Tafilah ( Arabic : الطفيلة ) is one of the governorates of Jordan , located about 180 km south-west of Amman , Jordan's capital.
63-495: Tafilah Governorate is bordered by Karak Governorate to the north, Ma'an Governorate to the east and south, Aqaba Governorate to the south, and by Israel to the west. The area of this province constitutes 2.5% of the area of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . It is divided into three districts. The population as of 2005 is about 82,000 (i.e. 1.6% of Jordan's population in 2005) living in 32 towns and villages across
126-438: A good part on agriculture . The total area of fruit and olive farms in the governorate in 2008 was 42.210 km, of which more than 31 km were of olive farms. The towns in the governorate are mostly located at elevations exceeding 1000m above sea level ; the town of Rashadiya has the highest elevation in the province, at 1500m above sea level, and receives an annual rainfall of 240 mm. Although Tafilah Governorate
189-494: A summer average temperature between 32 and 39 °C (90 and 102 °F). Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F). The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation , particularly the UVB (erythrogenic rays). Given the higher atmospheric pressure , the air has a slightly higher oxygen content (3.3% in summer to 4.8% in winter) as compared to oxygen concentration at sea level. Barometric pressures at
252-470: Is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and 15 kilometres (9 mi) wide at its widest point. The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean Basin for thousands of years. It was one of the world's first health resorts , and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilisers . Today, tourists visit
315-674: Is a calque of the Arabic name , itself a calque of earlier Greek and Latin names , in reference to the scarcity of aquatic life caused by the lake's extreme salinity. Historical English names include the Salt Sea , Lake of Sodom from the biblical account of its destruction and Lake Asphaltites from Greek and Latin . The name "Dead Sea" occasionally appears in Hebrew literature as Yām HamMāvet ( ים ה מוות ), 'Sea of Death'. The usual biblical and modern Hebrew name for
378-619: Is a salt lake is bordered by Jordan to the east and Palestine 's Israeli-occupied West Bank and Israel to the west. It is an endorheic lake , meaning there are no outlet streams. The Dead Sea lies in the Jordan Rift Valley , a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform (DST). This left lateral-moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and
441-548: Is a landlocked salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east, the Israeli-occupied West Bank to the west and Israel to the southwest. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley , and its main tributary is the Jordan River . As of 2019, the lake's surface is 430.5 metres (1,412 ft) below sea level , making its shores the lowest land-based elevation on Earth. It is 304 m (997 ft) deep,
504-571: Is also known in Arabic as the Sea of Lot ( بحر لوط , Buhayrat , Bahret , or Birket Lut ) from the nephew of Abraham whose wife was said to have turned into a pillar of salt during the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah . Less often, it has been known in Arabic as the Sea of Zo'ar from a formerly important city along its shores. Because of the large volume of ancient trade in
567-737: Is believed to be near the city of Al Karak , which was known as the Qir of Moab. For a brief period of time, the territory came under Persian rule, then the Nabateans took control of it, until the Romans invaded the Levant and occupied their capital, Petra . In the 4th century, a Roman legion , the Legio IV Martia , had a headquarter fortress at Betthorus (now el-Lejjun) in Karak. Around 530
630-606: Is connected to the rest of Jordan by two highways: In 2004, according to the Jordan National Census of that year, the population of the Karak Governorate was 204,185, i.e. 4% of the population of Jordan. The male-to-female ratio was 50.6 to 49.4, Jordanian citizens made up 95.42% Among the Jordanian citizens the male-to-female ratio was 50.38 to 49.62. Of the non-Jordanians, the male-to-female ratio
693-582: Is one of the governorates of Jordan , located south-west of Amman , Jordan's capital. Its capital is Al-Karak . It s bordered by Madaba and the Capital governorates to the north, Ma'an Governorate to the east, Tafilah Governorate to the south, and the Dead Sea to the west. The land of Karak Governorate was the home of the Kingdom of Moab , during the first millennium BC. Their capital and stronghold
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#1732772838200756-671: Is rich in history, having been the nucleus of the ancient kingdom of Edom, it has one of the lowest numbers of tourists in Jordan. This is due to the fact that its most interesting sites are slightly off the beaten track; Jordan's main two main highways connecting north to south Jordan are the Dead Sea Highway (Highway 65) and the Desert Highway (Highway 15), flanking the governorate on the west and east, respectively. The governorate depends mostly on domestic tourists, who visit
