Misplaced Pages

#146853

66-397: However Tatra V570 itself doesn't appear the first design as it has resemblance to automotive sketches by Hungarian engineer Bela Barenyi , whose works date as early as the late 1920s and published in 1934. In the early 1930s Tatra engineers, under the direction of Hans Ledwinka's son Erich and design engineer Erich Übelacker, started work on the development of a small people's car with

132-537: A background in industrial design or sometimes tooling engineering in the case of some Class-A modelers. Autodesk Alias and ICEM Surf are the two most widely used software tools for Class-A development. Uniform surface continuity is critical to ensure Class-A surface standards. The continuity of the areas is between the quality grades G0 through G3, with G3 guaranteeing the cleanest patch-to-patch transitions. Several manufacturers have slightly varied development cycles for designing an automobile, but in practice, these are

198-529: A difficult task, which is demonstrated by the large number of patents considering the airflow to the rear engine compartment which Tatra registered at the time. The initial prototype had an engine derived from the Tatra 57 two-seater. The final design had four seats. The engine was a two-cylinder air-cooled boxer 854 cc with a power rating of 18 HP at 3500 RPM. The engine, gear-box and half-axles were of unitary construction. The simple two door body had

264-443: A disadvantage, since it requires either increased coolant piping from a front-mounted radiator (meaning more weight and complexity), or relocating the radiator(s) to the sides or rear, and adding air ducting to compensate for the lower airflow at the rear of the car. Due to the handling difficulty, the need for more space efficiency, and the near ubiquitous use of liquid-cooled engines in modern cars, most manufacturers have abandoned

330-423: A professional vocation is practiced by designers who may have an art background and a degree in industrial design or in transportation design. For the terminology used in the field, see the glossary of automotive design . The task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects: exterior design, interior design, and color and trim design. Graphic design is also an aspect of automotive design; this

396-417: A rear weight bias means that the driven wheels have increased traction when accelerating, allowing them to put more power on the ground and accelerate faster. The disadvantage to a rear weight bias is that the car can become unstable and tend to oversteer , especially when decelerating (whether braking or lifting off the throttle; see lift-off oversteer ). When this happens, rotational inertia dictates that

462-585: A rear-engined vehicle, although they have introduced multiple all-wheel-drive models. Most notably, the 911 Turbo has been sold as AWD-only since the release of the 993 model. Race-oriented models such as the GT3 and twin-turbocharged GT2 remain solely RR, however. Another manufacturer to implement the RR configuration was the DeLorean Motor Company with its DeLorean sports car. To compensate for

528-453: A rear-mounted engine in a backbone frame. Ledwinka believed that a rear-mounted engine RR layout would bring with it several big advantages – i.e. reducing the efficiency loss, noise and vibration of the driveshaft of the FR layout . No driveshaft meant there would be a flat floor with no need for central floor tunnel so that the passengers' seating position would be lower and well forward of

594-422: A second wing added on top. The rear mudguards were incorporated into the body and the rear wheels were covered. The remnants of front mudguards became part of the front bonnet. The running boards were abandoned and accessories (i.e. door handles) were recessed into the body. The floor was flat and enclosed. The front window was inclined at a 45° angle. The positioning of the engine at the rear and its cooling became

660-418: A similar design, however the free space is usually used for luggage , and sometimes air conditioning equipment. Automotive design Automotive design is the process of developing the appearance (and to some extent the ergonomics ) of motor vehicles , including automobiles , motorcycles , trucks , buses , coaches , and vans . The functional design and development of a modern motor vehicle

726-431: A single motor due to the low weight and cooling requirements of the electric motor . The Tesla Cybertruck and GMC Hummer EV will also use this layout for their base variants. Most modern heavy duty buses use an extreme RR layout. In transit buses this can be used to make a very low floor level in the first two-thirds of the bus, thus making disabled access much easier. Most tour buses and coaches also employ

SECTION 10

#1732791274147

792-434: A specific model consists of a chief designer and an exterior as well as an interior designer. In some cases, all three roles are done by one designer. Several junior designers are involved in the development process as well and make specific contributions all overseen by the chief designer. Apart from this, the color and trim designer works closely with other designers. The clay model team and digital model team work closely with

