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37-679: Tortona ( Italian: [torˈtoːna] ; Piedmontese : Torton-a [tʊrˈtʊŋa] , locally [tʊrˈtɔŋa] ; Latin : Dertona ) is a comune of Piemonte , in the Province of Alessandria , Italy. Tortona is sited on the right bank of the Scrivia between the plain of Marengo and the foothills of the Ligurian Apennines. Its frazione of Vho is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Known in ancient times as Dertona ,

74-559: A free commune with the name of Terdona . In 1133 the diocese was separated from the archbishopric of Milan to the new archdiocese of Genoa ( CE "Lombardy"). In 1155 Frederick Barbarossa besieged , captured and leveled Tortona to the ground, leaving not one stone upon another. During the Middle Ages , Tortona was a faithful ally of the Guelphs and was destroyed several times, notably by Frederick Barbarossa . From 1260 to 1347

111-404: A characteristically bitter finish reminiscent of almonds. While the name implies sweetness, the wines are normally dry . The tannic nature of the grape contributes to a characteristic bitter finish. The dark purple skin of Dolcetto grapes has high amounts of anthocyanins , which require only a short maceration time with the skin to produce a dark-coloured wine. The amount of skin contact affects

148-518: A marriage should be effected between her and Filippo Maria Visconti . According to Machiavelli "By this union Filippo became powerful, and reacquired Milan and the whole of Lombardy. By way of being grateful for these numerous favors, as princes commonly are, he accused Beatrice of adultery and caused her to be put to death". Then following the vicissitudes of the War of the Polish Succession ,

185-454: A recent survey. On the other hand, the same survey showed Piedmontese is still spoken by over half the population, alongside Italian. Authoritative sources confirm this result, putting the figure between 2 million and 3 million speakers out of a population of 4.2 million people. Efforts to make it one of the official languages of the Turin 2006 Winter Olympics were unsuccessful. Piedmontese

222-495: A standardized writing system. Lexical comparison with other Romance languages and English: Dolcetto Dolcetto ( UK : / d ɒ l ˈ tʃ ɛ t oʊ / dol- CHET -oh , US : / d oʊ l ˈ -/ dohl- , Italian: [dolˈtʃetto] ) is a black Italian wine grape variety widely grown in the Piedmont region of northwest Italy . The Italian word dolcetto means "little sweet one", but it

259-732: Is also found in Liguria under the name Ormeasco , and in the Oltrepò Pavese where it is called Nebbiolo or Nibièu . Of the 100% Dolcetto DOCs, all but one have two levels, the "standard" version typically requiring a minimum 11.5% ABV , and the Superiore at 12.5% ABV. They are Dolcetto di Dogliani (DOCG since 2005), Dolcetto d'Acqui, Dolcetto d'Alba, Dolcetto d'Asti, Dolcetto delle Langhe Monregalesi (integrated to Dogliani DOCG in 2011), Dolcetto di Diano d'Alba and Dolcetto d'Ovada. Only Langhe Dolcetto has no Superiore variety. Of

296-423: Is divided into three major groups The variants can be detected in the variation of the accent and variation of words. It is sometimes difficult to understand a person that speaks a different Piedmontese from the one you are used to, as the words or accents are not the same. The Eastern Piedmontese group is more phonologically evolved than its western counterpart. The words that in the west end with jt, jd or t in

333-539: Is found in the Piedmont region of northwest Italy, where many of the top estates produce Dolcetto on less favoured sites as an "early to market wine" to generate some income for the winery while the Nebbiolo and Barbera are being matured. It is particularly associated with the towns of Dogliani and Diano d'Alba in the province of Cuneo , although the greatest volumes come from around Alba and Ovada . The grape

