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91-457: Tavel is reputed to have been a favourite wine of kings Philippe le Bel and Louis XIV , the Popes of Avignon, the 19th century novelist, Honoré de Balzac , the 20th-century writer, Ernest Hemingway , and is one of the few rosé wines that can benefit from aging . The wine of Tavel is historically famous. Philip IV is supposed to have travelled through Tavel on one of his tours of the kingdom. He

182-643: A "royal theocracy". At daybreak on Friday, 13 October 1307, hundreds of Templars in France were simultaneously arrested by agents of Philip the Fair, to be later tortured into admitting heresy in the Order. The Templars were supposedly answerable only to the Pope, but Philip used his influence over Clement V , who was largely his pawn, to disband the organization. Pope Clement did attempt to hold proper trials, but Philip used

273-413: A battle with the withdrawing French or angering the young Philip, who had friendly relations with Aragon through his mother. Philip married Queen Joan I of Navarre (1271–1305) on 16 August 1284. The two were affectionate and devoted to each other and Philip refused to remarry after Joan's death in 1305, despite the great political and financial rewards of doing so. The primary administrative benefit of

364-535: A decisive French victory. Consequently, in 1305, Philip forced the Flemish to accept a harsh peace treaty which exacted heavy reparations and penalties and added to the royal territory the rich cloth cities of Lille , Douai , and Bethune, sites of major cloth fairs. Béthune , first of the Flemish cities to yield, was granted to Mahaut, Countess of Artois , whose two daughters, to secure her fidelity, were married to Philip's two sons. Philip had various contacts with

455-696: A dispute with the English over King Edward   I 's duchy in southwestern France and a war with the County of Flanders , who had rebelled against French royal authority and humiliated Philip at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302. The war with the Flemish resulted in Philip's ultimate victory , after which he received a significant portion of Flemish cities, which were added to the crown lands along with

546-459: A dramatic disappearance of silver in France. Currency depreciation provided the crown with 1.419 million LP from November 1296 to Christmas 1299, more than enough to cover war costs of 1.066 million LP in the same period. The resulting inflation damaged the real incomes of the creditors such as the aristocracy and the Church, who received a weaker currency in return for the loans they had issued in

637-525: A hearing; the facts were notorious and no formal judgment by the papal commission need be waited for. That same day, by sunset, a stake was erected on a small island in the Seine , the Ile des Juifs , near the palace garden. There de Molay and de Charney were slowly burned to death, refusing all offers of pardon for retraction, and bearing their torment with a composure which won for them the reputation of martyrs among

728-410: A horse; she was pregnant with her fifth child at the time and had not yet been crowned queen beside her husband. A few months later, one of Philip's younger brothers, Robert, also died. Philip's father was finally crowned king at Rheims on 15 August 1271. Six days later, he married again; Philip's stepmother was Marie, daughter of the duke of Brabant. In May 1276, Philip's elder brother Louis died, and

819-623: A long period of time meant that the French monarchs, who originally were essentially just the direct rulers of the Île-de-France , were able to preserve and extend their power, while over the course of centuries the great peers of the realm would eventually lose their power in one succession crisis or another. By comparison, the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem was constantly beset with internal succession disputes because each generation only produced female heirs who tended to die young. Even

910-516: A retribution for his destruction of the Templars, and Clement was described as shedding tears of remorse on his deathbed for three great crimes, namely the poisoning of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor , and the ruin of the Templars and Beguines . Within fourteen years the throne passed rapidly through Philip's sons, who died relatively young, and without producing male heirs. By 1328, his male line

1001-503: A scaffold in front of Notre Dame, Jacques de Molay, Templar Grand Master, Geoffroi de Charney, Master of Normandy, Hugues de Peraud , Visitor of France, and Godefroi de Gonneville , Master of Aquitaine, were brought forth from the jail in which for nearly seven years they had lain, to receive the sentence agreed upon by the cardinals, in conjunction with the Archbishop of Sens and some other prelates whom they had called in. Considering

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1092-410: A sign of submission in his capacity as the duke of Aquitaine. In return, Philip would forgive Edward and restore Gascony after a grace period. In the matter of the marriage, Philip drove a hard bargain based partially on the difference in age between Edward and Margaret; it was agreed that the province of Gascony would be retained by Philip in return for agreeing to the marriage. The date of the wedding