858-443: A tendency for rear-engined cars to understeer out of a corner. In these respects, an RR can be considered to be an exaggeration of MR - harder braking, faster and earlier acceleration, and increased oversteer. In off-road and low-traction situations, the RR layout has some advantages compared to other 2WD layouts. The weight is biased towards the driven wheels- as with FF vehicles. This both improves drive-wheel traction and reduces

924-483: A timber frame. Although it was made purely to test different design ideas, it had good handling and could easily reach speeds of 80 km/h. The responsibility for final construction was given to Hans Ledwinka's son Erich. Serial production was considered. However, the Tatra 57 's outstanding commercial success precluded it. The principles of V570 were later used in the Tatra T77 and Tatra T97 designs. The car

990-498: A vehicle. These include paints , plastics , fabric designs, leather , grains, carpet , headliner, wood trim, and so on. Color , contrast, texture , and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience. Designers work closely with exterior and interior designers. Designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as industrial design, fashion , home furnishing, architecture , and sometimes product design . Specific research

1056-472: Is Pininfarina . Some Italian designers whose design services were sought globally include Aldo Brovarone , Giovanni Michelotti , Ercole Spada , Bruno Sacco , Marcello Gandini , Giorgetto Giugiaro , and Walter de Silva . Sweden had Volvo and Saab as domestic automakers, and the nation's northern location required that cars needed to withstand Nordic climate conditions. The Scandinavian design elements are known for their minimalism and simplicity. One of

1122-611: Is done into global trends to design for projects two to three model years in the future. Trend boards are created from this research to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts that are then further refined and tested on the vehicle models. The design team also develops graphics for items, such as badges, decals, dials, switches, kick or tread strips, or liveries. The sketches and rendering are transformed into 3D digital surface modeling and rendering for real-time evaluation with Math data in

1188-418: Is first designed in a computer program and then "carved" using the machine and large amounts of clay. Even in times of photorealistic (three-dimensional) software and virtual models on power walls, the clay model is still the most important tool for a final evaluation of the exterior design of a vehicle and, therefore, is used throughout the industry. The designer responsible for the vehicles' interior develops

1254-484: Is generally shared amongst the design team as the lead designer sees fit. The design focuses not only on the isolated outer shape of automobile parts, but concentrates on the combination of form and function, starting from the vehicle package. The aesthetic value will need to correspond to ergonomic functionality and utility features as well. In particular, vehicular electronic components and parts will give more challenges to automotive designers who are required to update on

1320-463: Is in that the engine is located outside the wheelbase. The major advantage of MR - low moment of inertia - is negated somewhat (though still lower than FR ), and there is more room for passengers and cargo (though usually less than FR). Furthermore, because both axles are on the same side of the engine, it is technically more straightforward to drive all four wheels, than in a mid-engined configuration (though there have been more high-performance cars with

1386-461: Is notable for the Ford Sierra line, a work of Uwe Bahnsen , Robert Lutz , and Patrick le Quément . Other notable British designers include William Towns for Aston Martin , and David Bache for Land Rover and Range Rover , and Ian Callum for Jaguar . In the late 1980s, Royden Axe (previously Chrysler UK Design Director) and Gordon Sked along with Gerry McGovern produced most notably

SECTION 20

#1732791274147

1452-435: Is typically done by a large team from many different disciplines also included within automotive engineering , however, design roles are not associated with requirements for professional- or chartered-engineer qualifications. Automotive design in this context focuses primarily on developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of vehicles, while also becoming involved in the creation of product concepts . Automotive design as

1518-625: The 130H (1934). The radical 1930s Tatra format (air-cooled, rear engine and streamlined, teardrop design) was an influence on Ferdinand Porsche's 'People's Car' ( Volkswagen ) for Adolf Hitler. As well as being the most produced car ever, it set a trend for RR small cars that lasted well into the 1960s. The final form of the RR Volkswagen was the Type 3 of 1961, which flattened the engine (or 'pancake'), allowing for luggage spaces front and rear. Porsche has continued to develop its 911 model as

