dene , together with its banqueting hall to

5046-406: The kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water. Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the wind , even if the wind turbines are placed over water. The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new renewable energy around

5133-598: The land cleared and supervised the building of a house perched on a ledge of rock, overlooking the burn. He also supervised a programme of planting trees and mosses so as to cover the rocky hillside with vegetation. His new house was called Cragside , and over the years Armstrong added to the Cragside estate. Eventually the estate was 1,729 acres (7.00 km ) and had seven million trees planted, together with five artificial lakes and 31 miles (50 km) of carriage drives. The lakes were used to generate hydro-electricity, and

5220-635: The largest power plants terawatt-hours (TW·h). It includes the electricity used in the plant auxiliaries and in the transformers. Net generation is the amount of electricity generated by a power plant that is transmitted and distributed for consumer use. Net generation is less than the total gross power generation as some power produced is consumed within the plant itself to power auxiliary equipment such as pumps , motors and pollution control devices. Thus William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong , CB FRS (26 November 1810 – 27 December 1900)

5307-425: The light to run a heat engine. A solar photovoltaic power plant converts sunlight into direct current electricity using the photoelectric effect . Inverters change the direct current into alternating current for connection to the electrical grid. This type of plant does not use rotating machines for energy conversion. Solar thermal power plants use either parabolic troughs or heliostats to direct sunlight onto

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5394-479: The ocean or a lake, river, or cooling pond instead of a cooling tower. This single pass or once-through cooling system can save the cost of a cooling tower and may have lower energy costs for pumping cooling water through the plant's heat exchangers . However, the waste heat can cause thermal pollution as the water is discharged. Power plants using natural bodies of water for cooling are designed with mechanisms such as fish screens , to limit intake of organisms into

5481-557: The past, but almost all modern turbines being produced today use a three-bladed, upwind design. Grid-connected wind turbines now being built are much larger than the units installed during the 1970s. They thus produce power more cheaply and reliably than earlier models. With larger turbines (on the order of one megawatt), the blades move more slowly than older, smaller, units, which makes them less visually distracting and safer for birds. Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy or ocean power ) refers to

5568-674: The plant shuts down in cold weather . Water consumption by power stations is a developing issue. In recent years, recycled wastewater, or grey water , has been used in cooling towers. The Calpine Riverside and the Calpine Fox power stations in Wisconsin as well as the Calpine Mankato power station in Minnesota are among these facilities. Power stations can generate electrical energy from renewable energy sources. In

5655-406: The power themselves, in which case the generation output is classified into gross generation , and net generation . Gross generation or gross electric output is the total amount of electricity generated by a power plant over a specific period of time. It is measured at the generating terminal and is measured in kilowatt-hours (kW·h), megawatt-hours (MW·h), gigawatt-hours (GW·h) or for

5742-559: The power transmission of belts or the relatively slow speed of reciprocating engines, and could grow to enormous sizes. For example, Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti planned what would have reciprocating steam engine ever built for a proposed new central station, but scrapped the plans when turbines became available in the necessary size. Building power systems out of central stations required combinations of engineering skill and financial acumen in equal measure. Pioneers of central station generation include George Westinghouse and Samuel Insull in

5829-511: The rest of the century. In 1850 over 300 men were employed at the works, but by 1863 this had risen to 3,800. The company soon branched out into bridge building, one of the first orders being for the Inverness Bridge, completed in 1855. Armstrong was responsible for developing the hydraulic accumulator . Where water pressure was not available on site for the use of hydraulic cranes, Armstrong often built high water towers to provide

5916-728: The road, which was the monopoly of the gas companies. The customers included the City Temple and the Old Bailey . Another important customer was the Telegraph Office of the General Post Office , but this could not be reached through the culverts. Johnson arranged for the supply cable to be run overhead, via Holborn Tavern and Newgate . In September 1882 in New York, the Pearl Street Station

6003-777: The same power plant. Natural draft wet cooling towers at many nuclear power plants and large fossil-fuel-fired power plants use large hyperboloid chimney -like structures (as seen in the image at the right) that release the waste heat to the ambient atmosphere by the evaporation of water. However, the mechanical induced-draft or forced-draft wet cooling towers in many large thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, fossil-fired power plants, petroleum refineries , petrochemical plants , geothermal , biomass and waste-to-energy plants use fans to provide air movement upward through down coming water and are not hyperboloid chimney-like structures. The induced or forced-draft cooling towers are typically rectangular, box-like structures filled with

6090-512: The storage is used for peaking power , where water in the upper reservoir is allowed to flow back to a lower reservoir through a turbine and generator. Unlike coal power stations, which can take more than 12 hours to start up from cold, a hydroelectric generator can be brought into service in a few minutes, ideal to meet a peak load demand. Two substantial pumped storage schemes are in South Africa, Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme and another in

6177-448: The time. Operators feed more fuel into load following power plants only when the demand rises above what lower-cost plants (i.e., intermittent and base load plants) can produce, and then feed more fuel into peaking power plants only when the demand rises faster than the load following power plants can follow. Not all of the generated power of a plant is necessarily delivered into a distribution system. Power plants typically also use some of

6264-567: The unusual application of Beaux-Arts design to an industrial plant. Ownership of the Toronto Power Generating Station was transferred to the Niagara Parks Commission in 2007. Structural assessments were subsequently undertaken in order to consider future adaptive reuse options for the facility. In its current empty state, the plant has been the subject of urban exploration activities. As

