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95-483: The republic borders the oblasts of Kirov , Ulyanovsk , Samara and Orenburg , as well as the republics of Mari El , Udmurtia , Chuvashia and Bashkortostan . The area of the republic is 68,000 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi), occupying 0.4% of the total surface of the country. As of the 2021 Census , the population of Tatarstan was 4,004,809. Tatarstan has strong cultural, linguistic and ethnic ties with its eastern neighbour, Bashkortostan , which

190-531: A federal union with representation in the Federation Council , and serve as a first-level administrative division . Each oblast features a state government holding authority over a defined geographic territory, with a state legislature , the Oblast Duma , that is democratically elected. The governor is the highest executive position of the state government in an oblast and is elected by

285-668: A capital having been established in Kazan , 170 km up the Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars. The Khanate of Kazan was conquered by the troops of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. Some Tatars were forcibly converted to Christianity and cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593, mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade

380-574: A common historical experience that cannot be denied. As long as our culture is respected and not disturbed, we are the best neighbors, friends and colleagues of the Russian people. The majority of Volga Tatars are Kazan Tatars. ( Qazan tatarları / qazanlılar ).They form the bulk of the Tatar population of Tatarstan. Traditionally, they inhabit the left bank of Volga River . They were finally formed during Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552). A. Rorlich sees

475-471: A language of the Turkic language family . The predominant religion is Sunni Islam , followed by Orthodox Christianity . "Tatar" as an enthonym owns a very long and complicated history and in the past was often used as an umbrella term for different Turkic and Mongolic tribes. Nowadays it mostly refers exclusively to Volga Tatars (known simply as "Tatars"; Tatarlar ), who became its "ultimate bearers" after

570-521: A language, that is not his mother language", which refers to complaints made by parents of Russian students who were dissatisfied that their children had to learn Tatar that in return took time away from studying Russian. Before this, for 25 years everyone in Tatarstan (including Russians) had to learn Tatar from kindergarten to secondary school. In 2021 there were approximately 53% Tatars in Tatarstan and 40% Russians. In 2015 enquiry, most young people in

665-751: A part of the Russian Federation, removing the "sovereignty" term. On 15 February 1994, the Treaty On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Authority between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan and Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan ( On Delimitation of Authority in

760-478: A prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by Catherine the Great . The first mosque to be rebuilt under Catherine's auspices was constructed in 1766–1770. In the 19th century, Tatarstan became a centre of Jadidism , an Islamic movement that preached tolerance of other religions. Under the influence of local Jadidist theologians, the Bulgars were renowned for their friendly relations with other peoples of

855-495: A small minority known as Keräşen Tatars are Orthodox Christians , some of whom regard themselves as being distinct from other Tatars even though most Keräşen dialects differ only slightly from the Central Dialect of the Tatar language. There is a fair degree of speculation as to the early origins of the different groups of Tatars, but most Tatars no longer view religious identity as being as important as it once was, and

950-592: A sub-dialect of the middle dialect of Tatar. A 2002 census recorded 9 600 Nagaibaks. Astarkhan Tatars are a regional ethnic group. In 1989, 71 700 Tatars lived in Astrakhan Oblast . They are separated into three subgroups: Jurtov and Kundrov Tatars, and the Karagash . One theory connects the Jurtov and Karagash to Nogai. Another proposes that Jurtov descend from Astarkhan Khanate . A considerable part of

1045-461: Is oil . Tatarstan produces 32 million tonnes of crude oil per year and has estimated oil reserves of more than 1 billion tons. Industrial production constitutes 45% of the Republic's gross regional domestic product . The most developed manufacturing industries are petrochemical industry and machine building. The truck-maker KamAZ is the region's largest enterprise and employs about one-fifth of Tatarstan's workforce. Kazanorgsintez , based in Kazan,

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1140-588: Is a constituent republic of the Russian Federation . Most of the Russian federal subjects are tied with the Russian federal government by the uniform Federal Treaty, but relations between the government of Tatarstan and the Russian federal government are more complex and are precisely defined in the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. The following passage from the Constitution defines

1235-405: Is a separate language within the same Kipchak family. ). Tatar can be divided into two main dialects (some think Siberian Tatar is a third ) In 2017 the amount of hours Tatar language taught in Tatarstan schools was reduced to two hours per week and it can only happen with a written approval from the pupil's parent. President Vladimir Putin reasoned that a person should not be forced "to learn

1330-539: Is also a republic of Russia. The official languages of the republic are Tatar and Russian . "Tatarstan" derives from the name of the ethnic group—the Tatars —and the Persian suffix -stan (meaning "state" or "country" of, an ending common to many Eurasian countries). Another version of the Russian name is " Татария " ( Tataria ), which was official along with " Tatar ASSR " during Soviet rule. The republic