1183-551: A special situation, such as war, justified it. Furthermore, the issue of coins with a lower content of silver was needed to maintain circulation, in a context where the inflation of silver produced a severe scarcity of currency due to the ongoing commercial revolution. After bringing the Flemish War to a victorious conclusion in 1305, Philip on 8 June 1306 ordered the silver content of new coinage to be raised back to its 1285 level of 3.96 grams of silver per livre . To harmonize

1274-558: A strict charter. When Philip levied taxes on the French clergy of one half their annual income, he caused an uproar within the Catholic Church and the papacy, prompting Pope Boniface VIII to issue the bull Clericis Laicos (1296), forbidding the transference of any church property to the French Crown. Philip retaliated by forbidding the removal of bullion from France. By 1297, Boniface agreed to Philip's taxation of

1365-399: A stronger currency. The indebted lower classes did not benefit from the devaluation, as the high inflation ate into the purchasing power of their money. The result was social unrest. By 22 August 1303 this practice led to a two-thirds loss in the value of the livres, sous and deniers in circulation. The defeat at the battle of Golden Spurs in 1302 was a crushing blow to French finance:

1456-657: A vast sum of money. Domestically, his reign was marked by struggles with the Jews and the Knights Templar . In heavy debt to both groups, Philip saw them as a " state within the state " and a recurring threat to royal power. In 1306 Philip expelled the Jews from France, followed by the total destruction of the Knights Templar in 1307. To further strengthen the monarchy, Philip tried to tax and impose state control over

1547-514: A weakened Papacy, and finally, the substitution of royal officials for officers of the Temple in the financial management of French government. Recent studies emphasize the political and religious motivations of Philip the Fair and his ministers (especially Guillaume de Nogaret ). It seems that, with the "discovery" and repression of the "Templars' heresy", the Capetian monarchy claimed for itself

1638-525: Is Louis-Alphonse de Bourbon , known by his supporters as Duke of Anjou , who also holds the Legitimist ( Blancs d'Espagne ) claim to the French throne. Overall, dozens of branches of the Capetian dynasty still exist throughout Europe. Except for the House of Braganza (founded by an illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal , who was himself illegitimate), all current major Capetian branches are of

1729-685: Is a list of all the French kings from Hugh until Charles, and all the Legitimist pretenders thereafter. All dates are for seniority, not reign. King of France : Legitimist Pretenders : Many years have passed since the Capetian monarchs ruled a large part of Europe; however, they still remain as kings, as well as other titles. Currently two Capetian monarchs still rule in Spain and Luxembourg. In addition, seven pretenders represent exiled dynastic monarchies in Brazil, France, Spain, Portugal, Parma and Two Sicilies. The current legitimate, senior family member

1820-631: Is related to the family by agnatic kinship ; both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty. Along with the House of Habsburg , arguably its greatest historic rival, it was one of the two oldest European royal dynasties. It was also one of the most powerful royal family in European history, having played a major role in its politics for much of its existence. According to Oxford University , 75% of all royal families in European history , are related to

1911-659: The Catholic Church in France , leading to a violent dispute with Pope Boniface VIII . The ensuing conflict saw the pope's residence at Anagni attacked in September 1303 by French forces with the support of the Colonna family . Pope Boniface was captured and held hostage for several days. This eventually led to the Avignon Papacy of 1309 to 1376. His final year saw a scandal amongst the royal family, known as

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2002-495: The House of Bourbon and a direct male-line descendant of Hugh Capet) and Queen Marie Antoinette (a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine ) were referred to as "Louis and Antoinette Capet" (the queen being addressed as "the Widow Capet" after the execution of her husband). The Capetian miracle (French: Miracle capétien ) refers to the dynasty's ability to attain and hold onto the French crown. In 987, Hugh Capet

2093-534: The House of Capet from the election of Hugh Capet in 987 until the death of Charles IV in 1328. That line was succeeded by cadet branches , the Houses of Valois and then Bourbon , which ruled without interruption until the French Revolution abolished the monarchy in 1792. The Bourbons were restored in 1814 in the aftermath of Napoleon 's defeat, but had to vacate the throne again in 1830 in favor of

