80-1073: Eighth month of the Burmese calendar [REDACTED] This article contains Burmese script . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script . Tazaungmon ( Burmese : တန်ဆောင်မုန်း ; also spelt Tazaungmone ) is the eighth month of the traditional Burmese calendar . Festivals and observances [ edit ] Kahtein ( Thadingyut - Tazaungmon) Full moon of Tazaungmon Tazaungdaing Festival of Lights ( တန်ဆောင်တိုင်မီးထွန်းပွဲ ) Matho Thingan Robe Weaving Festival ( Yangon ) Founding of Taungoo (16 October 1510) Fire Balloon Festival ( Taunggyi , Shan State ) Intha Day Tazaungmon symbols [ edit ] Flower: Luffa acutangula References [ edit ] ^ Chatterjee, G.K. (2 July 1997). "Indian Journal of History of Science" (PDF) . Traditional Calendar of Myanmar (Burma) . 33 (2): 149. Archived from
160-641: A comma and a full stop . There is a Shan exclamation mark ႟. Other abbreviations used in literary Burmese are: -possessive particle( 's, of) Myanmar script was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. The Unicode block for Myanmar is U+1000–U+109F: Burmese calendar The Burmese calendar ( Burmese : မြန်မာသက္ကရာဇ် , pronounced [mjəmà θɛʔkəɹɪʔ] , or ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ် , [kɔ́zà θɛʔkəɹɪʔ] ; Burmese Era (BE) or Myanmar Era (ME))
240-462: A synodic month or 23 hours, 37 minutes and 28.08 seconds. The civil day comprises two halves, the first half beginning at sunrise and the second half at sunset. In practice, four points of the astronomical and civil day (sunrise, noon, sunset, and midnight) were used as reference points. The civil day is divided into 8 baho ( ဗဟို [bəhò] ) (3 hours) or 60 nayi ( နာရီ [nàjì] ) (24 minutes), each baho equalling 7.5 nayi . In
320-546: A 12-year Jovian cycle that redeployed the lunar month names and attached them to the years. The Burmese cycle is not the more familiar Jovian cycle of India with 60 years in it. The practice existed in the Pagan period but had died out by the 17th century. Burmese tradition recognises the following eras. The Buddhist Era and Kawza Era are still in use in Myanmar. The Burmese calendar uses lunar months but tries to keep pace with
400-443: A descriptive name or just the sound of the letter, arranged in the traditional order: Consonant letters may be modified by one or more medial diacritics (three at most), indicating an additional consonant before the vowel. These diacritics are: A few Burmese dialects use an extra diacritic to indicate the /l/ medial, which has merged to /j/ in standard Burmese: All the possible diacritic combinations are listed below: Letters in
480-516: A leap year of 384 days. However, whereas the Burmese calendar adds the intercalary day only in a leap cycle according to its Metonic cycle, the Siamese calendar adds the intercalary day to a regular year. The Siamese calendar does add the extra day in the same place (Jyestha/Nayon), however. Lastly, the calculation methods also diverged in the mid-19th century when the Konbaung dynasty switched to
560-489: A set schedule. However, because the Burmese calendar has to adjust for the use of Indian-calendar-derived sidereal years with the Metonic cycle's tropical years, maintaining a set Metonic cycle has been a challenge. The calendar seems to have employed several schedules to determine which of the 19 years will be intercalary years. To find out which year will have an intercalary month, divide the Burmese year by 19. The quotient
640-540: A square format but the cursive format took hold from the 17th century when popular writing led to the wider use of palm leaves and folded paper known as parabaiks . A stylus would rip these leaves when making straight lines. The alphabet has undergone considerable modification to suit the evolving phonology of the Burmese language. As with other Brahmic scripts , the Burmese alphabet is arranged into groups of five letters for stop consonants called wek (ဝဂ်, from Pali vagga ) based on articulation. Within each group,
720-645: A vowel is pronounced between. Similarly, လက်ဖက် "tea" is commonly abbreviated to လ္ဘက် . Also, ss is written ဿ , not သ္သ . A decimal numbering system is used, and numbers are written in the same order as Hindu–Arabic numerals . The digits from zero to nine are: ၀၁၂၃၄၅၆၇၈၉ ( Unicode 1040 to 1049). The number 1945 would be written as ၁၉၄၅. Separators, such as commas, are not used to group numbers. There are two primary break characters in Burmese, drawn as one or two downward strokes: ၊ (called ပုဒ်ဖြတ်, ပုဒ်ကလေး, ပုဒ်ထီး, or တစ်ချောင်းပုဒ်) and ။ (called ပုဒ်ကြီး, ပုဒ်မ, or နှစ်ချောင်းပုဒ်), which respectively act as
