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91-422: Water treatment was originally established in order to provide safe drinking water. In the 19th century, the water off the city's shores was severely polluted by the dumping of waste from residences and businesses. Before 1842, Toronto's water supply was manually pumped from Lake Ontario , streams and wells. Water carters would take the water and distribute it to customers across the city. From 1843 to 1873, water

182-460: A 10-20 day holding time to break down complex organic matter into simpler forms. This produces methane as a byproduct. This produces biosolids , which are rich in organic material and nutrients. The City of Toronto has four facilities that process wastewater before it is returned to the lake: The Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant is located on the east end of the Port Lands , south of

273-411: A 5 step process: During screening, large objects such as rocks and sticks that get washed into the sewer system are removed. Git removal removes smaller objects like tampons, dental floss, and wipes. Primary treatment separates human waste from wastewater. Secondary treatment uses microscopic organisms to reduce and convert pollutants in the wastewater. This stage also removes nitrogen and phosphorus from

364-768: A French spelling of the Mohawk Katarokwi . The lake was a border between the Huron people and the Iroquois Confederacy in the pre-Columbian era . In the 17th century, the Iroquois drove out the Huron from southern Ontario and settled the northern shores of Lake Ontario . When the Iroquois withdrew and the Anishnabeg / Ojibwa / Mississaugas moved in from the north to southern Ontario, they retained

455-466: A population of approximately 680,000. The plant first began operations in 1960. Local residents have been complaining about the smell produced by the plant during hotter weather. The city spent CA$ 64 million in 2018 to help reduce the smell produced by the plant. During heavy rainstorms, some excess flow which cannot be handled by the treatment plant many be diverted around some of the plant's treatment processes. As this bypass happens during storm events,

546-465: A significant number of lagoons and sheltered harbors, mostly near (but not limited to) Prince Edward County, Ontario , and the easternmost shores. Perhaps the best-known example is Toronto Bay , chosen as the site of the Upper Canada capital for its strategic harbor. Other prominent examples include Hamilton Harbour , Irondequoit Bay , Presqu'ile Bay , and Sodus Bay . The bars themselves are

637-552: A variety of cuisines including, Canadian Chinese, Caribbean and Middle Eastern, echoing the ethnic diversity of the neighbourhood. There are two supermarkets and numerous smaller food outlets. The area is well served by physicians, dentists and lawyers and features three pharmacies, including both major chains. The main routes through West Hill are Kingston Road (part of the former Highway 2 ), Morningside Avenue and Lawrence Avenue East. The Toronto Transit Commission 's (TTC) bus service provides public transportation through

728-463: Is accompanied by the invasion of cattails , which displace many of the native plant species and reduce plant diversity. Eutrophication may accelerate this process by providing nitrogen and phosphorus for the more rapid growth of competitively dominant plants. Similar effects are occurring on the north shore, in wetlands such as Presqu'ile, which have interdunal wetlands called pannes , with high plant diversity and many unusual plant species. Most of

819-539: Is bounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario , and on the south and east by the U.S. state of New York . The Canada–United States border spans the centre of the lake. The Canadian cities of Hamilton , Kingston , Mississauga , and Toronto are located on the lake's northern shorelines, while the Canadian city of St. Catharines and the American city of Rochester are located on

910-573: Is slowly shrinking as the resident per home average continues to drop. Newcomers to the neighbourhood tend to be younger families looking for inexpensive housing in the city with convenient commuting connections. In May 2004, police arrested 75 members of the Galloway Boys , a West Hill street gang. Three public school boards operate in West Hill, the Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV),

1001-903: Is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, with the Saint Lawrence River serving as the outlet. The drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles (64,030 km ). As with all the Great Lakes, water levels change both within the year (owing to seasonal changes in water input) and among years (owing to longer-term trends in precipitation). These water level fluctuations are an integral part of lake ecology and produce and maintain extensive wetlands. The lake also has an important freshwater fishery, although it has been negatively affected by factors including overfishing , water pollution and invasive species . Baymouth bars built by prevailing winds and currents have created

