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72-486: Quesnay believed that trade and industry were not sources of wealth, and instead in his 1758 manuscript Tableau économique (Economic Table) argued that agricultural surpluses, by flowing through the economy in the form of rent, wages, and purchases were the real economic movers. The model Quesnay created consisted of three economic movers. The "Proprietary" class consisted of only landowners . The "Productive" class consisted of all agricultural laborers . The "Sterile" class

144-404: A commodity whereas many Europeans colonists did. Ownership of land in the pre-colonial Americas varied from group to group, but many Native American societies had communal and individual land. Some European scholars were also skeptical of land ownership, such as Adam Smith and Henry George . Smith said about landlords, "As soon as the land of any country has all become private property ,

216-480: A kitchen or cooking area, and a living room . A house may have a separate dining room , or the eating area may be integrated into the kitchen or another room. Some large houses in North America have a recreation room . In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock (like cattle) may share part of the house with humans. The social unit that lives in

288-519: A lessee or renter ). When a juristic person is in this position, the term landlord is used. Other terms include lessor and owner . The term landlady may be used for the female owners. The manager of a pub in the United Kingdom , strictly speaking a licensed victualler , is referred to as the landlord/landlady. In political economy it refers to the owner of natural resources alone (e.g., land, not buildings) from which an economic rent ,

360-536: A colony with the ability to produce finished or semi-finished goods like England (e.g. India) or Holland (e.g. North America, Africa, South America). Its main colonial presence was in the Caribbean, southern North America, and southeast Asia, and like France, the colonies had agricultural-based economies. The only good which France had in enough excess to export was food; therefore, international trade based on industrial production would not yield as much wealth. Quesnay

432-417: A cost advantage over its overseas competitors.” Anything above that amount should be purchased through trade. The tableau économique is credited as the "first precise formulation" of interdependent systems in economics and the origin of the theory of the multiplier in economics. An analogous table is used in the theory of money creation under fractional-reserve banking by relending of deposits, leading to

504-451: A form of passive income , is the income received. The concept of a landlord may be traced back to the feudal system of manoralism ( seignorialism ), where a landed estate is owned by a Lord of the Manor ( mesne lords ), usually members of the lower nobility which came to form the rank of knights in the high medieval period, holding their fief via subinfeudation , but in some cases

576-892: A foundation. The garbage-sand mixture is also used to protect the house from flooding. In the United States, modern house construction techniques include light-frame construction (in areas with access to supplies of wood) and adobe or sometimes rammed-earth construction (in arid regions with scarce wood-resources). Some areas use brick almost exclusively, and quarried stone has long provided foundations and walls. To some extent, aluminum and steel have displaced some traditional building materials . Increasingly popular alternative construction materials include insulating concrete forms (foam forms filled with concrete), structural insulated panels (foam panels faced with oriented strand board or fiber cement), light-gauge steel , and steel framing . More generally, people often build houses out of

648-435: A house is known as a household . Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, although households may also have other social groups , such as roommates or, in a rooming house , unconnected individuals, that typically use a house as their home . Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group; larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain numerous family dwellings in

720-417: A landlord to obtain back the premises. If a landlord is selling a block and a qualifying tenant occupies more than 50%, the tenant should be given the right of first refusal at the asking price to buy the block. As in most jurisdictions the law on rigorous adherence to lease terms on unlawful subletting and assignment can be strictly enforced, resulting in financial and premises loss if broken. Failure to repay

792-400: A living/eating area, a sleeping area, and (if suitable facilities and services exist) separate or combined washing and lavatory areas. Some larger properties may also feature rooms such as a spa room, indoor pool, indoor basketball court, and other 'non-essential' facilities. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock often share part of

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864-649: A locking door. The most common disputes result from either the landlord's failure to provide services or the tenant's failure to pay rent—the former can also lead to the latter. The withholding of rent is justifiable cause for eviction, as often explained in the lease. City ordinances can also play a role in renting policy, such as the rise in source-of-income anti-discrimination ordinances. Tenants unions also affect housing policy when organized politically. In Canada , residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by provincial law (not federal law ) regarding property and contracts . Provincial law sets