370-601: Is gaining popularity in the Washington State Lake Chelan AVA (C R Sandidge Wines Purtteman Estate vineyard). There are also some plantings in the Oregon AVAs of Umpqua Valley AVA and Southern Oregon AVA , Michigan's Leelanau Peninsula AVA (Ciccone Vineyard & Winery) , as well as the statewide appellations of New Mexico and Pennsylvania . Australia is home to the oldest current plantings of Dolcetto, with vines dating back to

407-418: Is not certain that the name originally carried any reference to the grape’s sugar levels : it is possible that it derives from the name of the hills where the vine is cultivated. In any case the wines produced are nearly always dry. They can be tannic and fruity with moderate, or decidedly low, levels of acidity and are typically meant to be consumed within a few years after release. One theory suggests

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444-651: Is pronounced separately, /ˈya/ . Some of the characteristics of the Piedmontese language are: Piedmontese has a number of varieties that may vary from its basic koiné to quite a large extent. Variation includes not only departures from the literary grammar, but also a wide variety in dictionary entries, as different regions maintain words of Frankish or Lombard origin, as well as differences in native Romance terminology. Words imported from various languages are also present, while more recent imports tend to come from France and from Italian. A variety of Piedmontese

481-464: Is shared partially (in the case of the infinitive time) also by most of the western dialects, including the Turin one, that is the most spoken dialect of western piedmontese (and also of the whole piedmontese language). A morphological variation that sharply divides east and west is the indicative imperfect conjugation of irregular verbs. In the east, the suffix ava/iva is used, while in the west asìa/isìa

518-549: Is still known in local dialects under the names duzet and duset . A document of 1633 records the presence of Dolcetto in the cellars of the Arboreo family of Valenza . In 1700, Barnabà Centurione sent the wine as a gift to Queen Anne of Great Britain . Along with the French grape Chatus , Dolcetto is a parent variety to several Piedmontese grapes including Valentino nero , Passus and San Martino . Most Dolcetto

555-417: Is used. The groups are also distinguished by differing conjugation of the present simple of the irregular verbs: dé , andé , sté (to give, to go, to stay). /v/ is realized as labio-velar [ w ] between /a/ and /u/ and as [ w ] or [ f ] when in word-final position. Allophones of / a / are [ ɑ, ɒ ] in stressed syllables and as [ɐ] when in unstressed position and at end of the word. Piedmontese

592-430: Is written with a modified Latin alphabet. The letters, along with their IPA equivalent, are shown in the table below. Certain digraphs are used to regularly represent specific sounds as shown below. All other combinations of letters are pronounced as written. Grave accent marks stress (except for o which is marked by an acute to distinguish it from ò ) and breaks diphthongs, so ua and uà are /wa/ , but ùa

629-482: The Battle of Mutina , and it was one of the places where a body of troops was usually stationed during the later ages of the empire. A bishopric was founded at Tortona early, but its first bishops are purely legendary, like Saint Marcianus of Tortona , called the first bishop of Piedmont and a disciple of Barnabas , the companion of Paul. Until the 9th century, the city was under the rule of its bishop; in 1090 it became

666-661: The Piedmont regional government but is considered a dialect rather than a separate language by the Italian central government. Due to the Italian diaspora Piedmontese has spread in the Argentinian Pampas , where many immigrants from Piedmont settled. The Piedmontese language is also spoken in some states of Brazil, along with the Venetian language . The first documents in the Piedmontese language were written in

703-898: The Tortonese and the hills of the Oltrepò Pavese ) Nera Dolce, Nibio, Noirin D'Espagne, Nord Du Lot Et Garonne, Ocanette, Orincasca, Ormeasca (at Ormea and Pieve di Teco ), Ormeasco (Liguria), Picot Rouge, Plant de Calarin, Plant de Chapareillan, Plant de Moirans, Plant de Montmelian, Plant de Provence, Plant de Savoie, Plant de Turin, Plant du Roi, Premasto, Primaticcio, Primitivo Nero, Promotico, Provençal, Ravanellino, Refork, Refork Debeli, Refork Male, Refosk Debeli, Rotstieliger Dolcedo, Savoyard, Turin, Turino, Uva d'Acqui, Uva d'Acquia, Uva del Monferrato, Uva di Ovada, Uva di Roccagrimalda, and Dolsin Nero. The Dolcetto di Boca, grown in Novara ,