2184-690: The House of France ( French : La Maison de France ), is a dynasty of Frankish origin, and a branch of the Robertians agnatically, and the Karlings through female lines. It is among the largest and oldest royal houses in Europe and the world, and consists of Hugh Capet , the founder of the dynasty, and his male-line descendants, who ruled in France without interruption from 987 to 1792, and again from 1814 to 1848. The senior line ruled in France as

2275-740: The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453). A member of the House of Capet , Philip was born in 1268 in the medieval fortress of Fontainebleau ( Seine-et-Marne ) to the future Philip III, the Bold , and his first wife, Isabella of Aragon . His father was the heir apparent of France, being the eldest son of King Louis IX . In August 1270, when Philip was two years old, his grandfather died while on Crusade, his father became king, and his elder brother Louis became heir apparent. Only five months later, in January 1271, Philip's mother died after falling from

2366-956: The Mongol power in the Middle East, including reception at the embassy of the Uyghur monk Rabban Bar Sauma , originally from the Yuan dynasty of China . Bar Sauma presented an offer of a Franco-Mongol alliance with Arghun of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Baghdad. Arghun was seeking to join forces between the Mongols and the Europeans, against their common enemy the Muslim Mamluks . In return, Arghun offered to return Jerusalem to

2457-612: The Parlement and the Court of Auditors , a move, under a certain historical reading, towards modernity. As the Duke of Aquitaine , English King Edward I was a vassal to Philip and had to pay him homage . Following the Fall of Acre in 1291, however, the former allies started to show dissent. In 1293, following feuding between English and French sailors that led to several seized ships and

2548-465: The Pyrenees was poor but had a degree of strategic importance. When in 1328 the Capetian line went extinct, the new Valois king, Philip VI, attempted to permanently annex the lands to France, compensating the lawful claimant, Joan II of Navarre , senior heir of Philip IV, with lands elsewhere in France. However, pressure from Joan II's family led to Phillip VI surrendering the land to Joan in 1329, and

2639-577: The Senior Capet and the King of France were synonymous terms. Only in the time before Hugh Capet took the crown for himself and after the reign of Charles X is there a distinction such that the senior Capet must be identified independently from succession to the French Crown. However, since primogeniture and the Salic law provided for the succession of the French throne for most of French history, here

2730-460: The Tour de Nesle affair , in which King Philip's three daughters-in-law were accused of adultery . His three sons were successively kings of France : Louis X , Philip V , and Charles IV . Their rapid successive deaths without surviving sons of their own would compromise the future of the French royal house, which had until then seemed secure, precipitating a succession crisis that eventually led to

2821-832: The "515". These representations are centered around Capaneo, referring to the myth of the Seven against Thebes , and are related to the Beast from the Sea in the Revelation of St. John , whose seventh head, like the Giant, is also killed. Such a scheme is related to the transposition of the Revelation in the history, according to the ideas of Joachim of Fiore . Philip is the title character in Le Roi de fer (1955), translated as The Iron King ,

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2912-401: The 15 months which followed this battle saw a depreciation of the currency by 37%, and new decrees were issued forbidding the export of gold and silver abroad. The royal government had to order officials and subjects to provide all or half, respectively, of their silver vessels for minting into coins. New taxes were levied to pay for the deficit. As people attempted to move their wealth out of

3003-506: The 19th century (see House of France ) came to apply the name "Capetian" to both the ruling house of France and to the wider-spread male-line descendants of Hugh Capet. It was not a contemporary practice. The name "Capet" has also been used as a surname for French royalty, particularly but not exclusively those of the House of Capet . One notable use was during the French Revolution, when the dethroned King Louis XVI (a member of

3094-774: The 2005 adaptation. The court of Philip IV of France and Philip himself attended the execution of Jacques de Molay in Assassin's Creed Unity . In the television series Knightfall (2017), Philip is portrayed by Ed Stoppard . Brown, E. (1987). "The Prince is Father of the King: The Character and Childhood of Philip the Fair of France". Mediaeval Studies . 49 : 282–334. doi : 10.1484/J.MS.2.306887 . eISSN   2507-0436 . ISSN   0076-5872 . Capetian dynasty The Capetian dynasty ( / k ə ˈ p iː ʃ ən / kə- PEE -shən ; French : Capétiens A.K.A Les Capétiens ), also known as