800-413: A wek (အဝဂ်, lit. ' without group ' ), as they are not arranged in any particular pattern. A letter is a consonant or consonant cluster that occurs before the vowel of a syllable . The Burmese alphabet has 33 letters to indicate the initial consonant of a syllable and four diacritics to indicate additional consonants in the onset. Like other abugidas , including the other members of
880-544: A year less accurate than Makaranta. In sum, both systems are about 24 minutes per year ahead of the actual tropical year; the systems' methods of intercalation fixes only their internal error; and Thandeikta slightly accelerates the annual drift. The accumulating error means the New Year's Day, which used to fall near the vernal equinox at its launch on 22 March 638 CE (Julian), fell on 17 April (Gregorian) in 2022—a difference of 23 days. Burmese calendarists have dealt with
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#1732801412656960-455: Is မ ( m ) and the second consonant is ဘ ( bh ). No vowel is pronounced between m and bh . When stacked, the first consonant is written normally (i.e., not super- or subscripted). It has an implied virama ◌် and is the final of the preceding syllable. In the case of ကမ္ဘာ , an implied virama is applied to the first consonant ( မ် ), which is the final of the preceding syllable က , producing ကမ် ( kam ). The second consonant
1040-403: Is 0.0010391634 day (89.78371776 seconds) over 19 years, or about 4.72546 seconds a year. However, this gain is illusory as Thandeikta achieves the gain by redefining the mean lunar month (lunation), which is then more accurate and the solar year, which is less accurate. The table below shows the solar years of both systems in comparison with the actual mean tropical year. Thandeikta is 0.56 second
1120-479: Is Tazaungmon (Karttika), Thadingyut (Asvina), (Nadaw) Margasirsha, and (Nadaw) Margasirsha, respectively. This means reading ancient texts and inscriptions in Thailand requires constant vigilance, not just in making sure one is correctly operating for the correct region, but also for variations within regions itself when incursions cause a variation in practice. (Note: The Sukhothai and Lan Xang numbering systems and
1200-785: Is a lunisolar calendar in which the months are based on lunar months and years are based on sidereal years . The calendar is largely based on an older version of the Hindu calendar , though unlike the Indian systems, it employs a version of the Metonic cycle . The calendar therefore has to reconcile the sidereal years of the Hindu calendar with the Metonic cycle's near tropical years by adding intercalary months and days at irregular intervals. The calendar has been used continuously in various Burmese states since its purported launch in 640 CE in
1280-437: Is a lunisolar calendar in which the months are based on lunar months and years are based on solar years . One of its primary objectives is to regulate the lunar part that it will keep pace with the solar part. The lunar months, normally twelve of them, consist alternately of 29 days and 30 days, such that a normal lunar year will contain 354 days, as opposed to the solar year of ~365.25 days. Therefore, some form of addition to
1360-471: Is also used as a marginal tone marker, creating low-tone variants of the two inherently high-tone vowel symbols: ယ် which is the low tone variant /ɛ̀/ of ယ (by default /ɛ́/ ), and ◌ော် and ◌ေါ် both of which are the low tone variants /ɔ̀/ of ◌ော and ◌ေါ (by default /ɔ́/ ). In this context the ◌် symbol is called ရှေ့ထိုး /ʃḛtʰó/ . Generically referred to as ရေးချ /jéːtʃʰa̰/ this diacritic takes two distinct forms. By default it
1440-404: Is divided into 30 degrees ( အင်္သာ [ɪ̀ɴðà] ); each degree into 60 minutes ( လိတ္တာ [leiʔtà] ); and each minute into 60 seconds ( ဝိလိတ္တာ [wḭleiʔtà] ). The zodiac month consists of 27 days, approximating the mean sidereal month of 27.321661 days. Thus each zodiac day, called nekkhat , represents a lunar mansion , or a segment of the ecliptic along which
1520-540: Is still used by Chakma and Marma ethnic minorities of Bangladesh . Today, the Calendar Advisory Board within the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture of Myanmar is tasked with keeping the lunisolar calendar in line with the solar year. The calendar recognises two types of day: astronomical and civil . The mean Burmese astronomical day is from midnight to midnight, and represents 1/30 of