1425-485: Is an old industrial region where engineering, chemical, and light industry dominate. In the newly industrial northeast region with its core in the Naberezhnye Chelny – Nizhnekamsk agglomeration , major industries are automobile construction, the chemical industry, and power engineering. The southeast region has oil production with engineering under development. The north, central, south, and southwest parts of

1520-600: Is both people, who are against Russia, and those that believe they are an integral part of it. Among Tatar separatists is the ethnic nationalist, founder of independence party İttifaq , Fauziya Bayramova . In 2018 Rafis Kashapov, a Tatar activist founded in Kyiv a separatist movement called " Free Idel-Ural ". Famous pro-Russian examples include the Grand Mufti of Russia, supporter of Eurasianism , Talgat Tadzhuddin . He and another Tatar Mufti Kamil Samigullin have supported

1615-727: Is located in the centre of the East European Plain , approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) east of Moscow . It lies between the Volga River and the Kama River (a tributary of the Volga), and extends east to the Ural Mountains . Oak is the dominant tree species on 87% of the total area, followed by aspen , linden , birch , and Scots pine . The total forest cover has decreased from 51.2% to 17.1% over

1710-417: Is one of Russia's largest chemical companies. Tatarstan's aviation industry produces Tu-214 passenger airplanes and helicopters. The Kazan Helicopter Plant is one of the largest helicopter manufacturers in the world. Engineering, textiles, clothing, wood processing , and food industries are also of key significance in Tatarstan. Tatarstan consists of three distinct industrial regions. The northwestern part

1805-421: Is the second largest active religion in Tatarstan, and has been so for more than 150 years, with an estimated 1.6 million followers made up of ethnic Russians , Mordvins , Armenians , Belarusians , Mari people , Georgians , Chuvash and a number of Orthodox Tatars which together constitute 38% of the 3.8 million population of Tatarstan. On 23 August 2010, the "Orthodox monuments of Tatarstan" exhibition

1900-526: The 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia and a federal law in 2021 which abolished regional presidencies. The title of president was seen as the last remaining symbol of federalism following the centralisation reforms under Vladimir Putin . Incumbent president Rustam Minnikhanov originally was to retain the title of president until his term expires in 2025 under transitional agreements, however he became Rais in February 2024. The Republic of Tatarstan

1995-793: The Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552), which lost its independence to Russia after the Siege of Kazan in 1552. The cultural center for Tatars is Tatarstan , Russian Federation. Before this they were a part of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , established in 1920. It was the first successful Tatar formation since the Kazan Khanate . In 1926 population census, different subgroups of now Volga Tatars identified themselves by their own names. After this, they were grouped together as "Tatars". During

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2090-580: The Kipchaks of Golden Horde, or Bulgars , that survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237. Some say that these two theories should not be in opposition to each other. Their history is connected to other tribes as well. G. R. Yenikeev thinks that modern Tatars are the direct descendants of the Tatars of Genghis Khan. He criticizes the phenomenon of identifying with Bulgars and states, that this happened due to

2185-551: The Qasim Khanate . The number of Kasimov Tatars in 2002 was suspected to be less than 1000. In late 1800s and early 1900s, some Kasimov Tatars are known to have relocated to the regions of Kazan , Simbirsk , Nizhny Novgorod , Orenburg , and also Central-Asia . According to S. Ishkhakov, the Kasimov Tatars were an "ethnically transitional group between Kazan Tatars and Mishar Tatars." Kasimov Tatars took part in

2280-604: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . Head of Tatarstan, Rustam Minnikhanov stated in June 2023 that "Tatarstan fully supports the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, President of the country Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin; the most correct thing now is to stand together against those who pose a threat to Russia and its multinational people". Importance of the independence for Tatarstan comes up usually when discussing

2375-969: The Soviet Union dissolved into sovereign states along the lines of the SSRs, they became the first-level administrative divisions. The oblasts of the Russian SFSR , which transitioned into the Russian Federation, became the first-level administrative divisions of the new country and received greater devolved power . During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russia annexed the Donetsk , Kherson , Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia regions of Ukraine. While Donetsk and Luhansk were incorporated as republics, having their respective separate constitutions adopted since 2014 back when they were two breakaway states of Ukraine, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia were annexed de jure , but not de facto , as regular oblasts. Including these,