3185-507: The Aragonese War were still being paid back in 1306. To cover the deficit, Pope Nicholas IV in 1289 granted Philip permission to collect a tithe of 152,000 LP ( livres parisis ) from the Church lands in France. With revenues of 1.52 million LP, the church in France had greater fiscal resources than the royal government, whose ordinary revenues in 1289 amounted to 595,318 LP and overall revenues to 1.2 million LP. By November 1290,

3276-452: The Capetian dynasty. The name of the dynasty derives from its founder, Hugh , who was known as "Hugh Capet". The meaning of "Capet" (a nickname rather than a surname of the modern sort) is unknown. While folk etymology identifies it with "cape", other suggestions indicate it might be connected to the Latin word caput ("head"), and explain it as meaning "chief" or "head". Historians in

3367-538: The Christians, once it was re-captured from the Muslims. Philip seemingly responded positively to the request of the embassy by sending one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville , to accompany Bar Sauma back to Mongol lands. There was further correspondence between Arghun and Philip in 1288 and 1289, outlining potential military cooperation. However, Philip never actually pursued such military plans. In April 1305,

3458-454: The English monarchy encountered severe succession crises, such as The Anarchy of the 1120s between Stephen and Matilda, and the murder of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany , the primogeniture heir of Richard I of England . The latter case would deal a severe blow to the prestige of King John , leading to the eventual destruction of Angevin hegemony in France. In contrast, the French kings were able to maintain uncontested father-to-son succession from

3549-433: The Fair ( French : Philippe le Bel ), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre , he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne . Although Philip was known to be handsome, hence the epithet le Bel , his rigid, autocratic, imposing, and inflexible personality gained him (from friend and foe alike) other nicknames, such as

3640-454: The French throne itself, leading to the Hundred Years' War . Philip suffered a major setback when an army of 2,500 noble men-at-arms (knights and squires) and 4,000 infantry he sent to suppress an uprising in Flanders was defeated in the Battle of the Golden Spurs near Kortrijk on 11 July 1302. Philip reacted with energy two years later at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle , which ended in

3731-528: The French throne, but at foreign thrones. As a result, the Capetians have reigned at different times in the kingdoms of Portugal , Sicily and Naples , Navarre , Hungary and Croatia , Poland , Spain and Sardinia , grand dukedoms of Lithuania and Luxembourg, and in Latin and Brazilian empires. In modern times, King Felipe VI of Spain is a member of this family, while Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg

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3822-556: The Iron King (French: le Roi de fer ). His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset , bishop of Pamiers , said of him: "He is neither man nor beast. He is a statue." Philip, seeking to reduce the wealth and power of the nobility and clergy , relied instead on skilful civil servants, such as Guillaume de Nogaret and Enguerrand de Marigny , to govern the kingdom . The king, who sought an uncontested monarchy, compelled his vassals by wars and restricted their feudal privileges, paving

3913-543: The Jewish mints to put the revaluation to effect, Philip ordered the expulsion of the Jews on 22 July 1306 and confiscated their property on 23 August, collecting at least 140,000 LP with this measure. With the Jews gone, Philip appointed royal guardians to collect the loans made by the Jews, and the money was passed to the Crown. After Philip, his son Louis X of France , in 1315, invited Jews back with an offer of 12 years under

4004-549: The clergy in emergencies. In 1301, Philip had the bishop of Pamier arrested for treason. Boniface called French bishops to Rome to discuss Philip's actions. In response, Philip convoked an assembly of bishops, nobles and grand bourgeois of Paris in order to condemn the Pope. This precursor to the Estates General appeared for the first time during his reign, a measure of the professionalism and order that his ministers were introducing into government. This assembly, which

4095-404: The country in non-monetary form, Philip banned merchandise exports without royal approval. The king obtained another crusade tithe from the pope and returned the royal treasure to the Temple to gain the Templars as his creditors again. Despite their consequences these decisions were not considered immoral at that time, as they were the prince's accepted right, and this right could be taken far if

4186-476: The county of Flanders declared its independence from France. This conflict accelerated the financial problems incurred by the french monarch. As warfare continued and fiscal deficits persisted, Philip had no remedy but to use debasement of coinage as an alternative tool to meet his military expenditures. This measure made people wary of taking their coins to royal mints, preferring to take their silver abroad to exchange it for strong currencies, which by 1301 led to