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1092-581: Is the Z-shaped Bay of Quinte which separates Prince Edward County from the Ontario mainland, save for a 2-mile (3.2 km) isthmus near Trenton; this feature also supports many wetlands and aquatic plants, as well as associated fisheries. Major rivers draining into Lake Ontario include the Niagara River, Don River , Humber River , Rouge River , Trent River , Cataraqui River , Genesee River , Oswego River , Black River , Little Salmon River , and

1183-460: Is the newest of Toronto's water treatment plants, being opened in 1979. With a capacity of 800 megalitres per day (210 million US gallons per day), it provides water to customers in the east end and York Region. The plant produces approximately 20% of Toronto's drinking water. The plant is named after Frank J. Horgan, the Commissioner of Works for Metro Toronto from 1980 to 1989. In 2009,

1274-700: The American Revolution with the influx of Loyalist settlers. During the War of 1812, the Royal Navy and US Navy had fought in several engagements for control of Lake Ontario . The Great Lakes, including Lake Ontario, were largely demilitarized after the Rush–Bagot Treaty was ratified in 1818. The lake became a hub of commercial activity following the War of 1812 with canal building on both sides of

1365-475: The Canadian Museum of History ), created by military engineer Jean-Baptiste de Couagne , identified Lake Ontario as "Lac Frontenac" named after Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac et de Palluau. He was a French soldier, courtier, and Governor General of New France from 1672 to 1682 and from 1689 to his death in 1698. In the 17th century, reports of an alleged creature named Gaasyendietha , similar to

1456-550: The Don River . The plant has a capacity of 34 megalitres per day (9.0 million US gallons per day) serving a population of 55,000. The plant began operations in 1929. The plant is one of several legacy projects of Roland Caldwell Harris, the Public Works Commissioner from 1912 to 1945. The plant was partly created after North Toronto residents threatened to de-amalgamate over inadequate sewage treatment in

1547-471: The Morningside and Malvern neighbourhoods improved, and residents who used to come to West Hill to shop now no longer had to do so. It was clear that Toronto was overbuilt with shopping centers and Morningside Mall started only to draw from the immediate neighbourhood as larger nearby malls such as Cedarbrae Mall and Scarborough Town Centre had better road access. As such, recent re-development in

1638-717: The Native American peoples of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries and the Government of New York jointly administer the sanctuary. Lake Ontario is the site of several major commercial ports including the Port of Toronto and the Port of Hamilton . Hamilton Harbour is the location of major steel production facilities. The government of Ontario , which holds

1729-716: The Niagara Peninsula is a major fruit-growing and wine-making area. The wine-growing region extends over the international border into Niagara and Orleans counties in New York. Apple varieties that tolerate a more extreme climate are grown on the lake's north shore, around Cobourg . The Great Lakes watershed is a region of high biodiversity, and Lake Ontario is important for its diversity of birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and plants. Many of these special species are associated with shorelines, particularly sand dunes, lagoons, and wetlands. The importance of wetlands to

1820-882: The Prince Edward Viaduct , the Mount Pleasant bridge, and the expansion of the Toronto Civic Railways' streetcar network. Known for its Art Deco style, the building is dubbed “The Palace of Purification” and was designated under the Ontario Heritage Act in 1998. The Island Water Treatment Plant is located on the Toronto Islands . The plant was opened in 1977 with a capacity of 440 megalitres per day (120 million US gallons per day). The plant produces approximately 20% of Toronto's drinking water. The plant sits on

1911-520: The Salmon River . The lake basin was carved out of soft, weak Silurian -age rocks by the Wisconsin ice sheet during the last ice age . The action of the ice occurred along the pre-glacial Ontarian River valley which had approximately the same orientation as today's basin. Material that was pushed southward by the ice sheet left landforms such as drumlins , kames , and moraines , both on

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2002-597: The Scarborough Bluffs . Parks in West Hill are managed by the Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division . The area has numerous sports facilities, including an indoor arena and a baseball diamond at Heron Park, and two swimming pools, one of which is indoor. There are tennis facilities at nearby University of Toronto Scarborough Campus. Other public amenities includes the Morningside branch of

2093-603: The Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). TCDSB are separate public school boards, whereas CSV, and TDSB are secular public school boards, with the former being French first language school board, and the latter being English first language school board. TDSB operates two active secondary school in the neighbourhood, West Hill Collegiate Institute . It

