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66-684: Soviet 'martyr' Nikolay Bauman was beaten to death outside of Taganka Prison by a nationalist and reactionary mob upon the release of political prisoners 18 October 1905. Taganka is also the name of one of many Russian prisoners' songs. It takes its name from the prison and was popularized by Russian singers Vladimir Vysotsky and Mikhail Shufutinsky . 55°44′06″N 37°39′16″E  /  55.73500°N 37.65444°E  / 55.73500; 37.65444 Nikolay Bauman Nikolay Ernestovich Bauman ( Russian : Николай Эрнестович Бауман ) (29 May [ O.S. 17 May] 1873 – 31 October [ O.S. 18 October] 1905)

132-401: A Browning semi-automatic pistol and shot at Mikhalin once, but the latter, a six-feet tall dark-haired man of considerable strength — with the help of his swordsmanship — managed to hit Bauman on the pistol-holding arm with his pipe cut-out, so he missed Mikhalin, who then struck Bauman three times on the head with the same instrument, causing almost instant death (with two hits later described by

198-646: A characteristic movement, tossed up his head to emphasize his reply: "One day you will understand the crime in which you are taking part". Waving his hand wearily, he left the hall. For a while Martov led the Menshevik opposition group in the Constituent Assembly until the Bolsheviks abolished it. Later, when a factory section chose Martov as their delegate ahead of Lenin in a Soviet election, it found its supplies reduced soon afterwards. During

264-693: A doctor as deadly). According to records of the CPSU , Bauman was the first member of Central Committee of the Bolshevik party to die a violent death. Mikhalin voluntarily gave himself up to the police within an hour of the incident and was sentenced by the Moscow District Court to 18 months of imprisonment for disproportional use of force causing death to the victim. He was never pardoned by Imperial Russia, and later caught by Soviet OGPU in 1925, and records of him since then are unknown, however it

330-524: A draft party programme, with which Lenin disagreed. Martov believed that RSDLP sympathizers who were willing to obey the party's leadership and recognize the party's program should be admitted as party members, as well as those people who were fully paid up party members who participated in one of party's organizations; while Lenin wanted clear dividing lines between party members and party sympathizers, with party membership being limited to those people who were fully paid up party members who participated in one of

396-547: A few days. Forced to leave Russia and with other radical political figures living in exile, Martov settled in Munich, joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) and was one of the founders of the party journal Iskra . Initially, Lenin and Martov were allies in disputes within the six member editorial board, on which Georgi Plekhanov , the founder of Russian Marxism, had

462-541: A majority. They referred to themselves as Bolsheviks throughout the Congress, hence their adoption of the name Bolshevik which literally means 'person of the majority'. The minority or 'Menshevik' faction adopted the corresponding title. At the end of the Congress, there was a highly emotive dispute over the future composition of the editorial board of Iskra on which Lenin proposed to exclude the three least active editors, Zasulich, Pavel Axelrod, and Alexander Potresov. Martov

528-602: A member of Central Committee of RSDRP , was very active in assembling and igniting the crowds to march on the Moscow Governorate Prison , from which he himself was released recently, to demand the release of political prisoners under the red banner with the motto: 'Let's level the Russian Bastille to the ground!' While riding a cab with the said banner, Bauman shouted: 'Down with the Tsar! Down with

594-470: A significant role in his life and how others perceived him. He suffered constant taunting throughout his childhood for his inability to keep up with other kids his age. Martov was raised in Odessa, but the pogrom against Odessa Jews in 1881 forced the family to move to St. Petersburg. The Tsederbaum family, like many others at the time, held the government responsible for the pogroms. The Tsederbaum family

660-819: A socialist revolution to take place. He returned to Russia in October 1905, and was arrested in February, but released in April 1906. He helped organise the RSDLP group in the First Duma and first their first declaration, which was delivered on 18 May 1906. Rearrested in July, he was deported to Finland. Later, he settled in Paris. Martov was always to be found on the left wing of the Menshevik faction and supported reunifying with

726-628: A strictly educational approach to a focus on agitation. The mass of Jewish workers in Vilna led them to decide to carry out their efforts in Yiddish. Together with fellow Vilno Social Democrat, Arkady Kremer , Martov explained the strategy involving mass agitation and participating in Jewish strikes in the work On Agitation (1895). The plan detailed that workers were to see a need for broader political campaigning through participating in strikes, led by