4277-427: The decimation of a generation of French nobility at the Battle of the Golden Spurs forced Philip to abandon his occupation of Aquitaine. Pursuant to the terms of the interim 1299 Treaty of Montreuil , the marriage of Philip's young daughter Isabella to Edward's son Edward   II was celebrated at Boulogne on 25 January 1308. Meant to further seal a lasting peace, it eventually produced an English claimant to

4368-584: The deficit stood at 6% of revenues. In 1291 the budget swung back into surplus only to fall into deficit again in 1292. The constant deficits led Philip to order the arrest of the Lombard merchants, who had earlier made him extensive loans on the pledge of repayment from future taxation. The Lombards' assets were seized by government agents and the crown extracted 250,000 LT by forcing the Lombards to purchase French nationality. Despite this draconian measure,

4459-614: The deficits continued to stack up in 1293. By 1295, Philip had replaced the Templars with the Florentine Franzesi bankers as his main source of finance. The Italians could raise huge loans far beyond the capacities of the Templars, and Philip came to rely on them more and more. The royal treasure was transferred from the Paris Temple to the Louvre around this time. In 1294, France and England went to war and in 1297,

4550-455: The eight-year-old Philip became heir apparent. It was suspected that Louis had been poisoned, and that his stepmother, Marie of Brabant , had instigated the murder. One reason for these rumours was the fact that the queen had given birth to her own first son the month Louis died. However, both Philip and his surviving full brother Charles lived well into adulthood and raised large families of their own. The scholastic part of Philip's education

4641-466: The end of the 13th century. As the popularity of the Crusades had decreased, support for the military orders had waned, and Philip used a disgruntled complaint against the Knights Templar as an excuse to move against the entire organization as it existed in France, in part to free himself from his debts. Other motives appear to have included concern over perceived heresy, assertion of French control over

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4732-562: The entirety of their realm. For a detailed narration on the growth of French royal power, see Crown lands of France . Members of the dynasty were traditionally Catholic, and the early Capetians had an alliance with the Church . The French were also the most active participants in the Crusades , culminating in a series of five Crusader kings – Louis VII , Philip Augustus , Louis VIII , Louis IX , and Philip III . The Capetian alliance with

4823-475: The female line of descent. Thus the French crown passed from the House of Capet after the death of Charles IV to Philip VI of France of the House of Valois , a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, This did not affect monarchies not under that law such as Portugal, Spain, Navarre , and various smaller duchies and counties. Therefore, many royal families appear and disappear in the French succession or become cadet branches upon marriage. A complete list of

4914-454: The first novel in Les Rois maudits ( The Accursed Kings ), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon . The next six entries in the series follow the descendants of Philip, including both his sons Louis X and Philip V and his daughter Isabella of France . He was portrayed by Georges Marchal in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Tchéky Karyo in

5005-797: The flat sandy rocky fields, easy to cultivate and good for ripening. The third is dominated by galets roulés , the smooth round stones also found in Châteauneuf-du-Pape and is located east of the town in the direction of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. Grenache and Cinsault are the main grapes used in the appellation's wines, along with Syrah and Mourvedre , although the latter two were not permitted until 1969. Tavel wines are dry and tend to have more body and structure than most rosés. They can be cellared, but are usually drunk young. Rosé wine cannot legally be made in France by blending red and white wines together. However, rosé wine can blend red and white grapes (before fermentation), pressed to remove

5096-401: The grapes were mostly grown on the sandy flat lands closer to town, where vines were easier to cultivate but produced a lower quality of wine. In 1965 the hillsides were cleared of forest and prepared for growing vines. In Tavel there are three types of soil. One west of the village is dominated by limestone and slate. Here, low-yielding vines grow giving deep and aromatic wines. Another type is

5187-575: The juice from the skins after a short period of maceration (10–36 hours) in order to extract some colour. In Tavel, some of the must is kept with the skins longer and then blended into the lighter must, which is what makes the wine more powerful, more tannic and darker than other rosés. The potential alcohol is high, with an upper limit of 14.5% for the appellation. 44°00′43″N 4°42′02″E  /  44.01194°N 4.70056°E  / 44.01194; 4.70056 Philippe le Bel Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip

5278-494: The last Capetian monarch of France, Louis Philippe I , who belonged to the House of Orléans . Cadet branches of the Capetian House of Bourbon are still reigning over Spain and Luxembourg . The dynasty had a crucial role in the formation of the French state. Initially obeyed only in their own demesne , the Île-de-France , the Capetian kings slowly but steadily increased their power and influence until it grew to cover

5369-419: The late king's first cousin, acted as regent, pending the birth of the king's posthumous child, which proved to be a girl. Isabella of France , sister of Charles IV, claimed the throne for her son, Edward III of England . The English king did not find support among the French lords, who made Philip of Valois their king. From then on the French succession not only excluded females but also rejected claims based on

5460-621: The marriage was Joan's inheritance of Champagne and Brie , which were adjacent to the royal demesne in Ile-de-France, and thus effectively were united to the king's own lands, expanding his realm. The annexation of wealthy Champagne increased the royal revenues considerably, removed the autonomy of a large semi-independent fief and expanded royal territory eastward. Philip also gained Lyon for France in 1312. Navarre remained in personal union with France, beginning in 1284 under Philip and Joan, for 44 years. The Kingdom of Navarre in

5551-414: The mystic foundations of the papal theocracy. The Temple case was the last step of a process of appropriating these foundations, which had begun with the Franco-papal rift at the time of Boniface VIII. Being the ultimate defender of the Catholic faith, the Capetian king was invested with a Christ-like function that put him above the pope. What was at stake in the Templars' trial, then, was the establishment of

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5642-415: The new Mongol ruler Öljaitü sent letters to Philip, the Pope, and Edward I of England . He again offered a military collaboration between the Christian nations of Europe and the Mongols against the Mamluks. European nations attempted another Crusade but were delayed, and it never took place. On 4 April 1312, another Crusade was promulgated at the Council of Vienne . In 1313, Philip "took the cross", making

5733-430: The offences, which the culprits had confessed and confirmed, the penance imposed was in accordance with rule – that of perpetual imprisonment. The affair was supposed to be concluded when, to the dismay of the prelates and wonderment of the assembled crowd, de Molay and Geoffroi de Charney arose. They had been guilty, they said, not of the crimes imputed to them, but of basely betraying their Order to save their own lives. It

5824-450: The ordinary revenues. Some 30% of the revenues were collected from the royal demesne. The royal financial administration employed perhaps 3,000 people, of which about 1,000 were officials in the proper sense. After assuming the throne, Philip inherited a sizable debt from his father's war against Aragon. By November 1286 it reached 8 tonnes of silver to his primary financiers, the Templars, equivalent to 17% of government revenue. This debt

5915-402: The papacy suffered a severe blow after the disaster of the Aragonese Crusade . Philip III's son and successor, Philip IV , arrested Pope Boniface VIII and brought the papacy under French control . The later Valois, starting with Francis I , ignored religious differences and allied with the Ottoman sultan to counter the growing power of the Holy Roman Empire . Henry IV was a Protestant at

6006-414: The people, who reverently collected their ashes as relics. After a little over a month, Pope Clement V died of disease thought to be lupus , and in eight months Philip IV, at the age of forty-six, died in a hunting accident. This gave rise to the legend that de Molay had cited them before the tribunal of God, which became popular among the French population. Even in Germany, Philip's death was spoken of as

6097-419: The previously forced confessions to have many Templars burned at the stake before they could mount a proper defence. In March 1314, Philip had Jacques de Molay , the last Grand Master of the Temple, and Geoffroi de Charney , Preceptor of Normandy, burned at the stake. An account of the event goes as follows: The cardinals dallied with their duty until March 1314, ( exact day is disputed by scholars ) when, on

6188-403: The public he kept aloof, and left specific policies, especially unpopular ones, to his ministers; as such he was compared to a "useless owl" by Bishop Saisset. Others like William of Nogaret idealized him, praising him for his piety and support of the Church. His reign marks the transition to a more centralized administration, characterized by the emergence or consolidation of the King's Council ,