2184-474: The Toronto Public Library , built further east of the former site at Morningside Mall, roughly at the geographical centre of the neighbourhood, on Lawrence Avenue, just west of Manse Road. West Hill has a good mix of commercial establishments far more typical of an older neighbourhood than a new suburb. Fast food establishments do not dominate and there are many sit-down restaurants featuring

2275-465: The 1880s, although the original building was replaced by a modern facility in 1994. West Hill Collegiate Institute is also an older high school in Scarborough, having been opened in 1955. Until after World War II, West Hill was largely rural, although the stretch of Kingston Road (including what is now Old Kingston Road) running through it had some commercial development, some even dating back to

2366-553: The 32-mile (52-km) crossing from Niagara-on-the-Lake to Marilyn Bell Park in just under 27 hours. A large conurbation called the Golden Horseshoe occupies the lake's westernmost shores, anchored by the cities of Toronto and Hamilton. Ports on the Canadian side include St. Catharines, Oshawa, Cobourg and Kingston, near the St. Lawrence River outlet. Close to 9 million people, or over a quarter of Canada's population, live within

2457-581: The Atlantic. The shoreline created during this stage can be easily recognized by the (now dry) beaches and wave-cut hills 10 to 25 miles (16 to 40 km) from the present shoreline. When the ice finally receded from the St. Lawrence valley, the outlet was below sea level , and for a short time, the lake became a bay of the Atlantic Ocean, in association with the Champlain Sea . Gradually

2548-536: The City Manager (and Deputy Managers). Toronto Water is now under the Toronto Water Division. Water pumped from Lake Ontario is treated via conventional drinking water treatment processes : The City of Toronto uses four water treatment plants, all of which are located next to and get their water from Lake Ontario: The R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant is located east of Old Toronto at

2639-551: The Commissioner of Works for Metropolitan Toronto from 1956 to 1979. The plant replaced the New Toronto Filtration Plant, which was opened in 1915. The drinking water distribution system operated by Toronto Water comprises 6 pressure zones and approximately 520 km of watermains (greater than 150 mm in diameter). Pumping stations are located across the city to pump water from the filtration plants to residences. They are particularly critical since

2730-463: The Iroquois name. Artifacts believed to be of Norse origin have been found in the area of Sodus Bay , indicating the possibility of trading by the indigenous peoples with Norse explorers on the east coast of North America. It is believed the first European to reach the lake was Étienne Brûlé in 1615. As was their practice, the French explorers introduced other names for the lake. In 1632 and 1656,

2821-608: The Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa , Ontario. Several lighthouses exists throughout the lake to help with navigation. Notable historic examples include: A land-based trail that roughly follows the lake's shoreline also exists, the Great Lakes Circle Tour and Seaway Trail . The designated scenic road systems connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. As the Seaway Trail is posted on

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2912-444: The U.S. side only, Lake Ontario is the only of the five Great Lakes to have no posted bi-national circle tour. The Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary covers 1,722 square miles (1,300 sq nmi; 4,460 km ) in U.S. waters in southeastern Lake Ontario. Designated on September 6, 2024, the national marine sanctuary protects historic shipwrecks and an area of great cultural, historical, and spiritual importance to

3003-654: The United States, population centres here are among the oldest in the Great Lakes basin, with Kingston, Ontario , formerly the capital of Canada , dating to the establishment of Fort Frontenac in 1673. After the French and Indian War , all forts around the lake were under British control. The United States took possession of the forts along the American side of the lake at the signing of the Jay Treaty in 1794. Permanent, non-military European settlement began during

3094-628: The area between Oswego and Pulaski may receive twenty or more feet (600 cm) of snowfall. Also impacted by lake-effect snow is the Tug Hill Plateau , an area of elevated land about 20 miles (32 km) east of Lake Ontario. The "Hill", as it is often referred to, typically receives more snow than any other region in the eastern United States . As a result, Tug Hill is a popular location for winter enthusiasts, such as snow-mobilers and cross-country skiers. Lake-effect snow often extends inland as far as Syracuse , with that city often recording

3185-439: The area for use in construction, particularly in the growing city of Toronto. As of 2012 , nearly 50 people have successfully swum across the lake. The first person who accomplished the feat was a Canadian long distance swimmer Marilyn Bell , who did it in 1954 at age 16. Toronto's Marilyn Bell Park is named in her honour. The park opened in 1984 and is east of the spot where Bell completed her swim. In 1974, Diana Nyad became