936-504: A new leasehold estate must be registered. These are governed by few of the above rules and are in longer examples deliberately more akin to full ownership than tenancies, in general. They seldom require a sizeable ground rent . The law has not regulated hefty break/resale charges nor does it prevent the sale of leasehold houses; in the 2010s certain of these proposals have been widely consulted upon and are being drafted. Broadly, legislation allows such lessees (tenants) to club together to gain

1008-402: A person. A rental agreement , or lease , is the contract defining such terms as the price paid, penalties for late payments, the length of the rental or lease, and the amount of notice required before either the homeowner or tenant cancels the agreement. In general, responsibilities are given as follows: the homeowner is responsible for making repairs and performing property maintenance, and

1080-512: A registered third party (such as certain realty agents) may be permissible. A deposit is normally by law to be offset against arrears (rent deficits) and damage by or failures to clean/repair by the tenant. In the United Kingdom the owner and/or manager of a pub (public house) is usually called the "landlord/landlady" or " publican ", the latter properly the appellation of a Roman public contractor or tax farmer . In more formal situations,

1152-411: A relative attractive if low in many markets for a tenant, it is rarely debated in pre-tenancy term negotiations. In some jurisdictions either or both are banned in the original sense. Instead, a landlord's loss of rent/comprehensive damage insurance may be factored into the rent demanded and/or a special type of deposit, a regulated sum of money as a bond (protected security deposit) from the tenant held by

1224-429: A rent demand, unlike residential, can result in direct landlord's repossession ("peaceable re-entry") through a commercial landlord's right to the use of "self-help" evictions. The taking of a tenant's goods without a court-issued warrant (flowing from a court order or outstanding tax demand) ( distress ) has been banned. The concept of land ownership is not universal. Many Native American tribes did not view land as

1296-435: A result, the "private becomes ever more public, [and] the desire for a protective home life increases, fuelled by the very media that undermine it," writes Jonathan Hill . Work has been altered by the increase of communications. The "deluge of information" has expressed the efforts of work conveniently gaining access inside the house. Although commuting is reduced, the desire to separate working and living remains apparent. On

1368-625: A rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood , masonry , concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing , electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space. Houses generally have doors or locks to secure the dwelling space and protect its inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers. Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms and bathrooms ,

1440-425: A single Atlanta zip code, up to 90% of the houses sold between January 2011 and June 2012 were purchased by instituitional investors. Corporate landlords are able to buy foreclosed houses and rent the house back to the original owner. Another form of corporate monopolization and housing are company towns , where one corporation owns the vast majority of housing and businesses. Since these corporations employ most of

1512-484: A unit the law does not regard it as a single household having more than three tenants, is subject to enhanced regulations including the Housing Act 2004 . A council-issued licence to be a landlord of such a unit is always required in some local authorities (in others, limited to the larger statutory examples). Tenancies above a couple of years are normally called leases and tend to be lengthy; if more than seven years

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1584-465: A vast and elaborate house may serve as a sign of conspicuous wealth whereas a low-profile house built of recycled materials may indicate support of energy conservation. Houses of particular historical significance (former residences of the famous, for example, or even just very old houses) may gain a protected status in town planning as examples of built heritage or of streetscape. Commemorative plaques may mark such structures. Home ownership provides

1656-735: Is almost unheard of), which is always included in the lease agreement (preferably for both sides in writing). It should be one of the primary factors a tenant considers before moving in. The incentive is to obtain a good rental yield (profit) and prospect of property price inflation. The disincentives are the locally varying rights of tenants and duties of landlords in repair/maintenance and administration — and keynote risks (tenant disputes, damage, neglect, loss of rent, insurance unavailability/disputes, economic slump, increased rate of interest on any mortgage, and negative equity or loss of investment). Net income (yield) and capital growth from letting (renting out) particularly in leveraged buy to let ,