6279-401: The rulers of Navarre and France were again different individuals. After marrying Joan I of Navarre, becoming Philip I of Navarre, Philip ascended the French throne at the age of 17. He was crowned as King on 6 January 1286 in Reims. As king, Philip was determined to strengthen the monarchy at any cost. He relied, more than any of his predecessors, on a professional bureaucracy of legalists. To

6370-485: The sacking of La Rochelle , Philip summoned Edward to the French court. The English king sought to negotiate the matter via ambassadors sent to Paris, but they were turned away with a blunt refusal. Philip addressed Edward as a duke, a vassal, and nothing more, despite the international implications of the relationship between England and France. Edward next attempted to use family connections to achieve what open politics had not. He sent his brother Edmund Crouchback , who

6461-406: The senior-most line of Capetians is available below . The Capetian dynasty has been broken many times into (sometimes rival) cadet branches. A cadet branch is a line of descent from another line than the senior-most. This list of cadet branches shows most of the Capetian cadet lines and designating their royal French progenitor, although some sub-branches are not shown. Throughout most of history,

6552-503: The so-called Babylonian Captivity of the papacy (1309–76), during which the official seat of the papacy moved to Avignon , an enclave surrounded by French territories, and was subjected to French control. Philip was substantially in debt to the Knights Templar , a monastic military order whose original role as protectors of Christian pilgrims in the Latin East had been largely replaced by banking and other commercial activities by

6643-516: The strength of the old and new currencies, the debased coinage of 1303 was devalued accordingly by two-thirds. The debtors were driven to penury by the need to repay their loans in the new, strong currency. This led to rioting in Paris on 30 December 1306, forcing Philip to briefly seek refuge in the Paris Temple, the headquarters of the Knights Templar. Perhaps seeking to control the silver of

6734-452: The throne of France. Without Salic law, upon the death of John I , the crown would have passed to his half-sister, Joan (later Joan II of Navarre). However, Joan's paternity was suspect due to her mother's adultery in the Tour de Nesle Affair ; the French magnates adopted Salic law to avoid the succession of a possible bastard. In 1328, King Charles IV of France died without male heirs, as his brothers did before him. Philip of Valois ,

6825-438: The time of Hugh Capet until the succession crisis which began the Hundred Years' War of the 14th century. Over the succeeding centuries, Capetians spread throughout Europe, ruling every form of provincial unit from kingdoms to manors . Salic law , re-established during the Hundred Years' War from an ancient Frankish tradition, caused the French monarchy to permit only male ( agnatic ) descendants of Hugh to succeed to

6916-434: The time of his accession, but realized the necessity of conversion after four years of religious warfare. The Capetians generally enjoyed a harmonious family relationship. By tradition, younger sons and brothers of the king of France were given appanages for them to maintain their rank and to dissuade them from claiming the French crown itself. When Capetian cadets did aspire for kingship, their ambitions were directed not at

7007-454: The vow to go on a Crusade in the Levant , thus responding to Pope Clement V 's call. He was, however, warned against leaving by Enguerrand de Marigny and died soon after in a hunting accident. Under Philip IV, the annual ordinary revenues of the French royal government totaled approximately 860,000 livres tournois , equivalent to 46 tonnes of silver . Overall revenues were about twice

7098-565: The way for the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralised early modern state. Internationally, Philip's ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs, and for much of his reign he sought to place his relatives on foreign thrones. Princes from his house ruled in Hungary , and he tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor . The most notable conflicts of Philip's reign include

7189-454: Was Philip's cousin as well as his step-father-in-law, in attempts to negotiate with the French royal family and avert war. Additionally, Edward had by that time become betrothed by proxy to Philip's sister Margaret , and, in the event of the negotiations being successful, Edmund was to escort Margaret back to England for her wedding to Edward. An agreement was indeed reached; it stated that Edward would temporarily relinquish Gascony to Philip as

7280-552: Was accused of knowledge of the affairs. Philip had a cerebral stroke during a hunt at Pont-Sainte-Maxence ( Forest of Halatte ), and died a few weeks later, on 29 November 1314, at Fontainebleau . He is buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis . Philip was succeeded by his son Louis X . The children of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre were: All three of Philip's sons who reached adulthood became kings of France and Navarre, and Isabella, his only surviving daughter,