2470-645: The Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921–1922 as a result of the policy of war communism . The famine deaths of between 500,000 and 2 million Tatars in the Tatar ASSR and in the Volga-Ural region in 1921–1922 was catastrophic as half of the Volga Tatar population in the USSR died. Starting in the 1960s, schools opened in Tatarstan that taught Russian as an official second language , as it

2565-512: The Tatar language . They comprise approximately one third of the Volga Tatar population. After migration waves from late 1500s to 1700s, they settled especially on the right bank of Volga and Urals. Increased contacts with Kazan Tatars made these two groups even closer, and thus, "Tatar nation" was born; eventually replacing previously used regional names. Due to this, the sub-group consciousness

2660-581: The Tatars inherited Islam . Islam was introduced by missionaries from Baghdad around the time of Ibn Fadlan 's journey in 922. Islam's long presence in Russia also extends at least as far back as the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in 1552, which brought the Tatars and Bashkirs on the Middle Volga into Russia. In the 1430s, the region became independent as the base of the Khanate of Kazan ,

2755-468: The "pro-western rulers of the Romanov government ", with the help of Bulgarist- Mullahs and European historians, that created a negative and distorted image of the Tatars, which ended up causing them to reject the term and lose national consciousness. Finnish historian Antero Leitzinger states: "They [Bulgarists] emphasize the contribution of the Bulgars mainly due to the feeling of inferiority created by

2850-422: The 1830s. The Jews of Udmurtia and Tatarstan are subdivided by cultural and linguistic characteristics into two territorial groups: 1) Udmurt Jews (Udmurt Jewry), who lived on the territory of Udmurtia and the north of Tatarstan; 2) Tatar Jews, or Kazan Jews (Tatar Jewry or Kazan Jewry), who lived mainly in the city of Kazan and its agglomeration. In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan,

2945-540: The Astrakhan Tatars are descendants of the Volga Tatars who moved to the area in the 18th and 19th centuries. As early as 1702, local Tatar vomen married Kazan Tatars. At the end of the 18th century, Volga and Ural Tatars began to move to the countryside, where they founded new villages or settled in the same villages with local Tatars. By the beginning of the 20th century, the settlers who mainly mixed with

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3040-610: The Bolsheviks (who had turned on the state and denounced it as bourgeois) before the official declaration of its constitution. The Soviets later set up the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which was established on 27 May 1920. The boundaries of the republic did not include a majority of the Volga Tatars. The Tatar Union of the Godless were persecuted in Joseph Stalin 's 1928 purges . A famine occurred in

3135-699: The Bulgar National Congress, Gusman Khalilov appealed to the European Court of Human Rights on the issue of renaming the Tatars into Bulgars, but in 2010 he lost in court. Şihabetdin Märcani during late 1800s encouraged the Kazan Tatars to identify as Tatar, despite its possible negative connotations. Mishar Tatars , or Mishars ( mişär tatarları, mişärlär ) are an ethnographic group of Volga Tatars speaking Mishar dialect of

3230-583: The Conquest of Kazan and in wars against Sweden in troops of Ivan the Terrible . In some sources, Mishars are called Kasimov Tatars. (They were also largely formed in Qasim Khanate. ) Kasimov Tatars (Self name: Kaçim / Käçim tatarları / xalkı ) speak the central (Kazan) dialect of Tatar language. In their dialect there is Mishar and Nogai influence. The first female Tatar mathematician, graduate of Sorbonne University and recipient of Hero of

3325-517: The Golden Horde, yet according to another theory, the Tatars emerged from the Bulgar culture that survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237. Ever since the mid 1970s, however, a viewpoint has risen, that these two theories should not be in contrary to each other, but rather, in symbiosis, stating that they cannot simply claim only Bulgars as their ancestors. (See: Bulgarism ). The President of

3420-587: The Jurtov Tatars already made up more than a third of the local Tatar population. Tatar literature has an ancient history. Before the introduction of printing, ancient Tatar books written in Arabic script were copied by hand. Manuscripts of the Koran, other spiritual literature, educational books were widely distributed. One of the earliest works of national Tatar literature known is considered to be written at

3515-687: The Keräşen are still included in the grand total for the Tatars. Another unique ethnic group, concentrated in Tatarstan, is the Qaratay Mordvins . Tatar and Udmurt Jews are special territorial groups of the Ashkenazi Jews , which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking ( Tatars , Kryashens , Bashkirs , Chuvash people ), Finno-Ugric-speaking ( Udmurts , Mari people ) and Slavic-speaking ( Russians ) populations. The Ashkenazi Jews first appeared in Tatarstan in