1584-575: The M4 layout than with R4 ). Finally, a rear-mounted engine has empty air (often at a lower pressure) behind it when moving, allowing more efficient cooling for air-cooled vehicles (more of which have been RR than liquid-cooled, such as the Volkswagen Beetle , and one of the few production air-cooled turbocharged cars, the Porsche 930 ). For liquid-cooled vehicles, however, this layout presents

1650-459: The RMR layout , the center of mass of the engine is between the rear axle and the rear bumper. Although very common in transit buses and coaches due to the elimination of the drive shaft with low-floor buses , this layout has become increasingly rare in passenger cars . Most of the traits of the RR configuration are shared with the mid-engine rear-wheel-drive, or MR . Placing the engine near

1716-421: The Tatra 57 car. However, at the time Übelacker's proposal was strongly criticised by Ledwinka. When he was facing the prospect of leaving the company, he finally presented the project with aerodynamic car body with a teardrop rear, which would be used to accommodate the whole drive-line of the car. Paul Jaray, the noted Zeppelin designer, produced a prototype aerodynamic body for the standard Tatra 57. Übelacker

1782-410: The 1960s to the 1990s. In Italy, Fiat and Alfa Romeo played a major role in car design. Many coachbuilders were dependent on these two major manufacturers. Italian manufacturers had a large presence in motorsports leading to several sport car manufacturers like Ferrari , Lancia , Lamborghini , Maserati , etc. During the late-1950s, Italian automobile designs gained global popularity coinciding with

1848-445: The 1960s, Ford 's first-generation Ford Mustang and Thunderbird marked another era leading into new market segments from Detroit . The Ford Mustang achieved record sales in its first year of production and established the pony car segment. Personal injury litigation has affected the design and appearance of the car in the 20th century. Until World War I , most automakers were concerned with mechanical reliability rather than

1914-495: The 1980s, and Klaus Luthe until the mid-1990s. The American-born designer Chris Bangle was hired by BMW in the late-1990s to redefine the brand. Bangle incorporated new single-press technology for compound curves to add controversial styling elements to his designs. The Porsche family contribution was instrumental in the evolution of Porsche cars, while the Italian designer Bruno Sacco helped create various Mercedes Models from

1980-556: The MGF and Rover 800 During the complex changes in the British car industry in the 1990's and beyond a mix of designers worked on all of the remaining mainstream brands under one design director and in one studio. The director most involved was Geoff Upex, with his team of Richard Woolley, Dave Saddington, George Thomson, Alan Mobberley, and Martin Peach (colour and trim). Together they created

2046-628: The RR layout. The major exception is Porsche , who has developed the 911 for over 40 years and has taken advantage of the benefits of RR while mitigating its drawbacks to acceptable levels, lately with the help of electronic aids. One of first RR cars was Tatra 77 of 1934, the first serial-produced aerodynamic car, designed by Hans Ledwinka . Tatra used this layout until end of production of T700 in 1999. In case of T613 and T700 Tatra used layout with engine above rear axle, which reduced some disadvantages of RR layout. Mercedes-Benz also produced several models of RR cars in this period, starting with

Tatra V570 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-922: The Rover 75, 45, and 25 (previously 400 and 200) the L322 Range Rover, the T5 platform-based Discovery and Range Rover sport, the Freelander 2, and the Mini as requested by BMW before the company was sold Germany is often considered the birthplace of industrial design with the Bauhaus School of Design, before it was closed down by the Nazi regime. Ferdinand Porsche and his family played a significant role in German design. Mercedes-Benz passenger cars were also in

2178-418: The added weight away from the axis of rotation (generally the steering wheels) will be more likely to maintain the spin, especially under braking. This is an inherent instability in the design, making it easier to induce and more difficult to recover from a slide than in a less rear-weight-biased vehicle. Under hard acceleration, the decreased weight over the front wheels means less traction, sometimes producing