1728-486: Is largely governed by many of the Landlord and Tenant Acts , in particular the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 which sets bare minimum standards in tenants' rights against their landlords. Another key statute is the Housing Act 2004 . Rents can be freely increased at the end of a usual six-month duration, on proper notice given to the tenant. A Possession Order under the most common type, the assured shorthold tenancy (AST)

1800-540: Is made up of artisans and merchants . The flow of production and/or cash between the three classes started with the Proprietary class because they own the land and they buy from both of the other classes. The process has these steps (consult Figure 1). The Tableau shows the reason why the Physiocrats disagreed with Richard Cantillon about exporting food. The economy produces a surplus of food, and neither

1872-657: Is of unknown origin. The term house itself gave rise to the letter 'B' through an early Proto-Semitic hieroglyphic symbol depicting a house. The symbol was called "bayt", "bet" or "beth" in various related languages, and became beta , the Greek letter, before it was used by the Romans. Beit in Arabic means house, while in Maltese bejt refers to the roof of the house. Ideally, architects of houses design rooms to meet

1944-460: Is subject to idiosyncratic risk , which is considered objectively intensified for a highly leveraged investor limited to a small number of similar profile homes, of narrow rental market appeal in areas lacking economic resilience. A landlord or their agent can decide to collect a security deposit (and/or in some jurisdictions such as parts of the US, a move-in/administration fee). A barrier if high and

2016-622: Is that the Physiocrats developed their theory in light of the actual situation of the French economy…” France was an absolute monarchy with the land owners constituting 6-8% of the population and owning 50% of the land. (5, p. 859) Agriculture contributed to 80% of the country’s wealth, and the non-land owning segment of the population “practises a subsistence agriculture that produces the essential minimum, with virtually all income being absorbed by food requirements.” Additionally, exports consisted mostly of agricultural-based products, e.g. wine. Given

2088-407: Is used for landlords who do not initially intend to become a landlord but have a spare property (from inheriting it, moving in with a partner, or unable to sell when moving), and then choose to lease the property instead of selling it. Rental properties can be paid for by the tenant on whatever basis is agreed upon between the landlord and the tenant (more frequently than weekly or less than yearly

2160-419: Is usually obtainable after eight weeks/two months of unpaid rent, and at the court's discretion after serving the tenant with a Section 8 notice (under the Housing Act 1988 as amended) for a lesser period for all assured tenancies, and on other grounds which defer to the landlord's ownership of the property. If the tenancy is an AST then any possession order will not take effect until six months has passed into

2232-483: The 17th Century Dutch house was smaller, and was only inhabited by up to four to five members. This was because they embraced "self-reliance" in contrast to the dependence on servants, and a design for a lifestyle centered on the family. It was important for the Dutch to separate work from domesticity, as the home became an escape and a place of comfort . This way of living and the home has been noted as highly similar to

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2304-464: The Right to Manage , and the right to buy the landlord's interest (to collectively enfranchise). It allows them individually to extend their leases for a new, smaller sum ("premium"), which if the tenants have enfranchised will not normally be demanded/recommended every 15–35 years. Notice requirements and forms tend to be strict. In smaller examples the tenant, depending on a simple mathematical division of

2376-481: The United States , residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by state law (not federal law ) regarding property and contracts . State law and, in some places, city law or county law, sets the requirements for eviction of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord or landlady can evict his or her tenant before the expiration of the tenancy, though at

2448-583: The autonomous buildings , the super insulated houses and houses built to the Passivhaus standard. Buildings with historical importance have legal restrictions. New houses in the UK are not covered by the Sale of Goods Act . When purchasing a new house, the buyer has different legal protection than when buying other products. New houses in the UK are covered by a National House Building Council guarantee. With

2520-552: The contemporary family and their dwellings. By the end of the 17th century, the house layout was transformed to become employment-free, enforcing these ideas for the future. This came in favour for the Industrial Revolution , gaining large-scale factory production and workers. The house layout of the Dutch and its functions are still relevant today. In the American context, some professions, such as doctors, in

2592-459: The money multiplier . The wage-fund doctrine was derived from the tableau, then later rejected. Karl Marx used Quesnay's Tableau as a basis for his theory of circulation in Capital volume 2. Landlord A landlord is the owner of a house , apartment , condominium , land, or real estate which is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called a tenant (also