3610-465: The Kremlin claims a total of 48 oblasts. The four regions remain internationally recognized as part of Ukraine and are only partially occupied by Russia and its control of the territory is not totally assured. Volga Tatars The Volga Tatars or simply Tatars ( Tatar : татарлар , romanized:  tatarlar ; Russian : татары , romanized :  tatary ), and occasionally by

3705-626: The Mishars have been influenced by Russians, probably more so than the Kazan Tatars, the dialect in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast has been said to resemble the ancient Kipchak dialect. According to A. Leitzinger , Mishar dialect has more Kipchak, and Kazan dialect more Bolgar influence. A. Orlov states: "Nizhny Novogord Tatars (Mishars) are one of the original Tatar groups, who maintain the continuity of Kipchak-Turkic language, culture and tradition". Orlov also thinks that Mishars are mostly

3800-428: The Republic of Tatarstan and shall be an inalienable qualitative status of the Republic of Tatarstan." Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The republic is highly industrialised and ranks second to Samara Oblast in terms of industrial production per km. In 2021, Tatarstan's gross regional product was €40 billion, while GRP per capita was €10,000. The region's main source of wealth

3895-421: The Republic of Tatarstan). 334 collective accommodation facilities received the certificate of assignment of the category, which is 88.1% of the total number of operating. Oblasts of Russia In Russia, the oblasts are 46 administrative territories; they are one type of federal subject , the highest-level administrative division of Russian territory. Oblasts are constituent political entities in

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3990-894: The Russian Empire. However, after the October Revolution religion was largely outlawed and all theologians were repressed. During the Civil War of 1918–1920 Tatar nationalists attempted to establish an independent republic (the Idel-Ural State , Idel being the name of the Volga in Tatar) along with the neighbouring Bashkirs . Initially supported by the Bolsheviks , the state existed up until March 1918, when high-ranking members of its parliament were arrested by

4085-570: The Russian and Tatar feudal lords were afraid of friendship between peoples and constantly incited chauvinistic and nationalist fervor". The first mufti of Russia, Tatar-born Mukhamedzhan Khusainov (1756–1824) had a big impact on bringing Russian rule to the Kazakh steppes and also to Caucasus, especially among Kabardians . Philologist-journalist Azat Akhunov: "Despite conflicts and national differences, Tatars are very close to Russians in mentality, even more so than Ukrainians and Belarusians. We have

4180-520: The Russian faction Narodovlastie (People's Power). Some 62% of those who took part voted in favour of the constitution, with ethnic Tatars supporting it much more than Russians. In the new constitution, Tatarstan is defined as a Sovereign State. However, the referendum and constitution were declared unconstitutional by the Russian Constitutional Court . Articles 1 and 3 of the Constitution as introduced in 2002 define Tatarstan as

4275-594: The Russians, which is often attached to the Orda population". During the 14th century, Sunni Islam was adopted by many of the Tatars. They became subjects of Russia after the Siege of Kazan in 1552. The 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan was a period of mass starvation and drought that took place in the Tatar ASSR as a result of war communism policy, in which 500 thousand to 2 million peasants died. The event

4370-548: The Russification of Tatars, but it has also been noted, that it wouldn't necessarily solve the problem at least entirely. "Increasingly, minority peoples themselves decide to teach their children Russian to ensure economic integration". (K. Zubacheva, 2019 ). Researcher in Bremen University, Daria Dergacheva thinks independence could happen in time, but also, that it would be very difficult and might not achieve

4465-515: The Soviet Union , S. K. Shakulova (1887–1964) is said to have been a Kasimov Tatar. Nukrat Tatars ( Noqrat tatarları ) live mainly in Udmurtia ( Yukamensky , Glazovsky , Balezinsky , Yarsky districts) and Kirov Oblast . They are divided into subgroups Nukrat and Chepetsky. They speak Tatar with characteristic of the southern Udmurt . Their name comes from the village of Noqrat, which

4560-605: The Sphere of Foreign Economic Relations ) were signed. The power-sharing agreement was renewed on 11 July 2007, though with much of the power delegated to Tatarstan reduced. On 20 December 2008, in response to Russia recognising Abkhazia and South Ossetia , the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People organisation declared Tatarstan independent and asked for United Nations recognition. However, this declaration

4655-424: The State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan , and a subject of the Russian Federation. The sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan shall consist in full possession of the State authority (legislative, executive and judicial) beyond the competence of the Russian Federation and powers of the Russian Federation in the sphere of shared competence of the Russian Federation and

4750-427: The Tatar-speaking community... in keeping with normative gender roles within the Tatar republic." As of 2012, Islam was the most common faith in Tatarstan, adhered to by 53.8% of the estimated 3.8 million population. Most of the remaining population is either Russian Orthodox Christian or non-religious. Established in 922, the first Muslim state within the boundaries of modern Russia was Volga Bulgaria from which