1600-399: Is subscripted beneath the first consonant and is the onset of the following syllable. In the case of ကမ္ဘာ , ဘ is the second consonant and is the onset of ◌ာ (the following syllable), producing ဘာ ( bha ). The equivalent form of ကမ္ဘာ is thus read * ကမ်ဘာ ( kambha ). If the မ ( m ) and ဘ ( bh ) were not stacked (i.e., ကမဘာ ), the pronunciation would be different as
1680-463: Is the expired cycles. If the remainder tallies with the set sequence number of the prevailing Metonic cycle, then it will be an intercalary year. Since the main purpose of the Burmese calendar is to keep pace with the solar year, the new year is always marked by the solar year , which falls at the time when the Sun enters Aries . The date, which at present falls on 16 or 17 April, has slowly drifted over
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#17328014126561760-534: Is written ◌ာ which is called ဝိုက်ချ /waɪʔtʃʰa̰/ for specificity, but to avoid ambiguity when following the consonants ခ ဂ င ဒ ပ ဝ , it is written tall as ◌ါ and called မောက်ချ /maʊʔtʃʰa̰/. Although typically not permissible in closed syllables, solitary ◌ာ or ◌ါ can be found in some words of Pali origin such as ဓာတ် (essence, element) or မာန် (pride). Generally only permissible in open syllables, but occasionally found in closed syllables in loan words such as မေတ္တာ (metta) Rarely found in
1840-542: The Brahmic family , vowels are indicated in Burmese alphabet by diacritics, which are placed above, below, before or after the consonant character. A consonant character with no vowel diacritic has the inherent vowel [a̰] (often reduced to [ə] when another syllable follows in the same word). The following table provides the letter, the syllable onset in IPA and the way the letter is referred to in Burmese, which may be either
1920-590: The Burmese New Year , and other traditional festivals , many of which are Burmese Buddhist in nature. The Burmese chronicles trace the origin of the Burmese calendar to ancient India with the introduction of the Kali Yuga Era in 3102 BCE. That seminal calendar is said to have been recalibrated by King Añjana ( အဉ္စန ), the maternal grandfather of the Buddha , in 691 BCE. That calendar in turn
2000-628: The Kadamba or Pallava alphabet of South India . The Burmese alphabet is also used for the liturgical languages of Pali and Sanskrit . In recent decades, other, related alphabets, such as Shan and modern Mon , have been restructured according to the standard of the Burmese alphabet (see Mon–Burmese script .) Burmese is written from left to right and requires no spaces between words, although modern writing usually contains spaces after each clause to enhance readability and to avoid grammar complications. There are several systems of transliteration into
2080-492: The Magh people of Bangladesh . The Burmese calendar first came to be adopted in present-day northern Thailand in the mid-13th century, and in central Thailand by the second half of the 16th century. Although then mainland kingdoms of Lan Na , Lan Xang , Siam , and later Cambodia adopted the Burmese epoch starting at 638 CE, each region retained its own traditions and/or introduced its own modifications afterwards. For example,
2160-641: The Sri Ksetra Kingdom , also called the Pyu era . It was also used as the official calendar in other mainland Southeast Asian kingdoms of Arakan , Lan Na , Xishuangbanna , Lan Xang , Siam , and Cambodia down to the late 19th century. Today, the calendar is used in Myanmar as one of the two official calendars alongside the Gregorian calendar . It is still used to mark traditional holidays such as
2240-541: The Thandeikta system. The Burmese zodiac recognises eight signs in a seven-day week. The Burmese calendar has a number of variants inside present-day Myanmar as well as outside. The variants outside Myanmar are still in use albeit under a different year numbering system. According to Arakanese (Rakhine) tradition, the calendar was launched by King Thuriya Thehta of the Dhanyawaddy dynasty. At least down to
2320-425: The ◌ို combination, introduced in 1638. The standard tone markings found in modern Burmese can be traced to the 19th century. Certain sequences of consonants are written one atop the other, or stacked . A pair of stacked consonants indicates that no vowel is pronounced between them. For example, the word ကမ္ဘာ ( kambha ), which means "world", contains the stacked consonant မ္ဘ ( m-bh ). The first consonant