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792-450: A successful politician", as he often was held back by his integrity, and "philosophical approach" to matters of politics. He tended to select political allies primarily by the "coherence of their general worldview", instead of "practicality" or "timeliness". His "high minded approach" would later win rounds of applause among the socialist intelligentsia. Nonetheless, Martov's noble principles allegedly made him too "soft" and "indecisive", at

858-471: A time when the opposite were politically required of him. He has been described as a "brilliant intellectual and party theoretician". Alexander Shotman , a metal worker who backed Lenin at the 2nd Congress, left a vivid description of Martov: Martov resembled a poor Russian intellectual. His face was pale, he had sunken cheeks; his scant beard was untidy. His suit hung on him as on a clothes hanger. Manuscripts and pamphlets protruded from all his pockets. He

924-415: A whole was however isolated. His view was denounced by Trotsky. This is best exemplified by Trotsky's comment to him and other party members as they left the first meeting of the council of Soviets after 25 October 1917 in disgust at the way in which the Bolsheviks had seized political power: "You are pitiful isolated individuals; you are bankrupts; your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on—into

990-695: A year later. He died from tuberculosis in 1923. Martov was born to an educated and politically active Jewish family in Constantinople , Ottoman Empire . Martov's grandfather, Alexander Osipovich Tsederbaum, was a prominent social activist. In the 1870s, his grandfather founded the first newspapers in Russia published in Hebrew and Yiddish . His father Joseph Alexandrovich worked for the Russian Association for Shipping and Trade . His sister

1056-532: Is believed he was executed in the same year. Bauman's death made him a martyr of the Revolution, which effectively 'cleansed him of his sins'. His death enabled the Bolsheviks to play on the sympathies of the masses for the first time in the party's history. As a result, tens of thousands attended his funeral procession, people who saw in Bauman's death 'the fate of the Revolution' if they 'did not unite against'

1122-865: The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany later that month. Martov had not intended to stay in Germany indefinitely, and only did so after the Mensheviks were outlawed in March 1921, following the Tenth Congress of the ruling Communist Party . In 1922, learning Martov was ill, Lenin asked Stalin to transfer funds to Berlin to contribute to Martov's medical care, but Stalin refused. Martov died in Schömberg , Germany, in April 1923. Before his fatal illness, he launched

1188-728: The League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class , in which Lenin was a dominant figure. At this stage, "their friendship was so close that they agreed on the foundations of their world view", despite or because of the contrasts in their personalities. Lenin was neat and restrained; Martov lively and chaotic. Martov took on the task of contacting workers at the Putilov factory , until his arrest in January 1896. Martov

1254-526: The Menshevik Party leadership. Martov also joined Trotsky in launching the newspaper Nashe Slovo ("Our Word"). He was the only contributor to Nashe Slovo not to align with Lenin in 1917. In 1915, he sided with Lenin at an international conference in Switzerland, where he settled, but he later repudiated the Bolsheviks. In April, prior to the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP , Martov produced

1320-603: The Russian Civil War , Martov supported the Red Army against the White Army ; however, he continued to denounce the persecution of non-violent political opponents of the Bolsheviks, whether Social Democrats, trade unionists, anarchists, or newspapers. In one of his newspaper articles, in 1918, he argued that Stalin was unfit to hold a high position in the communist party, alleging that he had been expelled from

1386-476: The Virgin Mary with a baby in her womb, with a caption asking "who the baby looked like". The woman later hanged herself. This story had gained wide currency among Russian political exiles by the time Bauman reappeared in Switzerland in 1902, after the escape from Kiev. Some of those involved in producing Iskra , including Lenin's closest friend and collaborator, Julius Martov and Pavel Axelrod , one of

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1452-638: The 7th grade because of disagreements with his teachers. From 1891 to 1895, he was a student at the Kazan Veterinary Institute. During his student years he was fascinated by illegal populist and Marxist literature, and participated in various underground groups of workers. After receiving his diploma as a veterinary doctor, Bauman began work at the village of Novye Burasy in the Saratov Region and dreamt of becoming involved in revolutionary propaganda there. However, being known of by