4845-421: The Tatars are not a people outside us, but within us". In Kazan (Tatarstan) there is a statue of Gumilev. Tatar author Galimdzhan Ibragimov : "We Tatars are a nation that joined Russia before others. Despite the dark politics of the autocracy and the differences between the two communities, this created many common features of life among them". Tatar mufti Ravil Gainutdin has stated, that in his opinion "Russia

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4940-604: The Teptyar Regiment was formed. During the Patriotic War of 1812 , the 1st Teptyar Regiment under the command of Major Temirov took part in the fighting as part of a separate Cossack troops of Matvei Platov . To this day, there is controversy on whether they should be classified as either Tatars or Bashkirs. In early 1900s, their number was estimated to be 382 000. The Nagaibaks live in Chelyabinsk Oblast of Russia. They are Orthodox Christian and multiple researchers think they originated from Christianized Nogais of Nogai Khanate . Other theories exist however. They speak Nagaibak ,

5035-416: The Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars. The Khanate of Kazan was conquered by the troops of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. A large number of Tatars were forcibly converted to Christianity and were culturally Russified . Cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593 all mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade the construction of mosques,

5130-428: The ancestors of Don Cossacks . Traditionally, Mishars have populated the western side of the Volga River. Nowadays the majority presumably lives in Moscow . Finnish Tatars are originally Mishars also. In 1897 census, the number of Mishars was 622 600. Their estimated number varies greatly. Kasimov Tatars ( Qasıym tatarları ) have their capital in the town of Kasimov , Ryazan Oblast . They were formed during

5225-411: The armies of the Mongol prince Batu Khan in the late 1230s (see Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria ). The inhabitants, a large amount of them killed and the rest mixing with the Golden Horde 's Kipchaks , became known as the Volga Tatars . In the 1430s, the region again became independent as the base of the Khanate of Kazan , a capital having been established in Kazan , 170 km (110 mi) up

5320-420: The beginning of the 13th century by the famous poet Qol Ğäli , the poetic work Qíssa-i Yosıf ( قصه یوسف, Tale of Yusuf ). The first printed edition in the Tatar language was the Manifesto of Peter I on the occasion of the Persian campaign , published in 1722. As their literary language, Tatars used a local variant of Türki until early 1900s. Its norms began to move towards the spoken vernacular from

5415-474: The boundaries of Tatarstan was Volga Bulgaria (c. 700–1238). The Volga Bulgars had an advanced mercantile state with trade contacts throughout Inner Eurasia , the Middle East , and the Baltic , which maintained its independence despite pressure by such nations as the Khazars , the Kievan Rus , and the Cuman - Kipchaks . Islam was introduced by missionaries from Baghdad around the time of Ibn Fadlan 's journey in 922. Volga Bulgaria finally fell to

5510-482: The construction of mosques, a prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by Catherine II . In 1990, there were only 100 mosques, but by 2004 this number had risen to well over 1,000. As of 1 January 2008, as many as 1,398 religious organizations were registered in Tatarstan, of which 1,055 were Muslim . In September 2010, Eid al-Fitr as well 21 May, the day the Volga Bulgars embraced Islam, were made public holidays. The Russian Orthodox Church

5605-482: The decolonization desired. She also states, that the ethnic nationalism required for it could fuel inter-ethnic conflicts, since Tatars are only 53% of the population in Tatarstan. Challenges include also the fact that Tatarstan is deeply embedded in Russia’s economy, trade, and infrastructure. The national poet Ğabdulla Tuqay wrote in response to the Tatar emigration to Turkey that was happening in late 1800s and early 1900s: "Here we were born, here we grew up, and here

5700-450: The economy is represented mostly by large companies as Ak Bars Holding and "Krasnyi Vostok Agro". The republic has a highly developed transport network. It mainly comprises highways, railway lines, four navigable rivers  — Volga (İdel), Kama (Çulman), Vyatka (Noqrat) and Belaya (Ağidel), and oil pipelines and airlines. The territory of Tatarstan is crossed by the main gas pipelines carrying natural gas from Urengoy and Yamburg to

5795-409: The founding of Tatar ASSR (1920–1990; now Tatarstan ). The ethnogenesis of Volga-Ural Tatars is still debated, but their history is usually connected to the Kipchak Tatar-Turks of Golden Horde (1242–1502), and also to its predecessor, Volga Bulgaria (900s–1200s), whose adoption of Islam is celebrated yearly in Tatarstan. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, ancestors of modern Tatars formed