2400-413: The 12 signs of the zodiac, are used for astrological calculations. (The calendar also recognises a solar month called Thuriya Matha , which is defined as 1/12th of a year. But the solar month varies by the type of year such as tropical year, sidereal year, etc.) The days of the month are counted in two halves, waxing ( လဆန်း [la̰záɴ] ) and waning ( လဆုတ် [la̰zoʊʔ] ). The 15th of
2480-564: The 30-day months are called yet-son la ( ရက်စုံလ ). Unlike in other Southeast Asian traditions, the Burmese calendar uses Burmese names for the month names. Although the names sound foreign in origin to modern Burmese ears, all but three are derived from Old Burmese. The three exceptions—Mleta/Myweta ( မ္လယ်တာ / မြွယ်တာ ), Nanka ( နံကာ ), Thantu ( သန်တူ )—which all fall during the Buddhist Lent, have been replaced by newer Burmese names (Waso, Wagaung, Thadingyut), which used to mean just
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2560-515: The Bagan to Innwa periods (12th century – 16th century), and could be combined with other diacritics ( ya pin , ha hto and wa hswe ) to form ◌္လျ ◌္လွ ◌္လှ . Similarly, until the Innwa period, ya pin was also combined with ya yit to form ◌ျြ . From the early Bagan period to the 19th century, ဝ် was used instead of ◌ော် for the rhyme /ɔ̀/ . Early Burmese writing also used ဟ် , not
2640-737: The Burmese New Year. According to the Chiang Mai Chronicles and the Chiang Saen Chronicles, Chiang Mai and Chiang Saen and their tributary states of middle and upper Tai country (except Lamphun and Sukhothai) submitted to King Anawrahta and adopted the calendar in the mid-11th century in place of Mahāsakaraj, the standard calendar of the Khmer Empire . However, scholarship says the earliest evidence of Burmese calendar in modern Thailand dates only to
2720-407: The Burmese alphabet are written with a specific stroke order . The letter forms of the Burmese script are based on circles. Typically, one circle should be done with one stroke, and all circles are written clockwise. Exceptions are mostly letters with an opening on top. The circle of these letters is written with two strokes coming from opposite directions. The ten following letters are exceptions to
2800-415: The Burmese calendar Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles containing Burmese-language text Burmese alphabet The Burmese alphabet ( Burmese : မြန်မာအက္ခရာ myanma akkha.ya , pronounced [mjəmà ʔɛʔkʰəjà] ) is an abugida used for writing Burmese . It is ultimately adapted from a Brahmic script , either
2880-645: The Burmese calendar had not been replaced, but used alongside the Gregorian calendar after the fall of the Burmese kingdom. Thailand has moved on to its own version of the Buddhist calendar since 1941, although the Chulasakarat era dates remain the most commonly used and preferred form of entry in academic use for historical studies. The Chittagong Magi-San calendar, identical to the Arakanese calendar,
2960-415: The Burmese calendar was originally based on Thuriya Theiddanta ( သူရိယသိဒ္ဓန္တ [θùɹḭja̰ θeiʔdàɰ̃ta̰] , which is believed to be chiefly based on the "original" Surya Siddhanta system of ancient India (i.e. Ardharatrika school). One key difference from Indian systems was that the Burmese system followed a 19-year intercalation schedule ( Metonic cycle ). It is unclear from where, when or how
3040-407: The Burmese word for "self" (via Pali atta ) is spelt အတ္တ , not * အတ်တ , although both would be read the same. Stacked consonants are generally not found in native Burmese words, with a major exception being abbreviations. For example, the Burmese word သမီး "daughter" is sometimes abbreviated to သ္မီး , even though the stacked consonants do not belong to the same row in the ဝဂ် and
3120-545: The Full Moon days of the three months. In great leap years, the month of Nayon gets an extra intercalary day called yet-lun ( ရက်လွန် ) or yet-ngin ( ရက်ငင် ) and has 30 days. In the Arakanese calendar, the month of Tagu gets the extra intercalary day in great leap years. The calendar recognises three types of astronomical year : tropical year , sidereal year and anomalistic year . The Burmese calendar
3200-478: The Kengtung, Lan Na, Lan Xang, and Sukhothai calendars still retained the use of numbering the months even though the Burmese calendar stopped using the numbered months alongside the month names. The use of numbering system may have predated the introduction of the Burmese calendar in any case since each region had its own numbering system. The first numbered month in Kengtung, Lan Na, Lan Xang and Sukhothai calendars