1518-603: The Bolshevik regime, Bauman's name would be given to factories, schools and streets, and a district of Moscow. Currently, a region, square, park , Metro station , and street in Moscow are named after Bauman, as well as the Bauman Moscow State Technical University . Due to decommunization policies the street named after Bauman in ( Ukraine 's capital) Kyiv was renamed after Janusz Korczak in 2016. A steamship, SS Nikolay Bauman ,

1584-564: The Bolsheviks came to power, Martov advocated an "all-socialist" coalition government, but found himself politically marginalised. He continued to lead the Mensheviks and denounced the Soviet government's repressive measures during the civil war , such as the Red Terror , while supporting the struggle against the Whites . In 1920, Martov left Russia for Germany, and the Mensheviks were outlawed

1650-426: The Bolsheviks in 1905. That unity was short lived, however, and by 1907 the two factions split once again. In 1911 Martov notably wrote the pamphlet "Saviours or destroyers? Who destroyed the RSDLP and how" (Russian: "Спасители или упразднители? Кто и как разрушал"), which denounced the Bolsheviks for raising money by expropriations, among other critiques. This pamphlet was denounced by both Kautsky and Lenin. During

1716-661: The Empire!' At one point, 29-year old employee of the Shchapov's Factory — Nikolay Mikhalin, a former soldier with the Emperor's Own Horse Guard Regiment (an elite cuirassier regiment of the Russian Imperial Guards) and a keen monarchist, armed with a cut-out of a steel pipe, got into cab and confronted Bauman, trying to take a red banner from the latter. In the following struggle, Bauman somehow managed to produce

1782-496: The Menshevik faction. When the Bolsheviks came to power as a result of the October Revolution in 1917, Martov became politically marginalised. At the Congress of Soviets immediately after the Bolsheviks seized power, he called for a 'united democratic government' based on the parties of the soviet. His proposal was met with 'torrents of applause' in the Soviet, as the only way to avoid a civil war. Martov's faction as

1848-552: The RSDLP and co-founded the party newspaper Iskra . At the second RSDLP Congress in 1903, a schism developed between their supporters; Martov became the leader of the Menshevik faction against Lenin's Bolsheviks. After the February Revolution of 1917, Martov returned to Russia and led the faction of Mensheviks who opposed the Provisional Government . Following the October Revolution , in which

1914-465: The RSDLP for involvement in the 1907 'expropriations'. Stalin accused him of slander, and demanded that a tribunal be formed to hear the accusations, at which Martov said he would produce witnesses, but the hearing was never held because of the outbreak of civil war. In October 1920, Martov was given permission to legally leave Russia and go to Germany . Martov spoke at the Halle Congress of

1980-749: The RSDLP, representing Jewish workers. Martov was one of the Jewish Marxist leaders (alongside Trotsky), who rejected the demands for Jewish national autonomy, with the Iskra group favouring class interests over nationalism; he was therefore deeply opposed to the Bundists' Jewish nationalism. After the Bund was defeated by 41 votes to 5, its five delegates walked out. The two 'economist' delegates, Alexander Martynov and Vladimir Makhnovets also walked out, depriving Martov of seven votes, and giving Lenin's supporters

2046-584: The Russian Marxist revolutionary leaders, including Lenin, would manage to return to Russia following the February Revolution of 1917. However, the Provisional Government was unwilling to agree to the exchange, and Martov agreed to wait. He declined to join Lenin's party on the famous sealed train which traveled across Germany. After Lenin had arrived in St Petersburg, the remaining members of

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2112-732: The Russian colony appealed to the German government, through the Swiss Red Cross , for permission to cross, with their families. Martov was one of a party of 280 that included his Menshevik comrades, Axelrod, Martynov, and Raphael Abramovitch , who left by train on 13 May 1917. Martov reached Russia too late to prevent some Mensheviks from joining the Provisional Government. He strongly criticized those Mensheviks such as Irakli Tsereteli and Fedor Dan who, as members of

2178-465: The Russian government, supported the war effort. However, at a conference held on 18 June 1917, he failed to gain the support of the delegates for a policy of immediate peace negotiations with the Central Powers. He was unable to enter into an alliance with his rival Lenin to form a coalition in 1917, despite this being the "logical outcome" according to the majority of his left wing supporters in