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5890-402: The historical Turko-Tatars (Төрки-татарлар, Törki-tatarlar ), are a Kipchak-Bulgar Turkic ethnic group native to the Volga-Ural region of western Russia . They are subdivided into various subgroups. Volga Tatars are the second-largest ethnic group in Russia after ethnic Russians . Most of them live in the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan . Their native language is Tatar ,

5985-487: The history as follows: Khazar invasions forced the Bulgars , Turkic people, to migrate from the Azov steppes to the Middle Volga and lower Kama region during the first half of the eighth century. In the period of 10th–13th centuries, other Turkic peoples, including Kipchaks , migrated from Southern Siberia to Europe. They played a significant role in the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 13th century. Tatar ethnogenesis took place after migrated Turkic peoples, mixed with

6080-409: The larger guberniyas (governorates) within the first-level krais . Following the numerous administration reforms during the Soviet era , the number of oblasts gradually increased as they became the primary top-level administrative division of the Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs), the constituent political entities of the Soviet Union . These oblasts held very little autonomy or power, but when

6175-637: The last 300 years. The Volga-Kama Nature Reserve is situated in Tatarstan. Major rivers include: Major reservoirs of the republic include: The biggest lake is Kaban . The biggest swamp is Kulyagash . The major natural resources of Tatarstan include oil , natural gas and gypsum . It is estimated that the republic has over one billion tons of oil deposits. Tatarstan's administrative and territorial divisions form 43 municipal districts and 2 urban districts (Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny), as well as 39 urban settlements and 872 rural settlements. The republic also recognises cities of republican significance,

6270-452: The list of which is established by the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan . The districts consist of cities of district significance, urban-type settlements and rural settlements with subordinate territories that make up the primary level in the system of administrative-territorial structure of the Republic. Cities of national significance can be geographically divided into districts in the city. The earliest known organised state within

6365-498: The local Bulgar population and other inhabitants of the Volga River area, kept Kipchak dialect and became Muslims. Several new Tatar states had emerged by the 1500s after the Golden Horde fell. These states were Khanate of Kazan , Astrakhan Khanate , Khanate of Sibir , and Crimean Khanate . Controversy surrounds the origin of the Tatar people, whether they are descended from Bulgars or the Golden Horde. According to one theory, Kazan Tatar heritage can be traced back to Kipchaks of

6460-469: The mid-eighteenth century. Kryahsen Tatars live in much of the Volga-Ural area. Today, they tend to be assimilated among the Russians and other Tatar groups. Some of the Kryashens speak the Kazan dialect, others Mishar dialect. In 2010 census, 34,882 identified as Kryashens. Teptyars ( tiptär ), Nagaibaks ( nağaybäklär ) and Astrakhan Tatars ( Ästerxan tatarları ) can also be included as Volga Tatars according to some. Teptyars live in Perm Krai ,

6555-406: The moment of our death will come. Fate itself has bound us to this Russian land". Tuqay called Russians their "brother people". G. R. Yenikeev states, that "Medieval Tatars played a significant role also in the formation of Russians". He cites the Eurasianist historian Lev Gumilev : "Tatars are in our blood, our history, our language, our worldview. Whatever the real differences with the Russians,

6650-434: The most common type of the 85 federal subjects in Russia. The majority of oblasts are named after their administrative center , the official term for a capital city in an oblast, which is generally the largest city. Exceptions to this include Leningrad Oblast and Moscow Oblast , which have no official capital, and Sakhalin Oblast , which is named after a geographic location. Leningrad Oblast and Sverdlovsk Oblast retain

6745-436: The parties and fifty for deputies from the republic's localities. The Chairman of the State Council is Farit Mukhametshin , who has served since 27 May 1998. The government is the Сabinet of Ministers. The prime minister of the Republic of Tatarstan is Alexei Pesoshin. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Rais can be elected only by the people of Tatarstan, but due to Russian federal law, this law

6840-559: The people. Oblasts are divided into raions (districts), cities of oblast significance (district-equivalent independent cities ), and autonomous okrugs , which are legally federal subjects equal to an oblast but are administratively subservient to one. Two oblasts have autonomous okrugs: Arkhangelsk Oblast ( Nenets Autonomous Okrug ) and Tyumen Oblast ( Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ). The term oblast can be translated into English as " province " or " region ", and there are currently 46 oblasts,

6935-636: The period of the Russian Empire , they were also generally known as Tatars, and eventually, the name was extended to most of the other Turkic peoples of Russia as well (Azerbaijanis – Transcaucasian Tatars ). The history of the ethnonym traces back to the times of Golden Horde , when its feudal nobility used it to denote its citizens. Russian feudals and the Tsar government started using it also. These different tribes usually identified themselves by their group name, or, generally as Muslims. Bolgar-name also

