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124-656: The Tagus-Segura Water Transfer ( Spanish : Trasvase Tajo-Segura ) is one of the largest works of hydraulic engineering ever produced in Spain . Water from the Tagus River is channeled through this transfer system from the reservoirs of Entrepeñas ( Province of Guadalajara ) and Buendía ( Province of Cuenca ) into the Talave Reservoir on the Segura River . Although it was mentioned as early as 1902,
248-684: A free good creates underpricing of 98% of water, need to intensify debate, and need to harmonize public/private sectors Freshwater resources on earth are under increasing stress and depletion because of pollution, climate change, and consumptive use. Water can produce a natural disaster in the form of tsunamis , hurricanes , rogue waves and storm surge . Land-based floods can originate from infrastructural issues like bursting dams or levee failure during surges, as well as environmental phenomena like rivers overflowing their banks during increased rainfall events, urban stormwater flooding, or snowmelt. The increased magnitude and frequency of floods are
372-689: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. Water resource policy Water resource policy, sometimes called water resource management or water management , encompasses
496-603: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
620-522: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
744-482: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
868-740: A key piece in explaining the energy efficiency of the transfer system. It permits water from the Bolarque Reservoir at 636 meters (2,087 feet) to be pumped through two metallic pipes up to the Bujeda Reservoir in the Sierra de Altomira, a 245 m (804 ft) rise in elevation. This task is accomplished by the reversible pumped-storage plant Bolarque II, which relies on four vertical generator assemblies with their corresponding Francis pump-turbines , capable of pumping 66 m/s (2,300 cu ft/s). The Bolarque-Bujeda system
992-478: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
1116-508: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
1240-553: A product or service. For example, when determining the virtual water trade for agricultural goods, the trade flow rate (ton/yr) would be multiplied by the virtual water content (m /ton) of each type of produce or livestock to determine how much water was exchanged in addition to the good. According to these calculations for virtual water, India, the United States, and China are the top national consumers for virtual water. Critiques for this method have questioned virtual water's relevance in creating water resource policy, but understanding
1364-475: A reasonable and cohesive use of the whole system. Except in duly confirmed cases of catastrophe or extreme need that disrupt the transfer of water, if the approved volumes outlined in Levels 1 and 2 have not been transferred within the authorized time period, they may still be sent within the three months following the deadline, unless a level change occurs. Resources authorized for transfer may be used throughout
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#17327806816851488-565: A resource and developing water resource policy, water can be classified into 4 different categories: green, blue, gray, and virtual water. Blue water is surface and groundwater, like water in rivers, lakes, and aquifers. Green water is rainwater that was precipitated on soil that can be used naturally for plants and agriculture. Gray water is water that has been contaminated by human use or proximity. The gray water classification can range from freshwater fertilizer runoff pollution to water contaminated from dishwashers and showers. Virtual water
1612-433: A result of urbanization and climate change. Urbanization increases stormwater runoff during large rain events. Surface runoff is water that flows when heavy rains do not infiltrate soil; excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flowing over the land. This is a major component of the water cycle. Runoff that occurs on surfaces before reaching a channel is also called a nonpoint source . When runoff flows along
1736-617: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
1860-531: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
1984-722: A single resource in multiple forms. Jurisdictions typically distinguish three recognized groundwater classifications: subterranean streams, underflow of surface waters, and percolating groundwater. Drinking water and water for utilitarian uses such as washing, crop cultivation and manufacture is competed for by various constituencies: Regulatory bodies address piped waste water discharges to surface water that include riparian and ocean ecosystems. These review bodies are charged with protecting wilderness ecology, wildlife habitat, drinking water, agricultural irrigation and fisheries. Stormwater discharge can carry fertilizer residue and bacterial contamination from domestic and wild animals. They have
2108-421: A water resource can be shared equally, like a river acting as a border between nations, there tends to be less conflict than upstream/downstream water resource sharing agreements. Sometimes treaties establish joint committees between the two or more nations to oversee all water sharing and to ensure that treaty agreements are being met. Two examples of this are the 1996 Ganges Treaty between India and Bangladesh and
2232-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
2356-666: Is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of
2480-510: Is a principle stating that clean drinking water and sanitation are a universal human right because of their high importance in sustaining every person's life. It was recognized as a human right by the United Nations General Assembly on 28 July 2010. The HRWS has been recognized in international law through human rights treaties , declarations and other standards. Some commentators have based an argument for