2244-788: The Social Democrats as trade unions were banned under the Tsarist regime. This led to the formulation of the ideology that led to the formation of the General Jewish Labour Bund in 1897 in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. However, Martov would eventually have a critical parallel role with Lenin in the opposition to the Bund as they would not recognize them as an autonomous section within the RSDLP . Martov returned to St Petersburg in October 1895, and helped to form

2310-451: The Union of Struggle and launch the revolutionary Marxist paper Iskra – "The Spark", which was to be published abroad and smuggled into Russia. After Vladimir Lenin had arrived in Munich in 1900, after serving a term of exile, and took on the management of Iskra , Bauman worked closely with him in getting the project organised. In December 1901, he was sent to Moscow to make contact with

2376-618: The casting vote. When the Iskra operation was transferred to London, in April 1902, Martov shared lodgings in Sidmouth Street with the veteran Marxist, Vera Zasulich , close to where Lenin and his wife, Krupskaya had lodgings. While Lenin was working in the British Museum, Martov and Krupskaya together handled "a large proportion of routine wearying work", such as dealing with mail from Iskra supporters. Trotsky believed that

2442-473: The city. Passing the Conservatory , a student orchestra joined in playing ' You Fell Victim to a Fateful Struggle ' – the Revolution's very own 'funeral song' – repeatedly. The procession 'filled the streets with a dark menace', with the heaviness of the procession, the sadness of the music and the military discipline of the long rows of mourners. As night came, several thousand torches were lit; this caused

2508-451: The dustbin of history!" To this Martov replied in a moment of rage, "Then we'll leave!", and then walked in silence away without looking back. He paused at the exit, seeing a young Bolshevik worker wearing a black shirt with a broad leather belt, standing in the shadow of the portico. The young man turned on Martov with unconcealed bitterness: "And we amongst ourselves had thought, Martov would at least remain with us". Martov stopped, and with

2574-458: The fortress, he was astonishingly allowed to read Karl Marx 's Das Kapital . In 1899, he was exiled to Vyatka Governorate , but he managed to escape abroad the same year. In April 1900, he took part of the second congress of the Emancipation of Labour Group, led by the founder of Russian Marxism Georgi Plekhanov , in Geneva. It was at that congress that Plekhanov's group decided to merge with

2640-486: The founders of Russian Marxism, wanted Bauman expelled from the organisation. In 1903, the board of Iskra adjudicated the matter, and Lenin interceded on Bauman's behalf. According to biographer Robert Service , Lenin rejected the party's right to interfere, arguing that the party's task "was to make revolution against the Romanov monarchy and to vet the morality of comrades only when and in so far as their actions affected

2706-404: The future foreign minister Maxim Litvinov , pulled off a daring escape from the prison, using ropes, grappling irons, and false passports, after they had overpowered two of the prison staff. While exiled in 1899, Bauman had an affair with the wife of a fellow revolutionary who became pregnant with Bauman's child. Bauman responded by openly mocking her, and circulating a vicious cartoon of her as

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2772-593: The illegal Marxist groups in the region and enlist their help in distributing Iskra . He was soon under observation by the Okhrana , and moved to Kyiv , and then Voronezh , but on the way to Voronezh, noticed that he was being followed, and jumped from a train as it passed through Zadonsky District . Arrested in February 1902, he was held in Lukyanivska Prison in Kyiv. He and three other prisoners, including

2838-656: The implementation of the task". The subsequent controversy divided the party, and has been described as "one of the many personal clashes which came to define the ethical distinctions" between the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions after 1903. In 1903, using the pseudonym Sorokin, he was a delegate from the Moscow organisation to the Second Party Congress , during which the split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks opened up. Bauman supported Lenin views on every issue raised. During increasingly heated arguments, he

2904-553: The large red banners achieve a sort of glow, further contributing to the spectacle. Graveside, the orations were emotional. His self-proclaimed widow Kapitolina Medvedeva (they were not officially married under the law of the Russian Empire) urged the crowds to avenge the death of her husband Nikolay. As the large group made its way back to the city, some fighting broke out with groups of the Black Hundreds . Under