2664-512: The "aura" in or around a dwelling, making it comparable to the real estate sales concept of "indoor-outdoor flow". The square footage of a house in the United States reports the area of "living space", excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. The "square metres" figure of a house in Europe reports the area of the walls enclosing the home, and thus includes any attached garage and non-living spaces. The number of floors or levels making up

2736-572: The 19th and early 20th century typically operated out of the front room or parlor or had a two-room office on their property, which was detached from the house. By the mid 20th century, the increase in high-tech equipment created a marked shift whereby the contemporary doctor typically worked from an office or hospital . Technology and electronic systems has caused privacy issues and issues with segregating personal life from remote work . Technological advances of surveillance and communications allow insight of personal habits and private lives. As

2808-449: The building, may be able to enfranchise individually. Statute of 1925 implies into nearly all leases (tenancies at low rent and at a premium (fine, initial large sum)) of property that they can be sold (by the lessee, assigned); reducing any restriction to one whereby the landlord may apply standard that is "reasonable" vetting, without causing major delay. This is often known as the "statutory qualified covenant on assignment/alienation". In

2880-579: The children of landlords and others in the catering industry. There are significant associations of landlords in various countries. These associations/societies provide support for their members in facing a range of issues by providing a means of mutual support, and also lobby relevant authorities and parliament with regard to the details and implementation of residential and some commercial tenancy legislation. Numerous landlord associations exist in Australia . These associations should be distinguished from

2952-503: The class of property owner associations representing the 'big end of town' — the owners of major buildings and very large residential housing complexes, such as the Property Council of Australia . National Residential Landlords Association (NRLA) has now formed from a merger of the two following organisations as of 31/3/2020: House A house is a single-unit residential building . It may range in complexity from

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3024-409: The construction process. They include: In the developed world, energy-conservation has grown in importance in house design. Housing produces a major proportion of carbon emissions (studies have shown that it is 30% of the total in the United Kingdom ). Development of a number of low-energy building types and techniques continues. They include the zero-energy house , the passive solar house ,

3096-456: The end of the lease term the rental relationship can generally be terminated without giving any reason. Some cities, counties, and states have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation , and related eviction . There is also an implied warranty of habitability , whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements such as smoke detectors and

3168-482: The farmer nor the artisan can afford to consume more than a subsistence level of food. The landlord is assumed to be consuming at a level of satiation; therefore, he cannot consume any more. Since food cannot be stored easily, it is necessary to sell it to someone who can use it. This is where the merchant provides value. The merchant is not a source of wealth, however. The Physiocrats believed that “neither industry nor commerce generates wealth.” A “plausible explanation

3240-454: The fifth millennium BC and with its contents still preserved was for example excavated at Tell Madhur in Iraq . Roman architect Vitruvius ' theories have claimed the first form of architecture as a frame of timber branches finished in mud, also known as the primitive hut . Philip Tabor later states the contribution of 17th century Dutch houses as the foundation of houses today. As far as

3312-825: The general public in 1908. Prefab techniques became popular after World War II . First small inside rooms framing, then later, whole walls were prefabricated and carried to the construction site . The original impetus was to use the labor force inside a shelter during inclement weather. More recently, builders have begun to collaborate with structural engineers who use finite element analysis to design prefabricated steel-framed homes with known resistance to high wind loads and seismic forces . These newer products provide labor savings, more consistent quality, and possibly accelerated construction processes. Lesser-used construction methods have gained (or regained) popularity in recent years. Though not in wide use, these methods frequently appeal to homeowners who may become actively involved in

3384-432: The growth of dense settlement, humans designed ways of identifying houses and parcels of land. Individual houses sometimes acquire proper names , and those names may acquire in their turn considerable emotional connotations. A more systematic and general approach to identifying houses may use various methods of house numbering . Houses may express the circumstances or opinions of their builders or their inhabitants. Thus,