2604-665: Is a proposal for using obsolete oil rigs as substrate for coral reefs that has failed to reach consensus. There have been oil tanker accidents and oil pipeline spills like the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Ballast water , fuel/oil leaks and trash originating from ships foul harbors, reefs and estuaries pollute the oceans. Ballast water may contain toxins, invasive plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. Additionally, marine debris , or industrially processed materials that have been dumped in
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#17327806816852728-454: Is an attempt to correct some RFMO mismanagement by limiting biomass that is allowed to be removed by fisheries, and by making sure fishing is more targeted for the desired species. One problem EBFM tries to eliminate is bycatch , or unintentional catching of the wrong fish species. For example, white marlin , an endangered billfish, is mostly accidentally caught and killed by swordfish and tuna longline fisheries. Desalination of seawater
2852-512: Is becoming a resource for coastal nations needing freshwater for industry and drinking, particularly areas with over exploited groundwater aquifers and surface water, pollution of freshwater, or unreliable water supply due to climate change. Desalination is particularly popular in arid, water-stressed regions like Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Cyprus, Israel, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Australia, and California, US. Surface water and groundwater can be studied and managed as separate resources as
2976-409: Is defined as a period of dry conditions with either less precipitation or more depleted water reserves than normal. Because droughts are defined relative to the area's normal weather patterns and water availability, the definition varies from place to place. Overall, defining a drought takes into consideration 1.) the duration, intensity, and area of lessened precipitation or water availability and 2.)
3100-454: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
3224-761: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
3348-481: Is limited by political boundaries and by enabling legislation. In some cases, limits target specific types of uses (wilderness, agricultural, urban-residential, urban-commercial, etc.) A second part of jurisdictional limitation governs the subject matter that the agency controls, such as flood control, water supply and sanitation, etc. In many locations, agencies may face unclear or overlapping authority, increasing conflicts and delaying conflict resolution. As reported by
3472-732: Is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
3596-844: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
3720-606: Is technically wastewater contaminated with fecal and similar animal waste byproducts, but is frequently used as a synonym for wastewater. Origination includes cesspool and sewage outfall pipes. Water treatment is subject to the same overlapping jurisdictional constraints which affect other aspects of water policy. For instance, levels of chloramines with their resulting toxic trihalomethane by-product are subject to Federal guidelines even though water management implementing those policy constraints are carried out by local water boards. The human right to water and sanitation (HRWS)
3844-813: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
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3968-453: Is the water consumed to make an agricultural or industrial product. Calculating virtual water of a commodity is used to determine the water footprint of a country and see how much water they are importing and exporting through their goods. Water basins do not align with national borders and an estimated 60% of worldwide freshwater flows across political boundaries. Countries navigate managing shared water resources by making agreements in
4092-459: Is typically reactive instead of proactive. Droughts have negative economic impacts on many sectors including agriculture, environment, energy production and transportation. Local and national governments normally respond to droughts once they happen and are in crisis mode, whereas a robust policy would include early drought monitoring systems, preparedness plans, energy response programs, and impact assessment and management procedures to help mitigate
4216-976: The European Union , the European Environment Agency enacted the Water Framework Directive in 2000 to regulate water resource planning, management, and protection. In India, the Ministry of Environment and Forests sets the water management policies that the Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Boards then enforce. The Ministry for Environmental Protection directions national efforts for water management and regulation in China , like
4340-568: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
4464-478: The Spanish transition to democracy . It still receives much criticism today, mainly for territorial and environmental reasons. With respect to this controversy, Melgarejo et al. observe: "Thirty years after the commission of the Tagus-Segura Aqueduct, it's hard to understand why its use still hasn't been normalized, and why the distribution of water is still in question." The official launching of
4588-508: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
4712-548: The United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which
4836-507: The "true value" of "distribution portions of available water" and a putative "investment gap" in water infrastructure. It was asserted that climate change will affect scarcity of water but the water security presentation emphasized that a combined effect with population growth "could be devastating". Identified corporate water related risks include physical supply, regulatory and product reputation. This forum indicated policy concerns with: trade barriers, price supports, treatment of water as
4960-480: The 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout
5084-616: The 1948 Declaration of Human Rights , the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights . Since the 1996 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights declaration, all 191 UN member states have also signed the Millennium Development Goals , which is a further commitment to combat health inequalities. Access to safe and clean water for drinking and sanitation were fully declared human rights on July 28, 2010 through
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5208-794: The 1955 Great Lakes Basin Compact between the United States and Canada. With increasing water scarcity and competition for water resources due to climate change and diminished water quality, there has been an increase in international water-based conflict. Another example of a water resource interstate agreement is through multi-country agreements to get funding for water resource projects such as building hydropower dams. In Sub-Saharan African countries, China has financed many hydropower projects. In Water Resource Policy, covenants and declarations are nonbinding goals for reaching universal human access to water for drinking and sanitation purposes. The United Nations has adopted three covenants and declarations:
5332-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
5456-595: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
5580-561: The Boards enjoy strong support from environmental concerns such as Greenpeace,Heal the Ocean and Channelkeepers. Water quality issues or sanitation concerns reuse or water recycling and pollution control which in turn breaks out into stormwater and wastewater. Wastewater is water that has been discharged from human use. The primary discharges flow from the following sources: residences, commercial properties, industry, and agriculture. Sewage
5704-654: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
5828-763: The HRWS include the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). The clearest definition of the human right to water was issued by the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in General Comment 15 drafted in 2002. It was a non-binding interpretation that access to water
5952-705: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
6076-760: The Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution. Several global organizations have created aid programs and diplomatic efforts to see that progress is being made towards achieving global covenants and declarations regarding water resource access. Because health is closely tied to drinking water and sanitation access, UNICEF and the World Health Organization formed the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation focused exclusively on monitoring and reporting progress on water, sanitation and hygiene goals as dictated by
6200-540: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
6324-597: The Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of
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#17327806816856448-607: The Tagus-Segura Water Transfer formed an integral part of this proposal. In 1979, the Segura Basin received the first waters originating from the Tagus River. The Tagus-Segura Water Transfer links the Bolarque Reservoir on the Tagus River ( 40°21′41″N 2°49′14″W / 40.3613°N 2.8205°W / 40.3613; -2.8205 ( Trasvase Tajo-Segura, northern end ) ) with
6572-506: The Tagus-Segura Water Transfer has always been the subject of heated debate, having been used from the beginning as a means to criticize the previous Francoist government , under whose authority construction of the transfer began. However, the transfer cannot be considered the work of any one political regime : it was planned during the Second Spanish Republic , built under Franco's dictatorship, and put into service during
6696-399: The Tagus-Segura Water Transfer made intensive farming possible in the Spanish southeast, consequently placing the region among the largest European outdoor producers of out-of-season crops. For this reason, it is widely known as the "vegetable garden of Europe." Spanish language This is an accepted version of this page Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano )
6820-462: The Tajo-Segura will be responsible for authorizing transfers when the conditions for Levels 1 and 2 are met, while the ministry with authority concerning water resources, having received the commission's report, will authorize transfers at Level 3. In regard to Levels 1 and 2, transfer authorization should be granted over six-month terms, while three-month terms are preferred for Level 3 unless
6944-470: The Talave Reservoir on the Segura ( 38°31′10″N 1°54′00″W / 38.5195°N 1.9001°W / 38.5195; -1.9001 ( Trasvase Tajo-Segura, southern end ) ). It is 292 kilometers (181 miles) in length and has a flow rate of 33 cubic meters per second (1,200 cubic feet per second). The transfer's structure comprises four sections: Section I includes the ascent at Altomira,
7068-603: The Talave Tunnel's length of 32 km (20 mi), which runs at varying depths between 150 m (490 ft) and 320 m (1,050 ft). The course then emerges into the Talave Canal, which leads at last to the Talave Reservoir on the Mundo River , a tributary of the Segura. Law 21/2013 introduced major changes to the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer's regulation policy . These changes, while maintaining
7192-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
7316-676: The UN General Assembly and the UN Human Rights Council in 2010. They stated that there was aman right to sanitation connected to the human right to water, since the lack of sanitation reduces the quality of water downstream, so subsequent discussions have continued emphasizing both rights together. In July 2010, United Nations (UN) General Assembly Resolution 64/292 reasserted the human right to receive safe, affordable, and clean accessible water and sanitation services. During that General Assembly, it stated that for
7440-586: The UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/64/292. Water management rules and regulations dictate different national standards for water quality, like drinking water and environmental water quality standards. For example, in the United States, the Safe Drinking Water Act authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency to set the national standards for safe drinking water and set regulations for contaminants. Within