2970-439: The leaders of the party followed, carrying red flags and large velvet banners carrying the 'slogans of their struggle' in gold writing, and wreaths. At their sides they were followed by an 'armed militia' consisting of workers and students. Finally, behind these, over 100,000 mourners followed marching ten abreast in military like formation. The procession marched all day, only stopping to pick up reinforcements at certain areas of

3036-774: The most talented men I have ever come across" but added: "The man's misfortune was that fate made him a politician in a time of revolution without endowing him with the necessary resources of will power." Nikolai Sukhanov , a Menshevik who worked closely with Martov in 1917, wrote: Martov is the most intelligent man I've known ... an incomparable thinker and a remarkable analyst because of his exceptional intellect. But this intellect dominates his whole personality to such an extent that an unexpected conclusion begins to thrust itself upon you: Martov owes not only his good side to this intellect, but also his bad side, not only his highly cultivated thinking apparatus but also his weakness in action . Lenin spoke affectionately about Martov long after

3102-605: The northern bureau of the Bolshevik faction, and set up an illegal print shop for producing Bolshevik literature. In spring 1904, he was arrested while walking in Moscow's Petrovsky Park , and interned in Taganka Prison , but released on bail on 10 October 1905. In the wake of the October Manifesto , the Left started the chain of unrests in big Russian industrial centres, including the city of Moscow. Bauman, as

3168-555: The outbreak of the First World War in 1914, while other Mensheviks supported Russia's war effort, Martov viewed the conflict as an imperialist war. This was in line with the views of Lenin and Trotsky. The 'internationalist' minority in the Menshevik party favored a campaign for 'democratic peace'. He became the central leader of the Menshevik Internationalist faction which organized in opposition to

3234-578: The party's organisations. When the Second Congress opened in London in August 1903, Lenin and Martov voted together on every division until the 22nd session, when a vote was taken on their respective programmes, and Lenin was outvoted by 28 to 23. At the 27th session, Lenin and Martov were again on the same side during an argument over whether the Bund should be recognised as an autonomous branch of

3300-420: The police, and wishing to achieve broad revolutionary activity, in the fall of 1896 he left for Saint Petersburg . From 1896 to 1897, he worked in Petersburg, serving a term in the "Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." Bauman was arrested on 22 March 1897, and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress , where he was kept in solitary confinement for 19 months. During his stay in

3366-406: The reactionaries. Bauman's funeral was a mighty propaganda exercise. His coffin was carried through the streets of Moscow by six leather-cled 'Herculean' party members, with the coffin itself draped in scarlet pall . The procession was led by a party comrade dressed in ' Jesuitical -black', who carried a palm branch which he in time with the music and slow steps swung from side to side. Behind him,

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3432-431: The rift between Martov and Lenin began in London, where Martov came under the influence of Zasulich "who was drawing him away from Lenin." He also observed that the Bohemian lifestyle at their Sidmouth Street lodgings was "utterly alien" to Lenin. After Iskra moved again, to Geneva, in March 1903, Martov clashed with Lenin as one of the Marxists who wanted Nikolay Bauman expelled from the party on moral grounds. Martov

3498-407: The split in 1903. He told Maxim Gorky "I am sorry, deeply sorry, that Martov is not with us. What a splendid comrade he is." When he was ill, Lenin remarked to Krupskaya "And Martov, too, they say, is dying." At the onset of the 1917 Revolution, Martov was in Zurich with Lenin. He was the instigator of the idea of exchanging Russian Marxist exiles for German citizens interned in Russia. This way,

3564-413: Was Jewish, but the children were given a secular education. Raised in a materialist environment, Martov later credited his upbringing for his adherence to socialism. In his teens, he admired the Narodniks , but the famine crisis made him a Marxist : "It suddenly became clear to me how superficial and groundless the whole of my revolutionism had been until then, and how my subjective political romanticism

3630-410: Was a Russian revolutionary of the Bolshevik Party . His death in a struggle with a royalist upon his release from Taganka Prison in 1905 made him one of the first martyrs of the revolution, and later of the Soviet Union . Bauman was born to the owner of a wallpaper- and carpentry-workshop, and into a family of Volga-German origins. He attended the 2nd Kazan Secondary School, but dropped out in