3280-614: The Latin alphabet; for this article, the MLC Transcription System is used. The Burmese alphabet was derived from the Pyu script , the Old Mon script , or directly from a South Indian script, either the Kadamba or Pallava alphabet . The earliest evidence of the Burmese alphabet is dated to 1035, while a casting made in the 18th century of an old stone inscription points to 984. Burmese calligraphy originally followed
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3360-424: The Metonic system was introduced; hypotheses range from China to Europe. The Burmese system thus uses a "strange" combination of sidereal years from the Indian calendar with the Metonic cycle, which is better for tropical years than sidereal years, so necessitating intercalation adjustments to reconcile the differences. Furthermore, the Burmese system did not incorporate advances in Indian calculation methods of
3440-530: The Ministry of Education, Taiwan. Syllable rhymes (i.e. vowels and any consonants that may follow them within the same syllable) are indicated in Burmese by a combination of diacritic marks and consonant letters marked with the virama character ် which suppresses the inherent vowel of the consonant letter. This mark is called asat in Burmese ( Burmese : အသတ် ; MLCTS : a.sat , [ʔa̰θaʔ] ), which means "nonexistence" (see Sat (Sanskrit) ). It
3520-541: The Moon revolves around the Earth. Though the names are Burmese adaptations of Sanskrit names, the Burmese system is not the same as the modern Indian system. The Burmese system uses unequal spaces for each segment (from 5° to 26°), and the first segment, Athawani, begins at 350° longitude. The modern Indian system uses equal segments of 13° 20' (360° divided by 27), and the first segment, Asvini, begins at 0°. The list below follows
3600-545: The New Year's Day and Oo Tagu ( ဦးတန်ခူး [ʔú dəɡú] ; "Early Tagu") on and after the New Year's Day. In some years, the year was so behind the solar year that the new year falls in Kason and both Hnaung Tagu and Hnaung Kason ( နှောင်းကဆုန် [n̥áʊɴ kəsʰòʊɴ] ; "Late Kason") exist. Therefore, just saying "Tagu of 1373 ME" is not complete as "Oo Tagu of 1373" corresponds to 2011 CE while "Hnaung Tagu of 1373" corresponds to 2012 CE. The calendar used to employ
3680-417: The accumulated fractions amount to one month. The Burmese calendar however always inserts the intercalary month at the same time of the year, after the summer solstice while the Arakanese calendar inserts it after the vernal equinox . The actual calendar year ( Wawharamatha Hnit , ဝေါဟာရမာသနှစ် ) consists of 354, 384 or 385 days. The Thai Chulasakarat calendar uses a slightly different method to place
3760-441: The actual tropical year. Indeed, it is slightly worse than the old system. (The Thandeikta solar year is about 23 minutes 51.4304 seconds ahead of the mean solar year whereas Makaranta is about 23 minutes 50.8704 seconds ahead.) As a result, the calendar has kept on drifting away from the actual solar year. The calendarists have periodically resorted to modifying its intercalation schedule, based on apparent reckoning, to keep pace, at
3840-604: The arrival of European colonialism. The Gregorian calendar replaced the Burmese calendar in Cambodia in 1863 and Laos in 1889. In 1889, the only remaining independent kingdom in Southeast Asia, Siam, also replaced the Burmese calendar and switched to the Gregorian calendar as the official civil calendar and the Ratanakosin Era (with 1782 CE as Year 1) as the traditional lunisolar calendar. In Burma (Myanmar),
3920-442: The centuries. In the 20th century, the New Year's Day fell on 15 or 16 April but in the 17th century, it fell on 9 or 10 April. As a result, the New Year's Day of the Burmese calendar does not have to fall on the first day of the first month of Tagu; in fact, it almost never does fall on the first waxing of Tagu. Tagu is almost always divided into two parts Hnaung Tagu ( နှောင်းတန်ခူး [n̥áʊɴ dəɡú] ; "Late Tagu"), before
4000-653: The clockwise rule: ပ, ဖ, ဗ, မ, ယ, လ, ဟ, ဃ, ဎ, ဏ. Some versions of stroke order may be slightly different. The Burmese stroke order can be learned from ပထမတန်း မြန်မာဖတ်စာ ၂၀၁၇-၂၀၁၈ ( Burmese Grade 1, 2017-2018 ), a textbook published by the Burmese Ministry of Education . The book is available under the LearnBig project of UNESCO . Other resources include the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University and an online learning resource published by