740-677: The University of California, Davis has shown that the actual Douce Noire and Charbono vines are not, in fact, Dolcetto, but two different vines. In spite of this confirmation, some plantings of true Dolcetto vines still retain the local synonyms in some areas of Savoie and California. The grape was first brought to California by expatriate Italians, and is most popular in Lodi AVA , Mendocino County , Russian River Valley AVA , Napa Valley AVA , Santa Cruz Mountains AVA , Sta. Rita Hills AVA , and Santa Barbara County . The Dolcetto grape

777-422: The public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Dertona". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Tortona ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Piedmontese language It has some support from

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814-524: The 12th century, the sermones subalpini  [ it ] , when it was extremely close to Occitan , dating from the 12th century, a document devoted to the education of the Knights Templar stationed in Piedmont. During the Renaissance, the oldest Piedmontese literary work of secular character, are the works of Zan Zòrs Alion, poet of the duchy of Montferrat, the most famous work being

851-573: The 1860s. Dogliani , and Dogliani Superiore are Italian red wines produced in the Langhe using only the Dolcetto grape variety. The wines were recognized as DOC in 1974 under the name Dolcetto di Dogliani. In 2005, the original DOC was revoked and gradually replaced by a DOCG named Dogliani. The yield of grapes is restricted to eight metric tons per hectare for Dogliani and seven for Dogliani Superiore. Furthermore, to qualify for Superiore status,

888-436: The Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century, the sermones subalpini , when it was extremely close to Occitan . In 2004, Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament, although the Italian government has not yet recognised it as such. In theory, it is now supposed to be taught to children in school, but this is happening only to a limited extent. The last decade has seen

925-539: The Romans. Strabo speaks of it as one of the most considerable towns in this part of Italy, and from Pliny wrote that it was a Roman colony. Velleius mentions it among those founded under the Republic, it appears to have been recolonised under Augustus ; some inscriptions therefore give it the title of Julia Dertona . The assassin of Caesar, Brutus , encamped at Dertona on his march in pursuit of Mark Antony , after

962-585: The blended wines, Riviera Ligure di Ponente Ormeasco requires a minimum of 95% Dolcetto/Ormeasco; Colli Tortonesi Dolcetto, Monferrato Dolcetto and Pineronese Dolcetto a minimum of 85%, and Valsusa a minimum of 60%. Golfo Del Tigullio can be between 20-70%, while Lago di Corbara and Rosso Orvietano contain less than 20% Dolcetto. Outside of Italy, Dolcetto is known as Douce Noire in Savoie and Charbono in California . However, DNA fingerprinting done at

999-486: The city was dominated by a series of different Italian noble families and adventurers. In 1347, Tortona was decisively incorporated into the territories of the Duchy of Milan , under which remained until 1735. One of the rulers in this period was Facino Cane , who in the unsettled affairs of Lombardy had assembled a string of lordships and great wealth which he bequeathed to his wife, Beatrice, and arranged with his friends that

1036-522: The city was occupied by the King of Sardinia , and "count of Tortona" was added to the titles of the House of Savoy . Tortona is the capital of an area known as Colli Tortonesi, which stretches from the town to the border with Liguria . The area is known for the variety and of its products and for the intensive wine production, including Barbera , Dolcetto , Moscato and Timorasso , the autochthonous wine of

1073-709: The city was probably the oldest colony under Roman rule in the westernmost section of the Valley of the Po , on the road leading from Genua (Genoa) to Placentia (Piacenza). The city was founded c. 123–118 BC at the junction of the great roads; the Via Postumia and the Via Aemilia Scauri which merged to become the Via Julia Augusta . The site made Dertona an important military station under