7564-668: The UN. In 1977, the United Nations convened for a Conference on Water in Mar del Plata to develop recommendations for national water policy. Subsequently, the United Nations declared the 1980s as the International Drinking-water Supply and Sanitation Decade. In 2000, the UN sanctioned a task force led by UNESCO , World Water Assessment Programme, to report on worldwide freshwater use and sustainability in
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#17327806816857688-416: The US Agency for International Development ( USAID ) developed a Water and Development Strategy in 2013 to help people improve water supply, sanitation, and hygiene ( WASH ) programs and help with water resource management. Water Resource Policy also encompasses the economic exchange of water, known as virtual water . The term virtual water is used to understand and quantify the volume of water required for
7812-410: The World Water Development Report. In 2003, UN-Water was formed as an interagency coordination tool to help countries achieve their water resource goals as set by the Millennium Development Goals and make global water governance frameworks. Additionally, the United Nations declared 2013 as the International Year of Water Cooperation. As well as the United Nations' interest in water resource policy for
7936-399: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
8060-514: The allowed maximum). Volumes transferred for public use have not varied greatly over time, unlike irrigation transfers, whose average yearly sum was 204,000,000 m (165,000 acre⋅ft), almost half of the allocated quantity. According to estimations made by PwC in 2013, the food and agriculture industry linked with the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer brings in a GDP of 2,364 million euros and more than 100,000 jobs, if commercialization and processing activities are included. Despite these figures,
8184-409: The authority to make orders which are binding upon private actors such as international corporations and do not hesitate to exercise the police powers of the state. Water agencies have statutory mandate which in many jurisdictions is resilient to pressure from constituents and lawmakers in which they on occasion stand their ground despite heated opposition from agricultural interests On the other hand,
8308-410: The benefit of human health, the United Nations Environmental Programme has also done work to improve international water quality. Non-profits and non-governmental organizations also play a role in water resource policy. For example, the World Water Council is an international think tank established in 1996 to help countries and stakeholders with water resource management strategies. Additionally,
8432-566: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
8556-471: The comprehension of enjoyment in life and all human rights, safe and clean drinking water as well as sanitation is acknowledged as a human right. General Assembly Resolution 64/292's assertion of a free human right of access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation raises issues regarding governmental rights to control and responsibilities for securing that water and sanitation. The United Nations Development Programme has stated that broad recognition of
8680-446: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
8804-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
8928-871: The effects of drought on the economy and the environment. Different nations have different policies regarding national droughts. In 2013, the High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy (HMNDP) was organized by the World Meteorological Organization , the Secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to help nations develop drought preparedness policies and plans for international emergency relief efforts in
9052-485: The estimated environmental, social and economic impact of the limited water. For example, in Colorado, paleohydrologic data, or tree rings from areas affected by drought, have been used to define drought extent and understand the impact of past droughts to improve future water resource planning and decision making. With climate change, the frequency and intensity of droughts have been increasing but water resource policy
9176-462: The event of droughts. There were 414 participants from 87 countries that unanimously adopted the HMNDP declaration at the end of the meeting rallying national governments to implement drought management policies. The oceans provide many important resources for the planet and humans including: transportation, marine life, food, minerals, oil, natural gas, and recreation. Water resource policy involving
9300-609: The existence of a universal human right to water on grounds independent of the 2010 General Assembly resolution, such as Article 11.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); among those commentators, those who accept the existence of international ius cogens and consider it to include the Covenant's provisions hold that such a right is a universally binding principle of international law. Other treaties that explicitly recognize
9424-589: The extent to which the cost of water becomes inhibitive such that it requires one to sacrifice access to other essential goods and services. Generally, a rule of thumb for the affordability of water is that it should not surpass 3–5% of households' income. Accessibility of water considers the time taken, convenience in reaching the source and risks involved while getting to the source of water. Water must be accessible to every citizen, meaning that water should not be further than 1,000 meters or 3,280 feet and must be within 30 minutes. Availability of water considers whether