7371-535: Was also put off until the formality of sequestering and regranting the French lands back to Edward was completed. But Edward, Edmund, and the English had been deceived. The French had no intention of returning the land to the English monarch. Edward kept up his part of the deal and turned over his continental estates to the French. However, Philip used the pretext that the English king had refused his summons in order to declare Edward's fiefs entirely forfeit, initiating hostilities with England. The 1294–1303 Gascon War

7462-409: Was composed of clergy, nobles, and burghers, gave support to Philip. Boniface retaliated with the famous bull Unam Sanctam (1302), a declaration of papal supremacy. Philip gained victory, after having sent his agent Guillaume de Nogaret to arrest Boniface at Anagni . The pope escaped but died soon afterward. The French archbishop Bertrand de Goth was elected pope as Clement V and thus began

7553-467: Was elected to succeed Louis V of the Carolingian dynasty that had ruled France for over three centuries. By a process of associating elder sons with them in the kingship, the early Capetians established the hereditary succession in their family and transformed a theoretically electoral kingship into a sacral one. By the time of Philip II Augustus , who became king in 1180, the Capetian hold on power

7644-543: Was entrusted to Guillaume d'Ercuis , his father's almoner . After the unsuccessful Aragonese Crusade against Peter III of Aragon , which ended in October 1285, Philip may have negotiated an agreement with Peter for the safe withdrawal of the Crusader army. This pact is attested to by Catalan chroniclers. Joseph Strayer points out that such a deal was probably unnecessary, as Peter had little to gain from provoking

7735-532: Was extinguished, and the throne had passed to the line of his brother, the House of Valois . In 1314, the daughters-in-law of Philip IV, Margaret of Burgundy (wife of Louis X) and Blanche of Burgundy (wife of Charles IV) were accused of adultery and their alleged lovers (Phillipe d'Aunay and Gauthier d'Aunay) tortured, flayed and executed in what has come to be known as the Tour de Nesle affair ( French : Affaire de la tour de Nesle ). A third daughter-in-law, Joan II, Countess of Burgundy (wife of Philip V),

7826-461: Was pure and holy; the charges were fictitious and the confessions false. Hastily the cardinals delivered them to the Prevot of Paris , and retired to deliberate on this unexpected contingency, but they were saved all trouble. When the news was carried to Philippe he was furious. A short consultation with his council only was required. The canons pronounced that a relapsed heretic was to be burned without

7917-512: Was quickly paid off, and, in 1287 and 1288, Philip's kingdom ran a budget surplus. After 1289, a decline in Saxony 's silver production, combined with Philip's wars against Aragon, England and Flanders, drove the French government to fiscal deficits. The war against Aragon, inherited from Philip's father, required the expenditure of 1.5 million LT (livres tournois) and the 1294–99 war against England over Gascony another 1.73 million LT. Loans from

8008-399: Was reportedly offered a glass, which he emptied without getting off his horse and afterwards proclaimed Tavel the only good wine in the world. The Sun King, Louis XIV , is also supposed to have been fond of the wine, which helped maintain its reputation until the vineyards were affected by the phylloxera epidemic . Tavel achieved AOC status in 1936 when the system was introduced. At that point

8099-611: Was so strong that the practice of associate kingship was dropped. While the Capetian monarchy began as one of the weakest in Europe, drastically eclipsed by the new Anglo-Norman realm in England (who, as dukes of Normandy , were technically their vassals) and even other great lords of France , the political value of orderly succession in the Middle Ages cannot be overstated. The orderly succession of power from father to son over such

8190-611: Was the inevitable result of the competitive expansionist monarchies, but the direct campaigns between the two countries in Aquitaine and Flanders were inconclusive. Instead, the larger consequences were from the taxation undertaken to pay for them and in the alliances used. France initiated the Auld Alliance between itself and Scotland , underwriting much of the prolonged First Scottish War of Independence . Meanwhile, England assisted Flanders in its own war against France;

8281-593: Was the queen of England as consort to Edward II . Dante Alighieri often refers to Philip in La Divina Commedia , never by name but as the "mal di Francia" (plague of France). It is possible that Dante hides further the person of the king behind 7 figures: Cerbero, Pluto, Filippo Argenti ( Philippe de l'argent ), Capaneo, Gerione, Nembrot, in the Inferno, and the Giant in the Purgatorio killed by

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