4080-416: The combinations ◌ွိုင် and ◌ွိုက် to transcribe the /ɔɪ/ vowel of English. Combined to form ◌ုံ့ ◌ုံ ◌ုံး , which changes rhyme to /o̰ʊɰ̃ òʊɰ̃ óʊɰ̃/ One or more of these accents can be added to a consonant to change its sound. In addition, other modifying symbols are used to differentiate tone and sound, but are not considered diacritics. La hswe ( လဆွဲ ) was used in old Burmese from
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#17328014126564160-466: The early 20th century, the Arakanese calendar used the Makaranta system although the Burmese calendar had moved to the Thandeikta system since the mid-19th century. In the Arakanese calendar, the month of Tagu gets the extra intercalary day in great leap years. Moreover, in Arakanese tradition, only the New Year's Day is observed. The Arakanese calendar under the name of Magi-San is still used by
4240-415: The expense of making publishing future calendars more than a few years out all but impossible. In sum, at various times the calendar has used at least three slightly different methods of calculation to determine the insertion times of the intercalary day and month. The calendar fell out of official status in several mainland Southeast Asian kingdoms (except Burma) in the second half of the 19th century with
4320-551: The first letter is tenuis ("plain"), the second is the aspirated homologue , the third and fourth are the voiced homologues and the fifth is the nasal homologue . This is true of the first twenty-five letters in the Burmese alphabet, which are called grouped together as wek byi (ဝဂ်ဗျည်း, from Pali vagga byañjana ). The remaining eight letters ( ⟨ယ⟩ , ⟨ရ⟩ , ⟨လ⟩ , ⟨ဝ⟩ , ⟨သ⟩ , ⟨ဟ⟩ , ⟨ဠ⟩ , ⟨အ⟩ ) are grouped together as
4400-456: The growing cumulative discrepancy between the civil solar and luni-solar years attracted increasing attention. In the 1100th anniversary year (1738 CE) a new system of calculation was proposed that aimed to correct the errors of the original system, but the Toungoo court did not take any action. The present Surya Siddhanta (i.e., Saura school) was introduced to the Konbaung court in 1786, and
4480-449: The high tone marker ◌း , which came into being in the 16th century. Moreover, အ် , which disappeared by the 16th century, was subscripted to represent creaky tone (now indicated with ◌့ ). During the early Bagan period, the rhyme /ɛ́/ (now represented with the diacritic ◌ဲ ) was represented with ◌ါယ် ). The diacritic combination ◌ိုဝ် disappeared in the mid-1750s (typically designated as Middle Burmese), having been replaced with
4560-572: The inherent vowel " a " would apply to the မ (i.e., * က မ ဘာ ka ma bha ). Stacked consonants are always homorganic (pronounced in the same place in the mouth), which is indicated by the traditional arrangement of the Burmese alphabet into the seven five-letter rows of letters (called ဝဂ် ). Consonants not found in the rows beginning with က, စ, ဋ, တ, or ပ can only be doubled — that is, stacked with themselves. Stacked consonants are largely confined to loan words from languages like Pali, Sanskrit, and occasionally English. For instance,
4640-474: The intercalary day. Instead of it in a leap year as in the Burmese system, the Thai system places it in a separate year. Thus, the Thai small leap year has 355 days while the Thai great leap year has 384 days. Both systems arrive at the same number of days in a 19-year cycle however. Furthermore, in contrast to Indian calendars, the Burmese calendar follows a Metonic cycle in which intercalary months are inserted on
4720-559: The issue by using apparent reckoning and periodically modifying the intercalation schedule in the Metonic cycle. One major downside of this approach is that it is difficult to publish future calendars more than a few years (often even a year) ahead. The Burmese zodiac, like the Western zodiac , is divided into 12 signs called yathi ( ရာသီ [jàðì] ). The Burmese signs are identical to Indian and Western signs as they were derived from Indian and ultimately Western zodiac. Each yathi
4800-515: The king died just over a year after the launch, and the new era died out a few years later. The next proposed change came in March 1638 from King Prasat Thong of Siam who in preparation of the upcoming millennial anniversary (10 April 1638) wanted to make a change to the governing animals of the months. As the practice was not prevalent in Burma, the proposal was rejected by King Thalun . Meanwhile,