3276-409: The area. The area's K-6 and K-8 public schools, Galloway Road, Eastview, Peter Secor, William G. Miller, and Heron Park, were all built in this period, as was the separate school, St. Martin de Porres. By the 1970s, two technical high schools, Sir Robert Borden and Maplewood, had joined West Hill C.I. , as did Joseph Brant, a senior public school that accepted grades 7-8 from three feeder schools. At

3367-505: The bed of the lake. Prior to the construction of the water treatment plant, the area was the site of Victoria Park, a waterfront amusement park that operated from 1878 until 1906, and then the site was used by the Victoria Park Forest School until construction started in 1932. The plant is named after Roland Caldwell Harris, who was the Public Works Commissioner from 1912 to 1945. He was involved in projects including

3458-413: The border and heavy travel by lake steamers. Steamer activity peaked in the mid-19th century before competition from railway lines. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a type of scow known as a stone hooker was in operation on the northwest shore, particularly around Port Credit and Bronte . Stonehooking was the practice of raking flat fragments of Dundas shale from the shallow lake floor of

3549-571: The city also has detention storage facilities that can temporarily hold sewage for treatment at a later time when the treatment plants are no longer operating at full capacity. These detention facilities include the Kenilworth Ave Tank which was put into operation in 1990 and the Maclean Ave Tank which was put into operation in 1995. Lake Ontario Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It

3640-749: The city gains in elevation as it moves northwards away from Lake Ontario . Some pumping stations are located outside the city. The City of Toronto operates 18 water pumping stations as of 2014: Toronto water stores water in three formats: Water in the city is stored once it is treated, ensuring uninterrupted water supply. There are 4 water towers located in the city. They are mainly located in areas that cannot accommodate underground reservoirs due to space restrictions. There are 10 underground reservoirs across Toronto and in Markham: There are in-plant temporary storage tanks storing water as well: Toronto's wastewater treatment plants treat wastewater in

3731-461: The east side of the valley. In 1879, John Richardson opened a new post office on the west side of the valley officially known as "West Hill". From 1906 until the closing of the line in 1936, West Hill was the eastern terminus of the Toronto and Scarborough Electric Railway, a street-car line. West Hill Public School is one of the oldest in Toronto, a school having been built on the present site in

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3822-549: The eastern and northeastern shores, between the Prince Edward County headland and the lake's outlet at Kingston, underlain by the basement rock found throughout the region. However, there exist several islands in the northwestern portion of the lake. Notable islands include: The Great Lakes Waterway connects the lake sidestream to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence Seaway and upstream to

3913-510: The eastern end of Queen St East and the foot of Victoria Park Ave at Lake Ontario. It is the oldest of the operational water treatment plants in Toronto, being opened on November 1, 1941 after construction started in 1932. The plant has a capacity of 950 million litres per day (250 million US gallons per day) and produces approximately 30% of Toronto's drinking water. The intakes are located over 2.6 kilometres (1.6 miles) from shore in 15 metres (49 ft) of water, running through two pipes under

4004-593: The event of a power outage. The R. L. Clark Water Treatment Plant is located in Etobicoke in New Toronto on Lake Ontario. The plant was opened on November 22, 1968. It has a capacity of 615 megalitres per day (162 million US gallons per day) and produces approximately 30% of Toronto's drinking water. The plant was originally called the Westerly Plant, but it was later named after Ross Leopold Clark,

4095-413: The first person who swam across the lake against the current (from north to south). On August 28, 2007, 14-year-old Natalie Lambert from Kingston, Ontario, made the swim, leaving Sackets Harbor, New York, and reaching Kingston's Confederation basin less than 24 hours after she entered the lake. On August 19, 2012, 14-year-old Annaleise Carr became the youngest person to swim across the lake. She completed

4186-727: The forests around the lake are deciduous forests dominated by trees including maple, oak, beech, ash and basswood. These are classified as part of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone by Environment Canada, or as the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Lowlands by the United States Environmental Protection Agency , or as the Great Lakes Ecoregion by The Nature Conservancy. Deforestation in the vicinity of