819-1112: Is the only university in the governorate, located in the city of Mu'tah , and is one of the largest universities in Jordan by number of students. Karak Governorate is divided into 10 departments according to article 7 of the 46th Administrative Divisions System of 2000: [REDACTED] Capital Department [REDACTED] South Mazar Department [REDACTED] South Aghwar Department [REDACTED] Qasr Department [REDACTED] Ghor Al-Mazra'a Department [REDACTED] Faqou' Department [REDACTED] Aii Department [REDACTED] Moab Department [REDACTED] Qatraneh Department [REDACTED] Moujeb Department 31°09′53″N 35°45′43″E / 31.16472°N 35.76194°E / 31.16472; 35.76194 Dead Sea The Dead Sea ( Arabic : اَلْبَحْر الْمَيِّت , romanized : al-Baḥr al-Mayyit , or اَلْبَحْر الْمَيْت , al-Baḥr al-Mayt ; Hebrew : יַם הַמֶּלַח , romanized : Yam hamMelaḥ ), also known by other names ,
882-854: The Arabian Plate . It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai . Water feeds into the Dead Sea from various sources, many small or intermittent, including: ( Wadi is the Arabic term for a river valley with a small or intermittent stream; Nahal is the equivalent in Hebrew. The two terms are often used interchangeably in English names for
945-814: The Byzantine Empire established a vassal state ruled by the Ghassanids . The city of Mu'tah was the site of the first clash between the Muslim Arabs under Muhammad and the Byzantines at the Battle of Mu'tah in 629 AD. With the coming of the crusaders , the Principality of Kerak was established, after which Kerak was a center front between the Ayyubids and the crusaders. From
1008-573: The Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan , and extensively at the time of King David . Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho . Somewhere, perhaps on the southeastern shore, would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham : Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 18) and the three other "Cities of
1071-521: The Judaean Mountains . The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself. To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m (700 ft) tall halite mineral formation called Mount Sodom . There are two contending hypotheses about
1134-574: The Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat . Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, and others including Suweima. Highway 65 runs north–south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba . Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in
1197-542: The McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond (44%)) have reported higher salinities. In the 19th century and the early 20th century, the surface layers of the Dead Sea were less salty than today, which resulted in an average density in the range of 1.15-1.17 g/cm instead of the present value of around 1.25 g/cm . A sample tested by Bernays in the 19th century had a salinity of 19%. By
1260-740: The Roman Empire . The region was later ruled by the Ghassanids , under Byzantine authority. It then came under Muslim rule , except for a brief period in the time of the Crusades . During the Arab Revolt , the region was captured from the Ottomans by Arab forces in the Battle of Tafilah , thanks to a "brilliant feat of arms". The Arab forces mounted a three-prong attack: one on Jurf al-Darwish Station east of Tafilah led by Sherif Nasir , one on Shoubak by Sherif Abdul Mayin, and one up
1323-542: The Wadi Araba by Sherif Mastur. On 25 January 1918, forces under T.E. Lawrence , Jaafar Pasha , and Prince Zeid bin Hussein repulsed a counter-attack of 1000 Turkish soldiers led by Hamid Fakhri Pasha, in an attempt to retake Tafilah. Only 50 Turks survived the retreat, while 250 were taken prisoner. The population of Tafilah Governorate is estimated to be about 81,000 for the year 2008. The Jordan National Census of
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#17327728382001386-464: The sea floor . Beginning in the 1960s, water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced as a result of large-scale irrigation and generally low rainfall. By 1975, the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer. Nevertheless, the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense. When the upper layer cooled so its density
1449-480: The 15th century until 1917, Karak was under Ottoman rule, and then later under the Emirate of Transjordan . After the creation of the administrative governorates system in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Karak became a governorate on 16 January 1966, with Waheeb al-Bitar as its first governor. The land of Karak Governorate is situated along the south eastern coast of the Dead Sea and the mountain chain known as
1512-659: The Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy . In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States. An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt . From deep seeps , the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance. Asphalt-coated figurines and bitumen-coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found. Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from
1575-436: The Dead Sea had an average salinity of about 30%, and a temperature that swung between 19 and 37 °C (66 and 99 °F). Underneath a zone of transition, the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 °C (72 °F) temperature, salinity of over 34%, and complete saturation of sodium chloride (NaCl). Since the water near the bottom is saturated with NaCl, that salt precipitates out of solution onto