1110-435: The east end with [dʒ] e/o [tʃ] for example the westerns [lajt] , [tyjt] , and [vɛj] (milk, all and old) in the east are [lɑtʃ] , [tytʃ] and [vɛdʒ] . A typical eastern features is [i] as allophone of [e] : in word end, at the end of infinitive time of the verb, like in to read and to be ( western [leze] , [ese] vs . eastern [lezi] , [esi] ) and at words feminine plural gender . Although this development

1147-481: The grape originated in France and was brought to Monferrato sometime in the 11th century. A competing theory has the grape originating in the Piedmontese village of Dogliani . In 1593, an ordinance of the municipality of Dogliani which forbade the harvesting of dozzetti grapes earlier than Saint Matthew's Day , unless an exceptional authorization had been granted, has been taken to refer to this variety, which

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1184-617: The opera Jocunda. In the 1500s and 1600s, there were several pastoral comedies with parts in Piedmontese. In the Baroque period, El Cont Piolèt , a comedy by Giovan Battista Tan-na d'Entraive was published. Literary Piedmontese developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, but it did not gain literary esteem comparable to that of French or Italian, other languages used in Piedmont. Nevertheless, literature in Piedmontese has never ceased to be produced: it includes poetry , theatre pieces, novels , and scientific work. The first documents in

1221-405: The publication of learning materials for schoolchildren, as well as general-public magazines. Courses for people already outside the education system have also been developed. In spite of these advances, the current state of Piedmontese is quite grave, as over the last 150 years the number of people with a written active knowledge of the language has shrunk to about 2% of native speakers, according to

1258-521: The region which traces its origin back to the 14th century. Truffles are another important fruit of this land and the Colli Tortonesi is the only place in Piedmont to have three varieties of truffle: White truffle , Black Truffle and scorzone. People born in Tortona, or with close links to the town, include: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in

1295-929: The resulting tannin levels in the wine, with most winemakers preferring to limit maceration time to as short as possible. During fermentation , the wine is prone to the wine fault of reduction . Overall, Dolcetto is considered a light easy drinking red wine that pairs well with pastas and pizza dishes. Acqui, Barbirono, Bathiolin, Batialin, Beina, Bignola, Bignona, Bignonia, Bignonina, Bourdon Noir, Cassolo, Charbonneau, Charbono, Chasselas Noir, Cote Rouge Merille, Crete de Coq, Debili Rifosk, Dolcedo Rotstieliger, Dolceto, Dolcetta Nera, Dolcetto A Raspe Verde, Dolcetto A Raspo Rosso, Dolcetto Nero, Dolcetto Piemontese, Dolchetto, Dolcino Nero, Dolciut, Dolsin, Dolsin Raro, Dolzin, Dolzino, Dosset, Gros Noir de Montelimar, Gros Plant, Maennlicher Refosco, Mauvais Noir, Montelimar, Monteuse, Montmelian, Mosciolino, Nebbiolo (dialect Nibièu , in

1332-558: The wines must be aged for at least one year. The vineyards are restricted to the hilly areas within the boundaries of the communes of Bastia Mondovì , Belvedere Langhe , Briaglia , Castellino Tanaro , Cigliè , Clavesana , Dogliani , Farigliano , Igliano , Marsaglia , Monchiero , Niella Tanaro , Piozzo and Rocca Cigliè , plus parts of the communes of Carrù , Mondovì , Murazzano , Roddino , San Michele Mondovì , Somano and Vicoforte . Dolcetto wines are known for black cherry and liquorice with some prune flavours, and

1369-671: Was Judeo-Piedmontese , a dialect spoken by the Piedmontese Jews until the Second World War , when most were killed during the Holocaust . Some survivors knew the language but as of 2015, the language had gone extinct. It had many loanwards from Provencal , Spanish and Hebrew . It kept many conservative features that Piedmontese abandoned over time. The language never became as large in terms of words as larger Jewish languages like Yiddish , and it never developed

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