2244-649: The company away from boxy-looking cars into more aerodynamic and futuristic designs that were influenced by rockets after WWII. Other influential automotive designers include Raymond Loewy , who was responsible for a number of Studebaker vehicles such as the Avanti , and Gordon Buehrig , who was responsible for the Auburn 851, as well as the Cord 810 and 812 . Starting in the 1960s, Dick Teague , who spent most of his career with American Motors Corporation (AMC), originated

2310-516: The concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same stampings , starting with the AMC Cavalier . Teague was responsible for automotive designs such as the two-seat AMC AMX muscle car, the subcompact Gremlin , the Pacer , and Matador coupe , as well as the original and market segment-creating, Jeep Cherokee . Additionally during

2376-498: The credit or blame). Critics called his strategy planned obsolescence . Sloan preferred the term "dynamic obsolescence". This strategy had far-reaching effects on the auto business, the field of product design, and eventually the American economy. The smaller automakers could not maintain the pace and expense of yearly re-styling. Henry Ford did not like the model-year change because he clung to an engineer's notions of simplicity,

2442-407: The driven rear wheels allows for a physically smaller, lighter, less complex, and more efficient drivetrain, since there is no need for a driveshaft , and the differential can be integrated with the transmission, commonly referred to as a transaxle . The front-engine front-wheel-drive layout also has this advantage. Since the engine is typically the heaviest component of the car, putting it near

2508-701: The early original Scandinavian designs was the Saab 92001 by Sixten Sason and Gunnar Ljungström. Koenigsegg , founded in the 1990s, became Sweden's first domestic producer of high end sports cars, with many of their models featuring in house designs by Swedish designers. Before World War II and until the early-1990s, Czechoslovakia had a strong presence in the automotive industry with manufacturers like Skoda , Jawa , Tatra , CZ , Praga , and Zetor . Czech automobiles were generally known for their originality in mechanical simplicity and designs were remarkably Bohemian as evident from Tatra cars and Jawa motorcycles. During

2574-488: The economics of scale, and design integrity. GM surpassed Ford's sales in 1931 and became the dominant company in the industry thereafter. The frequent design changes also made it necessary to use a body-on-frame rather than the lighter but less adaptable monocoque design used by most European automakers. In the 1930s, Chrysler 's innovations with aerodynamics helped launch the Chrysler Airflow in 1934, which

2640-430: The exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions, shape, and surface details of the vehicle. Exterior design is first done by a series of manual sketches and digital drawings. Progressively, more detailed drawings are executed and approved by appropriate layers of management, followed by digital rendering to images. Consumer feedback is generally sought at this point to help iteratively refine vehicle concepts according to

2706-479: The external appearance of their cars. Later, luxury and aesthetics became a demand, and also an effective marketing tool. Designs from each nation with their own strong cultural identity are reflected in their exterior and interior designs. World War II slowed the progress, but after the early 1950s, Italian designers set the trend and remained the driving force until the early part of the 1980s. In France notable designs came from Bugatti and Avions Voisin . Of

Tatra V570 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-501: The extremes of temperatures during the depths of winter and height of summer, than water cooling systems of the time, considering the climate in Central Europe. As the company was considering starting to manufacturing aeroplanes, it got experience with laws of aerodynamics and decided to apply them for the prospective car. The initial proposal of the concept was presented by Tatra designer Erich Übelacker, who previously worked on

2838-409: The first V570 were made in 1931. The work on the second prototype's aerodynamic body started in 1933. The second prototype was based on patents using streamlining principles of Paul Jaray. It was not similar to the first conventional prototype, but this time it was equipped with an aerodynamic body. The lower part was following the lines of an aeroplane wing, while the upper part was supposed to be like

2904-683: The following: The design process occurs concurrently with other product engineers who will be engineering the styling data for meeting performance, manufacturing, and safety regulations. From mid-phase, back-and-forth interactions between the designers and product engineers culminate into a finished product being manufacturing-ready. Apart from this the engineering team parallelly works in the following areas. Product Engineering (Body In White Sheetmetal Design and Plastic engineering), NVH Development team, Prototype development, Powertrain engineering, Physical Vehicle validation, Tool and Die development, and Manufacturing process design. The design team for