1638-524: The Dead Sea region. The Dead Sea area has become a location for health research and potential treatment for several reasons. The mineral content of the water, the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere , the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation , and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects . For example, persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from
1701-474: The Dead Sea were measured between 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with health effects at higher altitude. (This barometric measure is about 5% higher than sea level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa, which is the global ocean mean or ATM.) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate. During the winter, sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures, and vice versa during
1764-541: The Dead Sea. Archaeological evidence shows multiple anchorages existing on both sides of the sea, including in Ein Gedi , Khirbet Mazin (where the ruins of a Hasmonean -era dry dock are located), Numeira and near Masada . King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea. The most famous was Masada , where in 70 CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after
1827-508: The Dead Sea. The water levels and salinity of the successive lakes (Amora, Lisan, Dead Sea) have either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom, and due to climate variation. As the climate became more arid, Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier, leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder. From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago, Lake Lisan's level was 100 to 250 m (330 to 820 ft) higher than its current level, possibly due to lower evaporation than in
1890-693: The Dead Sea. These include Ein Gedi , Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council : Kalya , Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat . There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar. Highway 90 runs north–south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km (351 mi) from Metula on
1953-550: The Mountains of Moab. Wadi Mujib , biblically known as Arnon River , flows through the mountains of Karak Governorate and ends in the Dead Sea. The cities in the governorate are located at elevations ranging from over 1000 meters above sea level in the South Mazar Department to 800 meters above sea level in the northern departments to about 330 meters below sea level at Ghor Al-Safi Department. The governorate
Tafilah Governorate - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-451: The Plain", Admah , Zeboim and Zoar (Deuteronomy 29:23). Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis 19:21–22). Before the destruction, the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits , which was called the vale of Siddim . King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby. In Ezekiel 47:8–9 there is a specific prophecy that
2079-483: The Sea of Galilee basin. The Sedom Lagoon deposited evaporites mainly consisting of rock salt , which eventually reached a thickness of 2.3 km (1.43 mi) on the old basin floor in the area of today's Mount Sedom . According to Kafri, during the late Neogene , i.e. in the Pliocene (ended c. 2.5 million years ago), the eustatic sea level was at 50–100 metres above the current sea level , thus flooding
2142-619: The boundary between Edom and the neighboring kingdom of Moab , and it still forms the boundary between Tafilah and Karak Governorates, while itself belongs administratively to Karak Governorate. Almost all towns in Tafilah Governorate date back to the Edomite period, the capital city of Tafilah held the Edomite name of Tophel . Edom often allied with Moab and Ammon , and later with the Nabataeans until their fall to
2205-472: The cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity ; therefore, it may have been a seismic event. In prehistoric times , great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Amora. The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom (on the southwest side of the lake). Geologists explain
2268-493: The color change. Since 1980, the basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers. In 2011 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva, Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface. These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter. They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea . There are several small communities near
2331-416: The deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With a salinity of 342 g/kg, or 34.2% (in 2011), it is one of the world's saltiest bodies of water – 9.6 times as salty as the ocean – and has a density of 1.24 kg/litre, which makes swimming similar to floating . This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea's main, northern basin
2394-510: The discoveries of prehistoric tools supplied scientists with much information about human civilisation stages in the Levant . Tafilah Governorate has been inhabited by the Edomites since the 11th century BC. The entire land covered by Tafilah Governorate was the stronghold of the Edomites with the town of Busairah as their capital. The valley known as Wadi al-Hasa (ancient Zered) formed