4277-522: The former municipalities had its own treatment plants and pumping stations. North York had three, one at Oriole, which was built in the 1923, the ruins of pumping station found near Duncan Mills Rd and Don Mills Rd, Steeles built in the 1930s, and Sheppard West built in the 1940s. Scarborough had one built in 1921 and New Toronto had one built in 1924. Prior to the 1950s, the municipalities were responsible for water treatment and water came from local water sources like wells and streams. The current system

4368-570: The frost danger is past, and in the autumn delay the onset of fall frost, particularly on the south shore. Cool onshore winds also slow the early bloom of plants and flowers until later in the spring season, protecting them from possible frost damage. Such microclimatic effects have enabled tender fruit production in a continental climate, with the southwest shore supporting a major fruit-growing area. Apples , cherries , pears , plums , and peaches are grown in many commercial orchards around Rochester. Between Stoney Creek and Niagara-on-the-Lake on

4459-401: The ice. The lake has completely frozen over on five recorded occasions: in 1830, 1874, 1893, 1912, and 1934. When the cold winds of winter pass over the warmer water of the lake, they pick up moisture and drop it as lake-effect snow . Since the prevailing winter winds are from the northwest, the southern and southeastern shoreline of the lake is referred to as the snowbelt . In some winters,

4550-419: The importance of maintaining and restoring forest cover, particularly along streams and wetlands. By the 1960s and 1970s, the increased pollution caused frequent algal blooms to occur in the summer. These blooms killed large numbers of fish, and left decomposing piles of filamentous algae and dead fish along the shores. Lake Ontario is the most downstream lake of the Great Lakes, so the pollution from all

4641-514: The industry. However, only recreational fishing activities exist in the 21st century. West Hill, Toronto West Hill is a neighbourhood in Toronto , Ontario , Canada. It is located in the eastern end of the city, in the former suburb of Scarborough . It is roughly bounded by Scarborough Golf Club Road and a branch of Highland Creek on the west, the CNR railway tracks and Lake Ontario on

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4732-718: The intersection of Leslie St and Lake Shore Blvd East along Lake Ontario. The plant has a capacity of 818 megalitres per day (216 million US gallons per day), serving a population of 1.5 million. The plant began operation in 1917 and was originally called the Main Treatment Plant. The North Toronto Wastewater Treatment Plant is located in the Don Valley north of the Millwood Rd over the Don Valley Parkway . The treatment plant discharges into

4823-426: The lake area typically develops, depending on the severity of the winter. Ice sheets typically form along the shoreline and in slack water bays, where the lake is not as deep. During the winters of 1877 and 1878, the ice sheet coverage was up to 95–100% of the lake. During the War of 1812 , the ice cover was stable enough the American naval commander stationed at Sackets Harbor feared a British attack from Kingston, over

4914-602: The lake has been appreciated, and many of the larger wetlands have protected status. These wetlands are changing, partly because the natural water level fluctuations have been reduced. Many wetland plants are dependent upon low water levels to reproduce. When water levels are stabilized, the area and diversity of the marsh is reduced. This is particularly true of meadow marsh (also known as wet meadow wetlands); for example, in Eel Bay near Alexandria Bay, regulation of lake levels has resulted in large losses of wet meadow. Often this

5005-399: The lake has had many negative impacts, including loss of forest birds, extinction of native salmon, and increased amounts of sediment flowing into the lake. In some areas, more than 90 percent of the forest cover has been removed and replaced by agriculture. Certain tree species, such as hemlock, have also been particularly depleted by past logging activity. Guidelines for restoration stress

5096-472: The lake was referred to as Lac de St. Louis or Lake St. Louis by Samuel de Champlain and cartographer Nicolas Sanson respectively. In 1660, Jesuit historian Francis Creuxius coined the name Lacus Ontarius . In a map drawn in the Relation des Jésuites (1662–1663), the lake bears the legend "Lac Ontario ou des Iroquois" with the name "Ondiara" in smaller type. A French map produced in 1712 (currently in