2970-526: The initial stages. During the development process succeeding phases will require the 3D model fully developed to meet the aesthetic requirements of a designer as well as all engineering and manufacturing requirements. The fully developed CAS digital model will be re-developed for manufacturing meeting the Class-A surface standards that involve both technical as well as aesthetics. A Product Engineering team will further develop this data. These modelers usually have

3036-461: The latest information and knowledge associated with emerging vehicular gadgetry, particularly dashtop mobile devices, like GPS navigation, satellite radio , HD radio , mobile TV, MP3 players, video playback, and smartphone interfaces. Though not all the new vehicular gadgets are to be designated as factory standard items, some of them may be integral to determining the future course of any specific vehicular models. The design team(s) responsible for

3102-428: The luxury segment and played an important role in German car design. After the 1980s, German design evolved into a distinctive Teutonic style often to complement their highly engineered cars suited to Autobahns . The early German design clues of the present-day owe some part to Italian designers like Giovanni Michelotti , Ercole Spada , Bruno Sacco , and Giorgetto Giugiaro . During the mid- and late-20th century one of

3168-573: The mass-selling cars, Citroën launched their vehicles with innovative designs and engineering, aided by the styling of Flaminio Bertoni as evident from the Citroën DS . After World War II, with the decline of the coachbuilding industry, French automakers (except Citroën) followed British and other popular trends until they gained financial stability. During the 1980s, manufacturers like Renault cultivated their own strong design identities with designers like Patrick Le Quément . Peugeot , which

3234-520: The modern fashion and architecture at that time around the world. Various design and technical schools in Turin turned out designers on a large scale. By the late-1960s, almost all Italian coachbuilders transformed into design studios catering to automakers around the world. The trend continued in the 1990s when the Japanese and Korean manufacturers sourced designs from these styling studios. One example

3300-530: The most influential coach builders/designers in Germany was Karmann . German designs started gaining popularity after the 1980s, notable after the formation of Audi . Volkswagen , which was dependent on Marcello Gandini , Giorgetto Giugiaro, and Karmann, later formed the contemporary design language along with Audi. BMW entered the automobile design with sporty-looking everyday sedans using Giovanni Michelotti. These models were later enhanced by Ercole Spada into

3366-645: The motorsport industry. Still, during the 1960s, British manufacturers sought professional help from Italian designers and studios such as Giovanni Michelotti , Ercole Spada , and Pininfarina . Notable British contributions to automobile designs were the Morris Mini by Alec Issigonis , several Jaguar Cars by Sir William Lyons and Malcolm Sayer, Aston Martin DB Series, and several cars from Triumph and MG . Ford Europe, based in Great Britain,

SECTION 50

#1732791274147

3432-466: The proportions, shape, placement, and surfaces for the instrument panel, seats, door trim panels, headliner, pillar trims, etc. Here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers. The procedure here is the same as with exterior design (sketch, digital model, and clay model). The color and trim (or color and materials) designer is responsible for the research, design, and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on

3498-444: The rear axle usually results in more weight over the rear axle than the front, commonly referred to as a rear weight bias. The farther back the engine, the greater the bias. Typical weight bias for an FF (front engine, front-wheel-drive) is 65/35 front/rear; for FR, 55/45; for MR, 45/55; for RR, 35/65. A static rear weight requires less forward brake bias , as load is more evenly distributed among all four wheels under braking. Similarly,

3564-485: The rear axle, which would lead to a lower centre of gravity, more favourable inter-axle weight distribution, and lower overall height. Mounting the engine in the rear would mean shortening the front part of the body to make a longer tail possible, which was consistent with the laws of aerodynamics. Also, engine noise would not disturb the passengers and would not be heard when driving at a speed of over 50 km/h. Air-cooling would be simpler and more effective at coping with

3630-414: The styling team all located within the studio. Apart from this, there would be studio heads, studio managers, and prototype engineers who would work across all teams in the studio. The total team size for developing a full car usually ranges from 25 to 40 members and the development time lasts for more than 24 months until signed-off for tooling and production. After that, a smaller team would be working until