9548-641: The fisheries worldwide are either fully exploited or overexploited. Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) control and oversee high sea fisheries under the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the UN FishStocks Agreement. Poor management by RFMOs, government subsidies for fish, and illegal fish catches have contributed to overfishing and over exploitation of ocean resources. Ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM)
9672-466: The following table: At this level, which constitutes an irregular hydrological situation, the relevant agency shall authorize at its discretion and with valid justification a transference of up to 20,000,000 m (16,000 acre⋅ft). Level 4. When the total water supply in Entrepeñas and Buendía is less than 400,000,000 m (320,000 acre⋅ft), no transference is permitted. In order for
9796-683: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
9920-565: The form of treaties . Treaties between nations may enumerate policies, rights and responsibilities. The Permanent Court of International Justice adjudicates disputes between nations, including water rights litigation. An estimated 3600 water treaties have existed, including the introduction of more than 150 new ones since 1950. Transboundary water agreements, like treaties, are oftentimes focused on water infrastructure and quality. Water resource treaties encompass many types of water like surface water, groundwater, watercourses, and dams. When
10044-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
10168-604: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
10292-506: The ground, it can pick up soil contaminants including, but not limited to petroleum, pesticides, or fertilizers that become discharge or nonpoint source pollution. Water resource policy encompasses flood risk management and development of infrastructure to mitigate damages from floods. Water resource policy solutions to flooding include land drainage for agriculture, urban planning focused on flood prevention, rainwater harvesting, and permeable surfacing of developed areas. A drought
10416-553: The instance of offshore wind land leasing. As water scarcity increases with climate change, the need for robust water resource policies will become more prevalent. An estimated 57% of the world's population will experience water scarcity at least one month out of the year by 2050. Mitigation and updated water resource policies will require interdisciplinary and international collaboration, including government officials, environmental scientists, sociologists, economists, climate modelers, and activists. When considering its utility as
10540-540: The language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in
10664-486: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
10788-694: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
10912-411: The means of supplying and protecting water resources. Water resource policy varies by region and is dependent on water availability or scarcity , the condition of aquatic systems, and regional needs for water. Since water basins do not align with national borders, water resource policy is also determined by international agreements, also known as hydropolitics . Water quality protection also falls under
11036-420: The non-partisan Civil Society Institute , a 2005 US Congressional study on water supply was suppressed and became the target of a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) litigation. One jurisdiction's projects may cause problems in other jurisdictions. For instance, Monterey County, California controls a body of water that acts as a reservoir for San Luis Obispo County . The specific responsibilities for managing
11160-734: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
11284-543: The ocean for its resources, including fish and minerals, and it considered a continuation of that nation's territory. The countries' economic zone , consisting of both the water column and the seafloor, continues out for 200 nautical miles where they are still entitled to the areas' resources. On the other hand, the Antarctic and Southern Oceans are shared by 45 state parties under the Antarctic Treaty , so
11408-413: The ocean includes jurisdiction and regulation issues, pollution regulation and reduction, over exploitation prevention, and desalination to make drinking water. National jurisdictions of the oceans are dictated by coastal proximity. Oceans along coastlines of nations are considered territories of that nation. For the first 12 nautical miles away from the nation's coastal border, the country has rights to
11532-472: The oceans are experiencing acidification . Decreasing the pH of the ocean makes it more difficult for marine organisms, like coral reefs , to make their calcium carbonate shells. Additionally, pollution is threatening oceanic resources, especially near coasts. Oil rigs and undersea mineral extraction can create problems that affect shorelines, marine life, fisheries and human safety. Decommissioning of such operations has another set of issues. Rigs-to-reefs
11656-467: The oceans, threatens the wellbeing and biodiversity of marine organisms. Along coasts, oceans are threatened by land runoff that includes fertilizers, insecticides, chemicals, and organic pollutants that can cause algal blooms and dead zones . Fisheries also have an effect on oceans and can fall under water resource policy rules. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 87% of
11780-554: The origin of the transfer system dates back to 1932, when the Minister of Public Works Indalecio Prieto entrusted engineer Manuel Lorenzo Pardo [ es ] with the formulation of a plan for the management of national water resources . A year later, he presented the Plan Nacional de Obras Hidráulicas (National Plan of Hydraulic Works), which included the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer; however, for various reasons,
11904-654: The other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano
12028-695: The plan was never realized. The transfer system project was resumed through the Ministerial Order of July 30, 1966, which commissioned the drafting of the Anteproyecto General del Aprovechamiento Conjunto de los Recursos Hidráulicos del Centro y Sureste de España, Complejo Tajo-Segura (General Proposal for the Joint Management of Hydraulic Resources in Central and Southeastern Spain, Tagus-Segura System). The construction of