7030-471: The previous names of Saint Petersburg and Yekaterinburg , respectively. Oblasts are typically areas that are predominantly populated by ethnic Russians and native Russian language speakers, and are mostly located in European Russia . The largest oblast by geographic size is Tyumen Oblast at 1,435,200 km (excluding autonomous okrugs Irkutsk Oblast is the largest at 767,900 km ) and

7125-400: The religious and linguistic subgroups have intermingled considerably. Nevertheless, despite many decades of assimilation and intermingling, some Keräşen demanded and were awarded the option of being specifically enumerated in 2002. This has provoked great controversy, however, as many intellectuals have sought to portray the Tatars as homogeneous and indivisible. Although listed separately below,

7220-449: The republic are rural regions. The republic has huge water resources—the annual flow of rivers of the Republic exceeds 240 billion m (8.5 trillion cu ft). Soils are very diverse, the best fertile soils covering one-third of the territory. Due to the high development of agriculture in Tatarstan (it contributes 5.1% of the total revenue of the republic), forests occupy only 16% of its territory. The agricultural sector of

7315-567: The republic's status without contradicting the Constitution of the Russian Federation: "The Republic of Tatarstan is a democratic constitutional State associated with the Russian Federation by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between

7410-482: The smallest is Kaliningrad Oblast at 15,100 km . The most populous oblast is Moscow Oblast at 7,095,120 and the least populous is Magadan Oblast at 156,996. Krais , another type of federal subject, are legally identical to oblasts. The difference between a political entity with the name "oblast" and one named " krai " is purely traditional. In the Russian Empire , oblasts were a third-level administrative division, organized in 1849 and few in number, dividing

7505-469: The southeast part of Tatarstan , and northwestern Bashkortostan . Most of them speak the Kazan dialect of Tatar language, and some speak Bashkir . According to one theory, originally Teptyars formed a special peasant group, which, in addition to the Tatars, included Bashkirs, Chuvash , Maris , Udmurts and Mordvins . In 1790, the Teptyars were transferred to the ranks of the military service class, and

7600-793: The sphere of influence of the Kazan Khanate as a separate ethno-political entity (Ostyak, or Kostyak land). One significant ethnic component of the Perm Tatars was the Nogai-Kipchak population of the Perm region. Also, Kazan Tatars and partly Mishars who moved from the Middle Volga region to the Perm Territory in 16th - early 17th centuries had an influence. Perm Tatars are divided into 4 subgroups: Mullinskaya, Kungurskaya, Tanypovskaya and Krasnoufimskaya. In early 1900s their number

7695-462: The state preferred to learn Russian or English and thought that Tatar was not useful in work life. After Russians, Volga Tatars are the second biggest ethnic group in Russia. The long and multifaceted history between these two ethnic groups can be traced back to the times of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde . Tatars have been a part of Russia since the 1500s. Later, among Tatars, there

7790-455: The tourism sector is 17.0%. At the end of 2016, on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan there were 104 tour operators, of which 32 dealt in domestic tourism, 65 in domestic and inbound tourism, 1 in domestic and outbound tourism, and 6 in all three. As of 1 January 2017, 404 collective accommodation facilities (CSR) operate in the Republic of Tatarstan; 379 CSR are subject to classification (183 in Kazan, 196 in other municipalities of

7885-583: The two state languages of the republic are Tatar and Russian . According to the 2002 Russian Federal Law ( On Languages of Peoples of the Russian Federation ), the official script is Cyrillic . Linguistic anthropologist Dr. Suzanne Wertheim notes that "some men signal ideological devotion to the Tatar cause by refusing to accommodate to Russian-dominant public space or Russian speakers", whilst women, in promoting "the Tatar state and Tatar national culture, index their pro-Tatar ideological stances more diplomatically, and with linguistic practices situated only within

7980-526: The west and the major oil pipelines supplying oil to various cities in the European part of Russia. There are three UNESCO world heritage sites in Tatarstan— Kazan Kremlin , Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve, and Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk. The annual growth rate of tourist flow to the republic is on average 13.5%; the growth rate of the volume of services in

8075-557: Was 52 700 thousand people. Like the Tatar majority, they practice Islam. A policy of Christianization of the Muslim Tatars was enacted by the Russian authorities, beginning in 1552, resulting in the emergence of Kryashens ( keräşen/keräşennär ), also known as "Christianized Tatars". Many Volga Tatars were forcibly Christianized by Ivan the Terrible during the 16th century, and continued to face forced baptisms and conversions under subsequent Russian rulers and Orthodox clergy up to