6351-400: The use of renewable energy . Stating that coal "was used wastefully and extravagantly in all its applications", he predicted in 1863 that Britain would cease to produce coal within two centuries. As well as advocating the use of hydroelectricity , he also supported solar power , stating that the amount of solar energy received by an area of 1 acre (4,000 m ) in the tropics would "exert

6438-565: The world's first public coal-fired power station , the Edison Electric Light Station , was built in London, a project of Thomas Edison organized by Edward Johnson . A Babcock & Wilcox boiler powered a 93 kW (125 horsepower) steam engine that drove a 27-tonne (27-long-ton) generator. This supplied electricity to premises in the area that could be reached through the culverts of the viaduct without digging up

6525-415: The world. Salinity gradient energy is called pressure-retarded osmosis. In this method, seawater is pumped into a pressure chamber that is at a pressure lower than the difference between the pressures of saline water and fresh water. Freshwater is also pumped into the pressure chamber through a membrane, which increases both the volume and pressure of the chamber. As the pressure differences are compensated,

6612-531: Was knighted in 1859 after giving his gun patents to the government. In 1887, in Queen Victoria 's golden jubilee year, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Armstrong of Cragside. Armstrong was born in Newcastle upon Tyne at 9 Pleasant Row, Shieldfield , Although the house in which he was born no longer exists, an inscribed granite tablet marks the site where it stood. At that time the area, next to

6699-621: Was President of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne from 1860 until his death, as well as twice president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers . Armstrong gave £11,500 towards the building of Newcastle's Hancock Natural History Museum , which was completed in 1882. This sum is equivalent to over £555,000 in 2010. Lord Armstrong's generosity extended beyond his death. In 1901 his heir, William Watson-Armstrong gave £100,000 (equivalent to £13,712,955 in 2023), for

6786-535: Was an English engineer and industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth manufacturing concern on Tyneside . He was also an eminent scientist, inventor and philanthropist. In collaboration with the architect Richard Norman Shaw , he built Cragside in Northumberland, the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity. He is regarded as the inventor of modern artillery. Armstrong

6873-685: Was buried in Rothbury churchyard, alongside his wife. The couple had no children, and Armstrong's heir was his great-nephew William Watson-Armstrong . He was succeeded as chairman of the company by his one-time protégé, Andrew Noble . Such was Armstrong's fame as a gun-maker that he is thought to be a possible model for George Bernard Shaw 's arms magnate in Major Barbara . The title character in Iain Pears ' historical-mystery novel Stone's Fall also has similarities to Armstrong. There

6960-533: Was convenient for his practice as a solicitor and his work as an industrialist, but when he had more spare time he longed for a house in the country. He had often visited Rothbury as a child, when he was afflicted by a severe cough, and he had fond memories of the area. In 1863 he bought some land in a steep-sided, narrow valley where the Debdon Burn flows towards the River Coquet near Rothbury. He had

7047-505: Was declared to be superior to all its rivals. Armstrong surrendered the patent for the gun to the British government, rather than profit from its design. As a result he was created a Knight Bachelor and in 1859 was presented to Queen Victoria . Armstrong became employed as Engineer of Rifled Ordnance to the War Department . In order to avoid a conflict of interests if his own company were to manufacture armaments, Armstrong created

7134-516: Was elected as the president of the Institution of Civil Engineers in December 1881 and served in that capacity for the next year. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1884. In 1886, he was persuaded to stand as a Unionist Liberal candidate for Newcastle , but was unsuccessful, coming third in the election. That same year he

7221-454: Was established by Edison to provide electric lighting in the lower Manhattan Island area. The station ran until destroyed by fire in 1890. The station used reciprocating steam engines to turn direct-current generators. Because of the DC distribution, the service area was small, limited by voltage drop in the feeders. In 1886 George Westinghouse began building an alternating current system that used

7308-543: Was ill-fated, as she was involved in a collision with HMS Camperdown just six years later in 1893 and sank with the loss of 358 men, including Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon . An important customer of the Elswick yard was Japan, which took several cruisers, some of which defeated the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. It was claimed that every Japanese gun used in the battle had been provided by Elswick. Elswick

7395-810: Was presented with the Freedom of the City of Newcastle . In 1887 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Armstrong , of Cragside in the County of Northumberland. His last great project, begun in 1894, was the purchase and restoration of the huge Bamburgh Castle on the Northumberland coast, which remains in the hands of the Armstrong family. His wife, Margaret, died in September 1893, at their house in Jesmond. Armstrong died at Cragside on 27 December 1900, aged ninety. He

7482-462: Was sent to Bishop Auckland Grammar School . While there, he often visited the nearby engineering works of William Ramshaw. During his visits he met his future wife, Ramshaw's daughter Margaret, six years his senior. Armstrong's father was set on his following a career in the law, and so he was articled to Armorer Donkin , a solicitor friend of his father's. He spent five years in London studying law and returned to Newcastle in 1833. In 1835 he became

7569-459: Was the only factory in the world that could build a battleship and arm it completely. The Elswick works continued to prosper, and by 1870 stretched for three-quarters of a mile along the riverside. The population of Elswick, which had been 3,539 in 1851, had increased to 27,800 by 1871. In 1894, Elswick built and installed the steam-driven pumping engines, hydraulic accumulators and hydraulic pumping engines to operate London's Tower Bridge . In 1897

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