4880-426: The length of the year but also corrects the accumulating error of the month to extent of half a day. The average length of the month is further corrected by adding a day to Nayon at irregular intervals—a little more than seven times in two cycles (39 years). The intercalary day is never inserted except in a year which has an intercalary month. The Hindu calendar inserts an intercalary month at any time of year as soon as
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#17328014126564960-630: The lunar year (of intercalation) is necessary. The overall basis for it is provided by cycles of 57 years. Eleven extra days are inserted in every 57 years, and seven extra months of 30 days are inserted in every 19 years (21 months in 57 years). This provides 20819 complete days to both calendars. As such, the calendar adds an intercalary month ( ဝါထပ် [wà daʔ] ) in leap years ( ဝါငယ်ထပ်နှစ် [wàŋɛ̀daʔ n̥ɪʔ] ) and sometimes also an intercalary day ( ရက်ငင် [jɛʔ ŋɪ̀ɴ] ) in great leap years ( ဝါကြီးထပ်နှစ် [wàdʑídaʔ n̥ɪʔ] ). The intercalary month not only corrects
5040-469: The mid-13th century. While the use of the calendar appears to have spread southward to Sukhothai and eastward to Laotian states in the following centuries, the official adoption farther south by the Ayutthaya Kingdom and farther east by Lan Xang came only after King Bayinnaung 's conquests of those kingdoms in the 16th century. Subsequent Siamese kingdoms retained the Burmese calendar as
5120-480: The now abandoned Burmese numbering system are the same. ) Likewise, Cambodian and Thai systems have retained the practice of giving animal names to the years from a cycle of 12. The practice also existed in Burma in the Pagan period but later died out. Moreover, Chulasakarat uses three similar but not identical types of lunar years used by the Burmese calendar. Each calendar has the same regular year of 354 days and
5200-570: The official calendar under the name of Chulasakarat (Pali: Culāsakaraj) until 1889. The Siamese adoption turned out to be the main catalyst for the calendar's usage in Cambodia, a periodic vassal of Siam between the 16th and 19th centuries. Likewise, the calendar spread to the Chittagong region of Bengal, which was dominated by the Arakanese Mrauk-U Kingdom from the 15th to 17th centuries. The calculation system of
5280-521: The original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. ^ Soe Sandar Oo (15 November 2010). "Sellers upbeat as Kahtein sales heat up" . Myanmar Times . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . ^ Nyein Ei Ei Htwe (9 November 2009). "Robe weaving competition not just for old folks" . Myanmar Times . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . ^ Shwe Yinn Mar Oo (2 August 2010). "Taungoo prepares for 500th birthday" . Myanmar Times . Archived from
5360-659: The original (PDF) on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . See also [ edit ] Burmese calendar Festivals of Burma v t e Months of the traditional Burmese calendar Tagu Kason Nayon Waso Wagaung Tawthalin Thadingyut Tazaungmon Nadaw Pyatho Tabodwe Tabaung Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tazaungmon&oldid=1258488335 " Category : Months of
5440-886: The original on 4 August 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . ^ McLaughlin, Tim (21 January 2013). "Taunggyi's fire balloon festival" . Myanmar Times . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . ^ Cherry Thein (9 September 2013). "Acrimony ahead of Intha Day" . Myanmar Times . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . ^ Wut Yee Swe; Win Htein Kyaw; Wai Win; Tin Tin Aye; Win Myint; Aung Myat Kyaw; Tin Nyunt (2007). "Utilization of Seasonal Flowers in Common Health Problems" (PDF) . 15th Myanmar Military Medical Conference . Ministry of Health. Archived from
5520-510: The past, a gong ( မောင်း [máʊɴ] ) was struck every nayi while a drum ( စည် [sì] ) and a large bell ( ခေါင်းလောင်း [kʰáʊɴ láʊɴ] ) were struck to mark every baho . Although the popular usage never extended beyond baho and nayi measurements, the calendar consists of time units down to the millisecond level. Only the following are used in calendrical calculations: Therefore, modern time units can be expressed as: The civil week consists of seven days. It