5187-786: The lakebed rights of the Canadian portion of the lake under the Beds of Navigable Waters Act, does not permit wind power to be generated offshore. In Trillium Power Wind Corporation v. Ontario (Natural Resources) , the Superior Court of Justice held Trillium Power—since 2004 an "Applicant of Record" who had invested $ 35,000 in fees and, when in 2011 the Crown made a policy decision against offshore windfarms, claimed an injury of $ 2.25 billion—disclosed no reasonable cause of action. The Great Lakes once supported an industrial-scale fishery, with record hauls in 1899; overfishing later blighted

5278-481: The land rebounded from the release of the weight of about 6,500 feet (2,000 m) of ice that had been stacked on it. It is still rebounding about 12 inches (30 cm) per century in the St. Lawrence area. Since the ice receded from the area last, the most rapid rebound still occurs there. This means the lake bed is gradually tilting southward, inundating the south shore and turning river valleys into bays . Both north and south shores experience shoreline erosion, but

5369-489: The late 1920s. The Highland Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant is located at the mouth of Highland Creek in the West Hill neighborhood of Scarborough. The treatment plant has a capacity of 219 megalitres per day (58 million US gallons per day), which serves a population of approximately 450,000. The plant began operations in 1956. The operations of the plant, especially the handling of the 41,000 wet tonnes of biosolids

5460-420: The late 1950s through the 1970s tended to be laid out with curved roads, short connecting roads and dead end streets that made for quieter neighbourhoods but resulted in irregular lot sizes. Before the completion of Highway 401 in the 1960s, West Hill was one of the major shopping areas in the region. In the 1950s, it served communities as far away as Oshawa . However, as development spread east and north along

5551-488: The late 1970s, almost all the land in the neighbourhood had been developed. Development peaked in the late 1970s with the building of Morningside Mall, an enclosed mall built on the site of a strip plaza, anchored by Woolco and Dominion. However, although the development of the neighbourhood continued into the 1980s, its character started to change as many of the original residents started to age and residential patterns in Scarborough started to change. Commercial development in

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5642-413: The late 19th century. The neighbourhood's oldest remaining buildings tend to be along this stretch. In the 1950s the neighbourhood was still difficult to reach by road, except for access to the south-west towards the city because even at this point Kingston Road was a four-lane highway. However, access to the direct east and west had to navigate Highland Creek and required a steep descent and ascent. There

5733-459: The lowest mean surface elevation of the lakes at 243 feet (74 m) above sea level; 326 feet (99 m) lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 statute miles (311 kilometres ; 168 nautical miles ), and its maximum width is 53 statute miles (85 km; 46 nmi). The lake's average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot (283 ft; 86 m), with a maximum depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet (802 ft; 244 m). The lake's primary source

5824-521: The mid 19th century, what is now West Hill was part of the larger Highland Creek community, which extended from today's Galloway Rd over to the Pickering border. In 1862, Eli Shackleton took over as postmaster in Highland Creek and moved the post office from the east side of the Highland Creek valley to the west. Following Shackleton's tenure as postmaster, the post office was relocated back to

5915-525: The modern land surface and the lake bottom, reorganizing the region's entire drainage system. As the ice sheet retreated toward the north, it still dammed the St. Lawrence Valley outlet, so the lake surface was at a higher level. This stage is known as Lake Iroquois . During that time the lake drained through present-day Syracuse, New York , into the Mohawk River , thence to the Hudson River and

6006-507: The most winter snowfall accumulation of any large city in the United States. Other cities in the world receive more snow annually, such as Quebec City , which averages 135 inches (340 cm), and Sapporo , Japan, which receives 250 inches (640 cm) each year and is often regarded as the snowiest city in the world. Foggy conditions (particularly in fall) can be created by thermal contrasts and can be an impediment for recreational boaters. Lake breezes in spring tend to slow fruit bloom until

6097-472: The neighbourhood has been centred along the commercial areas surrounding Kingston Road. Disused commercial properties are often redeveloped as high density residential townhouses. Home prices in the neighbourhood generally remain below average for the City of Toronto as a whole despite the average size of homes (predominately two-bedroom bungalows) and larger lot sizes. In addition, the neighbourhood's population

6188-517: The new Highway 401 to the east and west. The introduction of the GO Train at Guildwood Station allowed direct commuter connections into the city. The completion of the Bloor-Danforth subway line to Warden Station allowed more frequent TTC bus service into the neighbourhood. Service improved again when the subway was extended to Kennedy Station Commercial development centered around