8170-627: Was also weakened. G. Tagirdzhanov thought that the ancestors of both Kazan Tatars and Mishars were originally from Volga Bulgaria . He proposed, that Mishars descended from the Esegel tribe. The ethnogenesis of the Mishars is contested, but they are often thought of being the descendants of Kipchaks of the Golden Horde, one way or another. Their ethnic formation finally happened in Qasim Khanate during 1400–1500s. In addition to Kipchaks, Mishars' ancestors are often linked to Meshchera , Burtas , Bolgars and Eastern Hungarian tribes . Even though

8265-465: Was created by Turks as much as it was by Slavs". The foundation for such ideas were laid out by Crimean Tatar Jadidist thinker Ismail Gasprinsky , who believed in unity of the two peoples and thought Russia was "a continuation of the Golden Horde". In his 2016 book, "Moscow and the Tatar World" (Москва и татарский мир), the Tatar historian from Kazan, Bulat Rakhimzyanov makes a claim that "there

8360-634: Was first mentioned in 1542 along with the cities of the Vyatka land . Their formation was influenced by Udmurts and the Besermyan . They practice Islam. In 1920s the number of Nukrat Tatars was around 15,000 people. Perm Tatars ( Perm' tatarları), also known as the Ostyaks in Russian sources during 15th and early 17th century, live mainly in the Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast . The Ostyaks were in

8455-552: Was held in Kazan by the Tatarstan Ministry of Culture and the Kazan Eparchy. At all public events, an Orthodox Priest is called upon along with an Islamic Mufti . The Muslim Religious Board of Tatarstan frequently organizes activities, like the ' Islamic graffiti Contest' which was held on 20 November 2011. Tatarstan's unicameral State Council consists of 100 seats: fifty for representatives of

8550-793: Was ignored both by the United Nations and the Russian government . On 24 July 2017, the autonomy agreement signed in 1994 between Moscow and Kazan expired, making Tatarstan the last republic of Russia to lose its special status. Population : 4,004,809 ( 2021 Census ) ; 3,786,488 ( 2010 Census ) ; 3,779,265 ( 2002 Census ) ; 3,637,809 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Note: TFR source. There are about 2 million ethnic Tatars and 1.5 million ethnic Russians in Tatarstan, along with significant numbers of Chuvash , Mari , and Udmurts , some of whom are Tatar -speaking. The Ukrainian , Mordvin , and Bashkir minorities are also significant. Most Tatars are Sunni Muslims , but

8645-698: Was necessary in order to individually advance in the broader Soviet society. By the 1980s, few schools still taught the Tatar language . On 30 August 1990, Tatarstan declared its sovereignty with the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1992 Tatarstan held a referendum on the new constitution, promoted by Tatarstan's President Shaymiyev and supervised by Helsinki Commission staff. Parliament opposition revolved around

8740-612: Was no large-scale confrontation between Moscow and the Tatars in the Middle Ages". Tatar and Russian peasants joined their forces multiple times in the past. For example, the 1606–1609 "mountaineer rebellion", in which the Chuvash and Mordvins also took part. The most famous of these, however, is the Pugachev rebellion , in which a large number of Tatars participated. According to Alfred Khalikov, "the tsarist government and both

8835-711: Was part of the greater Russian famine of 1921–22 that affected other parts of the USSR , in which up 5 million people died in total. Tatar authorities have attempted since the 1990s, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , to reverse the Russification of Tatarstan that took place during the Soviet period. Tatar is a Turkic language which belongs to the sub-branch of Kipchak languages called Kipchak–Bulgar. According to 2002 census, there were 5,3 million Tatar speakers in Russia, and in 2010, 4,3 million. ( Tatar should not be confused with Crimean Tatar , which

8930-541: Was referenced. It is suggested, that they avoided using the term also, because it connected them negatively to the Mongol-Tatars of the past. Nowadays, many of the ethnic differences between Tatar groups of Volga have disappeared. Some, especially unique dialectical features remain, and they are still separated into their own Tatar-groups within Volga Tatars. The majority of Volga Tatars ( Kazan Tatars and Mishars ) are usually thought to be descendants of either

9025-481: Was suspended for an indefinite term. The Russian law on the election of governors says they should be elected by regional parliaments and that the candidate for Rais can be presented only by the president of Russia . In December 2022, regional lawmakers voted to change the title of the head of the republic from president to rais (an Arabic title for "leader"); lawmakers were expected to adopt new amendments to Tatarstan's constitution so that it would be in line with

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