2457-401: The edges. The Wadi Mujib valley, 420 m below the sea level in the southern part of the Jordan valley, is a biosphere reserve , with an area of 212 km (82 sq mi ). Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm (4 in) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm (2 in) in the southern part. The Dead Sea zone's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of
2520-485: The effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed, forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the bucket. When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces, the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs (see salt dome ). The Dead Sea has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh), with year-round sunny skies and dry air. It has less than 50 millimetres (2 in) mean annual rainfall and
2583-684: The formation process as not yet clarified, speaking of a late Pliocene-early Pleistocene process in which tectonics might also have played a part in blocking water ingression from the Mediterranean to its former bay or lagoon. The first prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora (which possibly appeared in the early Pleistocene; its sediments developed into the Amora (Samra) Formation, dated to over 200–80 kyr BP ), followed by Lake Lisan (c. 70–14 kyr) and finally by
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2646-607: The governorate ( making it the least populated governorate of Jordan). As with other parts of the Levant , signs of habitation in Tafilah Governorate have been found dating from the Palaeolithic periods . In 1984 a team of archaeologists from the University of Arizona discovered stone tools estimated at 90,000 years old in caves in Ain Defla and Hessa. Although no human remains could ever be found dating from that era,
2709-606: The hot water springs and the natural reserves within it. Tafilah Governorate is rich in natural resources. Reserves in the governorate are estimated at one million tons of copper and half a million tons of manganese , while phosphate mining is one of the main industries in the governorate. Some of the historic and natural sites in Tafila Governorate are: 30°50′09″N 35°36′44″E / 30.83583°N 35.61222°E / 30.83583; 35.61222 Karak Governorate Karak ( Arabic : الكرك )
2772-678: The increased atmospheric pressure. The region's climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for assessment of putative therapies: There is evidence that the unique attenuation and spectrum of UV rays near the Dead Sea contribute to effective photoclimatherapy for psoriasis , in part because the reduced exposure to solar radiation allows for longer periods of sunbathing. Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom relief compared to standard hypertonic saline spray in one study. Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily relieve pain in patients with osteoarthritis of
2835-542: The knees. According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev , treatment with mineral-rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy. The sea is called "dead" because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants , from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present. In times of flood,
2898-546: The lake is the Sea of Salt ( ים המלח , Yām HamMelaḥ ). Other Hebrew names for the lake also mentioned in the Bible are the Sea of Arabah ( ים ה ערבה , Yām Ha‘Ărāvâ ) and the Eastern Sea ( ה ים ה קדמוני , HaYām HaQadmōnî ). The Arabic name is al-Bahr al-Mayyit ( البحر الميت ), or usually without the article al- , so just Bahr etc. It
2961-485: The lake's naturally occurring free-floating bitumen , its usual names in ancient Greek and Roman geography were some form of Asphalt Lake ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἀσφαλτίτης or Ἀσφαλτίτις Λίμνη , Asphaltítēs or Asphaltítis Límnē ; Latin : Lacus Asphaltites ) or Sea ( Ἀσφαλτίτης Θάλασσα , Asphaltítēs Thálassa ). It was also known as the 'Dead Sea' ( Greek Νεκρά Θάλασσα , Nekrá Thálassa , Latin ( Mare Mortuum ). The Dead Sea
3024-559: The late Pliocene -early Pleistocene , what is now the valley of the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea . The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley . The floods of the valley came and went depending on long-scale changes in
3087-509: The northern valleys connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Jordan Rift Valley , which led to the creation of a crooked-shaped lagoon. This high eustatic sea level situation subsequently came to an end, and the ocean could no longer flood the area. Thus, the long lagoon became a landlocked lake, which - due to the high evaporation rate - retreated toward the lower, southern part of the rift valley. However, Mordechai Stein considers
3150-547: The origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea. The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Red Sea Rift , or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa . A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a "step-over" discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform, creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence. During