3456-474: The house can affect the square footage of a home. Humans often build houses for domestic or wild animals , often resembling smaller versions of human domiciles. Familiar animal houses built by humans include birdhouses , hen houses and dog houses , while housed agricultural animals more often live in barns and stables . Many houses have several large rooms with specialized functions and several very small rooms for other various reasons. These may include

3528-438: The house with humans. Most conventional modern houses will at least contain a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. The names of parts of a house often echo the names of parts of other buildings, but could typically include: Little is known about the earliest origin of the house and its interior; however, it can be traced back to the simplest form of shelters. An exceptionally well-preserved house dating to

3600-591: The houses accommodated numerous people, including family, relatives, employees, servants and their guests. Their lifestyles were largely communal, as areas such as the Great Hall enforced the custom of dining and meetings and the Solar intended for shared sleeping beds. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Italian Renaissance Palazzo consisted of plentiful rooms of connectivity. Unlike

3672-656: The idea of the home is concerned, the home of the home is the Netherlands . This idea's crystallization might be dated to the first three-quarters of the 17th century, when the Dutch Netherlands amassed the unprecedented and unrivalled accumulation of capital, and emptied their purses into domestic space. In the Middle Ages , the Manor Houses facilitated different activities and events. Furthermore,

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3744-516: The initial tenancy. A tenancy of someone who has been in occupation since before 15 January 1989 usually, if not a shorthold from the outset following their inception from 1980 onwards, may be a " regulated tenancy " with many more rights, especially under the Rent Act 1977 and Protection from Eviction Act 1977 , introduced by the Third Wilson ministry . Each house in multiple occupation ,

3816-552: The land may also be directly subject to a member of higher nobility, as in the royal domain directly owned by a king, or in the Holy Roman Empire imperial villages directly subject to the emperor. The medieval system ultimately continues the system of villas and latifundia (peasant-worked broad farmsteads) of the Roman Empire . In modern times, "landlord" describes an owner of a property who charges rent to

3888-481: The landlords—like all other men—love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for their land’s natural product." George believed land belonged to everyone and supported a public tax on economic rent , which he believed would be so profitable that all other taxes would be abolished. Another common criticism of landlords is the tendency for monopolization . Without regulation, corporations are able to use their purchasing power to buy up housing stock. In

3960-453: The massive effect of agriculture on France’s economy, it was more likely they would develop an economic model that used it to the king’s advantage. The Physiocrats were at the beginning of the anti-mercantilist movement. Quesnay’s argument against industry and international trade as alternatives to his doctrine is twofold. First, industry produces no gain in wealth; therefore, redirecting labor from agriculture to industry will in effect decrease

4032-445: The meaning of "good and substantial repair". Implied principles include "non-derogation from grant" and "quiet enjoyment". All businesses which are tenants (lessees) must decide whether to contract in or outside of Part II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 which gives them "business security of tenure". If not, it generally applies by default. This "security of tenure" is expressly subject to common reasons and associated mechanisms for

4104-468: The nation’s overall wealth. Additionally, population expands to fill available land and food supply; therefore, population must go down if the use of land does not produce food. Second, the basic premise of the Mercantilists is that a country must export more than it imports to gain wealth, but that assumes it has more of a tradeable resource than it needs for internal consumption. France did not have

4176-480: The nearest available material, and often tradition or culture govern construction-materials, so whole towns, areas, counties or even states/countries may be built out of one main type of material. For example, a large portion of American houses use wood, while most British and many European houses use stone, brick, or mud. In the early 20th century, some house designers started using prefabrication . Sears, Roebuck & Co. first marketed their Sears Catalog Homes to

4248-400: The needs of the people who will live in the house. Feng shui , originally a Chinese method of moving houses according to such factors as rain and micro-climates, has recently expanded its scope to address the design of interior spaces, with a view to promoting harmonious effects on the people living inside the house, although no actual effect has ever been demonstrated. Feng shui can also mean

4320-429: The other hand, some architects have designed homes in which eating, working and living are brought together. In many parts of the world, houses are constructed using scavenged materials. In Manila 's Payatas neighborhood, slum houses are often made of material sourced from a nearby garbage dump. In Dakar , it is common to see houses made of recycled materials standing atop a mixture of garbage and sand which serves as