3696-419: Was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and the leader of the Mensheviks , a faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). A close associate of Vladimir Lenin prior to 1903, Martov broke with him following the RSDLP's ideological schism, after which Lenin led the opposing faction, the Bolsheviks . Martov was born to a middle-class and politically active Jewish family in Constantinople . He

3762-404: Was accused by Martov of lying. Lenin's widow noted that just before the decisive vote "Axelrod was reproaching Bauman ('Sorokin') for what seemed to him to be a lack of moral sense, and recalled some unpleasant gossip from exile days. Bauman remained silent, and tears came to his eyes." In December 1903, he returned illegally to Moscow, crossing the border under the name "Grach" (Rook), to organise

3828-509: Was deported for three years to the village of Turukhansk in the Arctic, while Lenin was sent to Shushenskoye in the comparatively warm "Siberian Italy". When his term of exile ended, he joined Lenin in Pskov , where together they planned to go abroad and launch a newspaper as a way of organising the scattered Marxist movement into a centrally run political party. In June 1900, before they left Russia, they returned together to St Petersburg, where they were followed and arrested but released after

3894-405: Was dwarfed before the philosophical and sociological heights of Marxism". In 1891, Martov attended demonstrations at the funeral of Nikolai Shelgunov . Arrested in February 1892 for anti-tsarist activities, he was held in prison until May, when his grandfather paid bail of 300 rubles. That Autumn he enrolled at St Petersburg University, joined a Marxist group organized by Alexander Potresov , and

3960-411: Was expelled, rearrested [Dec.], and held until May 1893. In this brief spell of liberty, he had tried to organize a Petersburg branch of the Emancipation of Labour group. Instead of accepting his grandfather's suggestion of emigrating to the United States of America , he chose to be exiled for two years in Vilna (now Vilnius). While living in exile in Vilna , Martov and others decided to shift from

4026-452: Was in exile during the strikes following Bloody Sunday , which marked the start of the 1905 Revolution . From abroad, he argued that it was the role of revolutionaries to provide a militant opposition to the new bourgeois government. He advocated the joining of a network of organisations, trade unions, cooperatives, village councils and soviets , to harass the bourgeois government until the economic and social conditions made it possible for

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4092-428: Was named for him. He was the subject of the 1967 film Nikolay Bauman . Historian Orlando Figes , contends that Bauman was quite unworthy of the 'inflated honours' given him after his death, due to his cruel history of practical jokes; he also notes how his martyrdom cleansed the memory of him. Julius Martov Yuliy Osipovich Tsederbaum (24 November 1873 – 4 April 1923), better known as Julius Martov ,

4158-530: Was raised in Odessa and embraced Marxism after the Russian famine of 1891–1892 . Martov briefly enrolled at Saint Petersburg Imperial University , but was later expelled and exiled to Vilna , where he developed influential ideas on worker agitation. Returning to Saint Petersburg in 1895, Martov collaborated with Vladimir Lenin to co-found the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class , and after three years of Siberian exile moved to Western Europe with Lenin, where they became active members of

4224-447: Was shocked by his treatment of the two older Marxists, Axelrod and Zasulich, and refused to serve on the truncated board. The Congress ended in a split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks , which proved to be irreconcilable and it became permanent in 1912. Martov became one of the outstanding Menshevik leaders along with Axelrod, Martynov, Fedor Dan and Irakli Tsereteli . Martov was described as being "too good an intellectual to be

4290-420: Was stooped; one of his shoulders was higher than the other. He had a stutter. His outward appearance was far from attractive, but as soon as he began a fervent speech all these outer faults seemed to vanish, and what remained was his colossal knowledge, his sharp mind, and his fanatical devotion to the cause of the working class. Trotsky, who initially supported Martov against Lenin, later described him as "one of

4356-414: Was the fellow Menshevik leader Lydia Dan . Two of his three brothers, Sergei and Vladimir were also distinguished Mensheviks. In his early childhood he was dropped by his governess and broke his leg. The governess did not tell anyone about the incident and it was only noticed by his family after he started walking. His leg never healed properly and he suffered from a permanent limp. This disability played

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