6279-427: The new highway, major commercial developments became less viable. A major regional shopping centre, Morningside Mall , built in the late 1970s, was left without a major tenant when Wal-Mart , Dominion , and Shoppers Drug Mart abandoned the mall. Morningside Mall was completely demolished as of late 2007, and has been replaced by Morningside Crossing, a plaza. Another change occasioned by the building of Highway 401

6370-487: The other lakes flows into it. Lake Ontario was ranked as the most environmentally stressed amongst the five Great Lakes in a 2015 ecological study. Some of the stresses on the lake include excess application of fertilizers in agriculture running into the lake, spillover from obsolete municipal sewage systems , toxic chemicals from industries along the rivers that drain into the lake, and metropolitan drainage from big cities like Toronto, Rochester, and Hamilton. Randle Reef ,

6461-697: The other rivers in the chain via the Welland Canal and to Lake Erie. The Trent-Severn Waterway for pleasure boats connects Lake Ontario at the Bay of Quinte to Georgian Bay (Lake Huron) via Lake Simcoe . The Oswego Canal connects the lake at Oswego to the New York State Canal System , with outlets to the Hudson River, Lake Erie, and Lake Champlain . The Rideau Canal , also for pleasure boats, connects Lake Ontario at Kingston to

6552-464: The plant produces each year is an issue of concern to residents around the plant. A neighbourhood liaison committee has been established to allow residents to discuss these concerns. The Humber Wastewater Treatment Plant is located near the mouth of the Humber River on The Queensway . The treatment plant has a capacity of 473 megalitres per day (125 million US gallons per day), which serves

6643-429: The plant was expanded by Alberici in a CA$ 184 million contract. The expansion included the construction of a new building with three ozone tanks, five filter boxes, and two backwash surge tanks. As of 2022, it remains the only plant in Toronto that uses ozone as the primary disinfectant to control pathogens, seasonal taste, and odour. The plant features a green roof and a 10-megawatt standby power plant to meet demand in

6734-566: The site of the first water treatment plant in Toronto, which was built in the 1900s and is no longer in service. The cold, treated water produced by the plant passes through a heat exchange system, which enables Enwave 's Deep Lake Water Cooling project to cool buildings across the harbour in Downtown Toronto . The F. J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant is located in Scarborough in the West Hill neighbourhood on Lake Ontario. It

6825-404: The sites of long beaches, such as Sandbanks Provincial Park and Sandy Island Beach State Park . These sand bars are often associated with large wetlands , which support large numbers of plant and animal species, as well as providing important rest areas for migratory birds. Presqu'ile, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, is particularly significant in this regard. One unique feature of the lake

6916-477: The so-called Loch Ness Monster , being sighted in the lake. The creature is described as large with a long neck, green in colour, and generally causes a break in the surface waves. A series of trading posts were established by both the British and French, such as Fort Frontenac in 1673, Fort Oswego in 1722, and Fort Rouillé in 1750. As the easternmost and nearest lake to the Atlantic seaboard of Canada and

7007-699: The south shore. In the Huron language, the name Ontarí'io means "great lake". Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie . The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River , comprising the western end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Long Sault control dam , primarily along with the Moses-Saunders Power Dam regulates

7098-553: The south, and Highland Creek on the north-east. The name comes from its elevated position on the west side of Highland Creek, a deep glacial ravine . The section east of Manse Road, which roughly splits this neighbourhood in half, is often now referred to as the Manse Valley neighbourhood. It has less commercial development and more industrial development than the western part of the neighbourhood. However, both parts were treated as part of West Hill prior to development. In

7189-446: The tilting amplifies this effect on the south shore, causing loss to property owners. The lake has a natural seiche rhythm of eleven minutes. The seiche effect normally is only about 3 ⁄ 4 inch (1.9 cm) but can be greatly amplified by earth movement, winds, and atmospheric pressure changes. Because of its great depth, the lake as a whole does not completely freeze in winter, but an ice sheet covering between 10% and 90% of