3213-473: The present. Its level fluctuated dramatically, rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago, indicating a very wet climate in the Near East . Around 10,000 years ago, the lake's level dropped dramatically, probably even lower than today. During the last several thousand years, the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m (1,300 ft), with some significant drops and rises. Current theories as to
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#17327728382003276-440: The salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35% to 30% or lower. It temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters. In 1980, after one such rainy winter, the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red. Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found it to be teeming with an alga called Dunaliella . Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid -containing (red- pigmented ) halobacteria , whose presence caused
3339-402: The salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 85% sodium chloride . The concentration of sulfate ions (SO 4 ) is very low, and the concentration of bromide ions (Br ) is the highest of all waters on Earth. The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5%. This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg/L. Anyone can easily float in
3402-403: The same body of water.) The water of Wadi Hassa is now completely consumed in Jordan. The Jordan River, which passes through the Sea of Galilee , has been substantially diverted. It currently only contributes about one-sixth of the inflow to the Dead Sea, less than direct rainfall. There are also small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, forming pools and quicksand pits along
3465-401: The sea on its Israeli, Jordanian and West Bank coastlines. The Dead Sea is receding at a swift rate; its surface area today is 605 km (234 sq mi), having been 1,050 km (410 sq mi) in 1930. Multiple canal and pipeline proposals, such as the scrapped Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance project, have been made to reduce its recession. The English name "Dead Sea"
3528-577: The sea will "be healed and made fresh", becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life . A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14:8, which says that "living waters will go out from Jerusalem , half of them to the eastern sea [likely the Dead Sea] and half to the western sea [the Mediterranean ]." Greek and Jewish writers report that the Nabateans had monopolistic control over
3591-421: The summer months. This is the result of the water's mass and specific heat capacity . On average, there are 192 days above 30 °C (86 °F) annually. With 34.2% salinity (in 2011), it is one of the world's saltiest bodies of water , though Lake Vanda in Antarctica (35%), Lake Assal in Djibouti (34.8%), Lagoon Garabogazköl in the Caspian Sea (up to 35%) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of
3654-431: The tectonic and climatic conditions . The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 50 km (30 mi) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea, and the subsequent lakes never surpassed this expanse. The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from
3717-405: The year 1926, the salinity had increased (although it was also suspected that the salinity varies seasonally and depends on the distance from the mouth of the Jordan ). Until the winter of 1978–79, when a major mixing event took place, the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature, density, age, and salinity. The topmost 35 meters (115 ft) or so of
3780-484: The year 2004 shows that Tafilah Governorate had a population of 75,267 in 2004 living in the city of Tafilah and 31 other towns and villages, of whom 73,767 were Jordanian citizens (98%). The male to female ratio was 51 to 49. The population of districts according to census results: Article 11 of the Administrative Divisions System of the Jordanian ministry of Interior divides Tafilah Governorate into three departments as follows: The governorate's economy depends in
3843-413: Was 55.19 to 44.81. The estimated population as of 2010 is about 239,000. Muslim form the majority of the Karak Governorate with 70% of its total population and Christians are 30% of its population. Karak presents a practical model of peaceful coexistence between Muslim and Christians. The next census is scheduled for 2014 The population of districts according to census results: Mutah University
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#17327728382003906-414: Was Cl (181.4), Br (4.2), SO 4 (0.4), HCO 3 (0.2), Ca (14.1), Na (32.5), K (6.2) and Mg (35.2). The total salinity was 276 g/kg. These results show that the composition of the salt, as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) 14.4%, potassium chloride (KCl) 4.4%, magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) 50.8% and sodium chloride (NaCl) 30.4%. In comparison,
3969-457: Was greater than the lower layer, the waters mixed (1978–79). For the first time in centuries, the lake was a homogeneous body of water. Since then, stratification has begun to redevelop. The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water. The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season, depth and temperature. In the early 1980s, the concentration of ionic species (in g/kg) of Dead Sea surface water
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