3696-413: The targeted market and will continue throughout the rest of the design refinement process. After more progressive refinement, industrial plasticine and or digital models are developed from and along with the drawings and images. The data from these models are then used to create quarter-scale and finally full-sized mock-ups of the final design. With three- and five-axis CNC milling machines, the clay model

3762-465: The tendency for the undriven wheels to dig in. In addition, the driving and steering requirements are split between front and rear- as with FR vehicles- making it less likely for either to lose traction. Many dune buggies successfully use a Volkswagen beetle as the donor car for this reason. The relative simplicity and light weight compared to 4WD can therefore sometimes outweigh the disadvantage of only having two driven wheels. Where RR differs from MR

3828-463: The uneven (35/65) weight distribution caused by the rear-mounted engine, DeLorean used rear wheels with a diameter slightly greater than the front wheels. Before that was the rear-engined Škoda's from Škoda 1000MB (produced from 1964) to Škoda 130/135/136 (produced until 1990) or the Polski Fiat 126p (produced until October 2000). A range of sports road cars and racing cars with the RR layout

3894-490: The vehicle launch. In the United States, automotive design reached a turning point in the 1920s when the American national automobile market began reaching saturation. To maintain unit sales, General Motors head Alfred P. Sloan Jr. suggested annual model-year design changes to convince car owners that they needed to buy a new replacement each year, an idea borrowed from the bicycle industry (though Sloan usually gets

3960-504: Was Harley Earl , who is credited with inventing the idea of a concept car , and who brought the tailfin and other aeronautical design references to auto design starting with the rear fenders of the 1948 Cadillac. Another notable designer was Chrysler group's designer Virgil Exner , who developed the Forward look design in the mid-1950s. Exner is also credited with using wind tunnel testing to justify incorporating tailfins, thus moving

4026-417: Was a mercurial young engineer with great imagination and a lot of enthusiasm - however he lacked the perseverance needed to bring his ideas to fruition, and that is when Ledwinka stepped in to finish the work which might otherwise have come to nothing. The new design was initially tried under a conventional T57 two-seater drophead coupe body, which was not aerodynamic (the first T57-V570 prototype). Two pieces of

SECTION 60

#1732791274147

4092-607: Was dependent on Pininfarina since the early post-war period, later established its own brand identity from the 1980s onwards. Its other company, Citroën, still retains its distinctive French innovations for its designs. Great Britain was Europe's leading manufacturer of automobiles until the late-1960s. During that era, there were more British-based automakers than in the rest of Europe combined. The British automobile industry catered to all segments ranging from compact, budget, sports, utility, and luxury-type cars. Car design in Britain

4158-405: Was later sold and its owner used it daily for 30 years, before it was handed back to Tatra factory museum. Ivan Margolius & John G. Henry, Tatra - The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka , Veloce Publishing, Dorchester 2015 RR layout In automotive design , an RR , or rear-engine , rear-wheel-drive layout places both the engine and drive wheels at the rear of the vehicle. In contrast to

4224-660: Was markedly different from other European designs largely because British designers were not influenced by other European art or design movements, as well as the British clay modelers, used a different sweep set. British cars until World War II were sold in most of the British colonies . Innovations in vehicle packaging and chassis engineering combined with global familiarity with British designs meant vehicles were acceptable to public tastes at that time. British skilled resources such as panel beaters, die machinists, and clay modelers were also available partly due to their involvement with

4290-687: Was produced by the French company Alpine . These had bodies made of composite materials and used mechanical components made by Renault. (Alpine was eventually acquired by Renault; the A610 was a Renault product that used the Alpine name.) Early cars using the RR layout included the Tucker , Volkswagen Beetle , Porsche 356 , Chevrolet Corvair , NSU Prinz , ZAZ Zaporozhets and Hino Contessa . Many modern electric cars use an RR layout for base variants with

4356-472: Was revolutionary and radical compared to contemporary vehicles. However, inadequate consumer acceptance of the advanced appearance of the cars forced a re-design of succeeding models of the Airflow. This marketing experience made the entire industry take note of the high risks involved in incorporating major design advancements into their production cars. A major influence on American auto styling and marketing

#146853