7280-475: The times of the earliest developments, sanitary sewer service had not been extended this far east. House lots generally had to be large to accommodate septic tanks. Development was largely limited to single family homes and low rise apartment blocks. Road and traffic access to the neighbourhood quickly improved. During the 1960s, new bridges were built spanning the deep sections of Highland Creek on Lawrence, Morningside and Kingston. This allowed direct access to

7371-552: The triangle where Kingston, Lawrence and Morningside met, and spread out along Kingston Road and parts of Morningside Avenue. In the south-eastern part of the neighbourhood, there was industrial development along Coronation Drive, mostly catering to the chemical industry. City services continued to improve and in the 1970s high rise apartment buildings were introduced. Most homes in the neighbourhood were upgraded to have both storm and sanitary sewers. This allowed redevelopment of many larger lots to allow more homes in existing space. By

7462-597: The waster is mostly rain water, often with a ratio of four or five parts rain to one part sewage. These bypasses can happen at the Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant and the Humber Wastewater Treatment Plant, as these plants serve areas of the city with older combined sewers, which carry both sewage and stormwater to water treatment plants. In addition to bypasses at wastewater treatment plants,

7553-414: The wastewater. Disinfection destroys any remaining harmful pathogens. After disinfection, the effluent wastewater meets all Ministry standards and is returned to the natural environment and reused within the facility for internal process use. Solids removed during primary treatment and secondary treatment are pumped into digesters which allow a biological process that uses microorganisms, heat, mixing, and

7644-440: The water level of the lake. Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area (7,340 sq mi, 19,000 km ), although it exceeds Lake Erie in volume (393 cu mi, 1,640 km ). It is the 13th largest lake in the world . When its islands are included, the lake's shoreline is 712 miles (1,146 km) long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes' hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has

7735-599: The watershed of Lake Ontario. The American shore is largely rural, with the exception of Rochester and the much smaller ports at Oswego and Sackets Harbor. The city of Syracuse is 40 miles (64 km) inland, connected to the lake by the New York State Canal System. Over 2 million people live in Lake Ontario's American watershed. Several islands exist in the lake, the largest of which being Wolfe Island . Nearly all of Lake Ontario's islands are on

7826-408: The westernmost part of Lake Ontario, has been identified as one of the most contaminated areas on Lake Ontario alongside other areas of concern on Great Lakes . However, a $ 150-million cleanup project had begun in 2016 and is expected to be completed by 2025. The name Ontario is derived from the Huron word Ontarí'io , which means "great lake". In Colonial times, the lake was also called Cataraqui ,

7917-420: Was a drop in business for the large number of motels lining Kingston Road . Most of the motel sites have been redeveloped as commercial sites, and many of the remaining motels serve as temporary housing for Toronto's homeless . The neighbourhood grew quickly and by the mid-1960s there were several new public schools to serve the new residents, who were generally young families drawn to the lower home prices in

8008-407: Was constructed in 1954 and opened to 376 students on September 6, 1955. Schools in West Hill that are operated by public school boards include: West Hill is bordered on three sides by the Highland Creek, the community is surrounded by a system of parks. Morningside Park , and Colonel Danforth Park are located along the creek, while East Point Park is located along Lake Ontario at the eastern end of

8099-525: Was introduced in the mid-1950s, with the formation of Metro Toronto in 1954, and was managed by Metro Toronto. Since 1975, Toronto has supplied water to York Region (mostly to residents in the south end of York). Following amalgamation in 1998, Toronto Water was created from the Toronto Works and Emergency Services and once part of Metro Toronto Works department. As of April 2005, the departments and commissioners were replaced by divisions under

8190-543: Was no access across the creek across Morningside. However, the main bus commuter bus route from downtown Toronto to Oshawa ran directly along Kingston Road as well. As such, early development in the neighbourhood clustered around Kingston Road starting in the 1950s. The first subdivisions stretched along the straight north–south roads running off Kingston Road, primarily those existing road allowances which were close together and allowed for back-to-back lots with minimum frontage and depth. Larger plots of land that were developed in

8281-489: Was privately provided by Furniss Works or Toronto Water Works, a subsidiary of Toronto Gas Light and Water Company, which was owned by Montreal businessman Albert Furniss. Following Furniss's death in 1872, the City of Toronto bought out Furniss Works and transformed the water supply to public hands under the Toronto Water Works Commission . Outside of the pre-amalgamation City of Toronto each of

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