5600-432: The practice of placing the intercalary month always next to Waso and the intercalary day always at the end of Nayon, and only in a year which has an intercalary month. But Thandeikta follows the new Surya in small alterations of the length of the year and the month. The prevailing Metonic schedule was modified, and intercalary months were so fixed as to prevent further divergence between the solar and luni-solar years. With
5680-646: The religious calendar. Scholarship accepts the chronicle narrative regarding the North Indian origin of the calendar and the chronology of adoption in Burma up to the Mahāsakaraj Era. Recent research suggests that the Gupta Era (epochal year of 320 CE) may also have been in use in the Pyu states. Mainstream scholarship, however, holds that the recalibrated calendar was launched at Sri Ksetra, and later adopted by
5760-540: The rest of the Pyu states. According to the chronicles, the Pagan Kingdom at first followed the prevailing Saka Pyu Era, but in 640 CE King Popa Sawrahan (r. 613–640) recalibrated the calendar, naming the new era Kawza Thekkarit ( ကောဇာ သက္ကရာဇ် [kɔ́zà θɛʔkəɹɪʔ] ) with a Year Zero starting date of 22 March 638 CE. It was used as the civil calendar, while the Buddhist Era remained in use as
5840-458: The sidereal year until the mid-19th century. (The original Thuriya Theiddanta system is 0.56 second a year slower (and more accurate) than later Indian systems. ) The earliest attempts on record to change the calendar were superficial. On the 800th anniversary of the calendar (29 March 1438), King Mohnyin Thado recalibrated the calendar to Year 2 (with Year Zero beginning on 18 March 1436). But
5920-414: The solar year. The present Thandeikta system's solar year is about 23 minutes 51.43 seconds ahead of the actual mean tropical year of 365.241289 days. The older Makaranta system was actually slightly more accurate, with 23 minutes 50.87 seconds ahead of the actual year. The table below shows how Thandeikta purports to achieve a narrower difference (hence better accuracy) over Makaranta. The gain in accuracy
6000-438: The support of Princess Sekkya Dewi , who later became the chief queen of King Mindon , the new system was fully adopted in 1853. The first adjustment to then existing Metonic Cycle was made by putting an intercalary month in 1201 ME (1839 CE) instead of 1202 ME (1840). While the new system has seemingly narrowed the gap between the calendar's solar and lunar years, it has not made the calendar more accurate when compared against
6080-486: The upstart principality of Pagan. The adoption by an ascendant Pagan paved the way for the calendar's adoption elsewhere in the Pagan Empire between the 11th and 13th centuries. The calendar first came to be used in peripheral regions or neighbouring states such as Arakan in the west and various Shan states in modern northern Thailand and Laos in the east, which adopted the calendar alongside folklore connected with
6160-517: The waxing ( လပြည့် [la̰bjḛ] ) is the civil full moon day. The civil new moon day ( လကွယ် [la̰ɡwɛ̀] ) is the last day of the month (14th or 15th waning). The mean and real (true) New Moons rarely coincide. The mean New Moon often precedes the real New Moon. As the Synodic lunar month is approximately 29.5 days, the calendar uses alternating months of 29 and 30 days. The 29-day months are called yet-ma-son la ( ရက်မစုံလ ), and
6240-460: Was also customary to denote the day of the week by its preassigned numerical value between zero and six. The names Taninganwe (Sunday) and Taninla (Monday) are derived from Old Burmese but the rest from Sanskrit. The calendar recognises two types of months: synodic month and sidereal month . The Synodic months are used to compose the years while the 27 lunar sidereal days ( နက္ခတ် [nɛʔkʰaʔ] ; from Sanskrit nakshatra ), alongside
6320-635: Was recalibrated and replaced by the Buddhist Era with the starting year of 544 BCE. The Buddhist Era came to be adopted in the early Pyu city-states by the beginning of the Common Era. Then in 78 CE, a new era called the Shalivahana era , also called Sakra Era or Saka Era, was launched in India. Two years later the new era was adopted in the Pyu state of Sri Ksetra , and the era later spread to
6400-452: Was translated into Burmese after about 50 years. Finally, a new system called Thandeikta was proposed by Nyaunggan Sayadaw , a Buddhist monk, in Year 1200 (1838 CE). The new system was a hybrid between the original and the updated Surya schools. Unlike the new Surya , Thandeikta does not adopt the system of apparent reckoning; mean years and mean months are still used. It also retains
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