4392-404: The overall diminishing domain of social housing , exceptionally, lessees widely acquire over time the Right to Buy for a fixed discount on the market price of the home. In commercial property much of the law, especially as to disputes and basic responsibilities, is based on freedom of contract of the common law including the implied terms of precedent decisions of wide-ranging case law such as

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4464-526: The physical integration of the corridor into housing by the 19th century. Sociologist Witold Rybczynski wrote, "the subdivision of the house into day and night uses, and into formal and informal areas, had begun." Rooms were changed from public to private as single entryways forced notions of entering a room with a specific purpose. Compared to the large scaled houses in England and the Renaissance,

4536-443: The property. The terms "slumlord", "slum landlord", or "ghetto landlord" is used to describe landlords of large numbers of such properties, often holding a virtual local monopoly. Public improvement or major private investment can improve such areas. In extreme situations, government compulsory purchase powers in many countries enable slum clearance to replace or renovate the worst of neighbourhoods. The term 'accidental landlord'

4608-512: The qualities and uses of the Manor Houses, most rooms of the palazzo contained no purpose, yet were given several doors. These doors adjoined rooms in which Robin Evans describes as a "matrix of discrete but thoroughly interconnected chambers." The layout allowed occupants to freely walk room to room from one door to another, thus breaking the boundaries of privacy . An early example of

4680-465: The requirements for eviction of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord can evict a tenant. Some provinces have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation , and related eviction . There is also an implied warranty of habitability , whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements. Private sector renting

4752-442: The residents of the town, they are able to raise rent and lower wages during a recession . Renters (tenants or other licensees) at the lowest end of the payment scale may be in social or economic difficulty and suffer significant social stigma as a consequence. Due to lack of alternative options, such renters are often the victims of unscrupulous owners of unsafe and decrepit properties who neglect their responsibility to maintain

4824-574: The same corridor. English architect Sir Roger Pratt states "the common way in the middle through the whole length of the house, [avoids] the offices from one molesting the other by continual passing through them." Social hierarchies within the 17th century were highly regarded, as architecture was able to epitomize the servants and the upper class. More privacy is offered to the occupant as Pratt further claims, "the ordinary servants may never publicly appear in passing to and fro for their occasions there." This social divide between rich and poor favored

4896-557: The same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as a garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have a backyard , a front yard or both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax, eat, or exercise. The English word house derives directly from the Old English word hus, meaning "dwelling, shelter, home, house," which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic husan (reconstructed by etymological analysis) which

4968-580: The segregation of rooms and consequent enhancement of privacy may be found in 1597 at the Beaufort House built in Chelsea, London . It was designed by English architect John Thorpe who wrote on his plans, "A Long Entry through all". The separation of the passageway from the room developed the function of the corridor . This new extension was revolutionary at the time, allowing the integration of one door per room, in which all universally connected to

5040-442: The tenant is responsible for keeping the property clean and safe. Many owners hire a property management company to take care of all the details of renting their property out to a tenant. This usually includes advertising the property and showing it to prospective tenants, negotiating and preparing the written leases or license agreements, and then, once rented, collecting rent from the tenant and performing repairs as needed. In

5112-786: The term used is licensed victualler or simply "licensee". The Licensed Trade Charity , formed in 2004 from the merger of the Society of Licensed Victuallers and Licensed Victualler's National Homes, exists to serve the retirement needs of Britain's pub landlords. The charity also runs three private schools in Ascot and Reading in Berkshire and Sayers Common in Sussex . As well as having normal full fee paying students, Licensed Victuallers' School in Ascot provides discounted education prices for

5184-455: Was not anti-industry, however. He was just realistic in his assessment that France was not in good position to incubate a strong industrial market. His argument was that artisans and manufacturers would come to France only in proportion to the size of the internal market for their goods. Quesnay believed “a country should concentrate on manufacturing only to the extent that the local availability of raw materials and suitable labor enabled it to have

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