12152-531: The policy-making processes and legislation that affect the collection, preparation, use, disposal, and protection of water resources. The long-term viability of water supply systems poses a significant challenge as a result of water resource depletion, climate change, and population expansion. Water is a necessity for all forms of life as well as industries on which humans are reliant, like technology development and agriculture . This global need for clean water access necessitates water resource policy to determine
12276-533: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
12400-537: The relevant agency should justify the use of different intervals at any level. The Talave Reservoir marks the beginning of the post-transfer system. This is a complex of structures enabling the regulation, transport, and final distribution of water to the various recipient zones. Its principal component is the Ojós Diversion Dam , from which proceed the following: the Blanca elevation, the main canal of
12524-435: The reservoir supply to reach this new minimum figure from the one previously fixed at 240,000,000 m (190,000 acre⋅ft), a five-year transitional program will be implemented. To promote the development of riverside communities, priority will be given to the headwater reservoirs for the holding of authorized transfers pending distribution, before the intermediate and terminal basins, as long as this practice conforms to
12648-531: The reservoirs of Entrepeñas and Buendía at the beginning of every month. Four levels are used to specify the distribution volume for each transfer, with a maximum annual total of 650,000,000 m (530,000 acre⋅ft) per water year (600,000,000 (490,000) for the Segura and 50,000,000 (41,000) for the Guadiana ) . Level 1. When the total water supply in Entrepeñas and Buendía is equal to or greater than 1,300,000,000 m (1,100,000 acre⋅ft), or when
12772-505: The rest for replenishing previously irrigated land. According to mid-2009 concession proceedings, the irrigable zones of the post-transfer system comprise a nominal surface area of 132,724 hectares (327,970 acres ), of which 82,257 ha (203,260 acres), or 62%, are located in the Region of Murcia . The average yearly water volume transferred into the Segura Basin from 1979-2014 was 328,000,000 m (266,000 acre⋅ft) per year (55% of
12896-715: The right riverbank, and the Almería Canal ; the main canal of the left riverbank and the Crevillente Canal; and La Pedrera Reservoir and the Campo de Cartagena Canal. In 2026, part of the water from the transfer will be diverted to the Guadiana River through a new pipeline. The volume of water assigned for agricultural irrigation from the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer is 400,000,000 m (320,000 acre⋅ft), approximately 53% for new irrigation plots and
13020-432: The significance of accessing dependable and clean water and sanitation services will promote wide expansion of the achievement of a healthy and fulfilling life. A revised UN resolution in 2015 highlighted that the two rights were separate but equal. The HRWS obliges governments to ensure that people can enjoy quality, available, acceptable, accessible, and affordable water and sanitation. Affordability of water considers
13144-399: The source basin's precedence and respecting the specifications of its resource planning, are meant to improve system management by establishing a set of impartial technical standards to eliminate previous insecurities and to provide objective, straightforward criteria for operation. Water is dispensed into the transfer system on a monthly basis, depending on the total water supply available in
13268-433: The status and ownership of Antarctic and Southern Ocean resources is unclear legally. Additionally, some areas are conserved as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and resource exploitation is prohibited. For example, by 1997 off the coast of California, there were 103 MPAs. The oceans are becoming polluted and exploited for resources. With increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels,
13392-564: The supply of water is available in adequate amounts, reliable and sustainable. Quality of water considers whether water is safe for consumption, including for drinking or other activities. For acceptability of water, it must not have any odor and should not consist of any color. Policies are implemented by organizational entities created by government exercise of state power. However, all such entities are subject to constraints upon their autonomy. Subject matter and geographic jurisdiction are distinguishable. The jurisdiction of any water agency
13516-537: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
13640-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
13764-640: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
13888-412: The total inflow of these reservoirs in the previous twelve months is equal to or greater than 1,200,000,000 m (970,000 acre⋅ft), the relevant agency shall authorize a transfer of 60,000,000 m (49,000 acre⋅ft), not exceeding the yearly maximum. Level 2. When the total water supply in Entrepeñas and Buendía is less than 1,300,000,000 m (1,100,000 acre⋅ft) without reaching
14012-779: The trade of water may be useful for countries facing water scarcity to prioritize importation of virtual water instead of exportation of water-intensive goods and services. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development engages stakeholders in H2OScenarios that consider various alternative policies and their effects. In June 2011 in Geneva, the Future of Water Virtual Conference addressed water resource sustainability. Issues raised included: water infrastructure monitoring, global water security , potential resource wars, interaction between water, energy, food and economic activity,
14136-577: The umbrella of water resource policy; laws protecting the chemistry, biology, and ecology of aquatic systems by reducing and eliminating pollution , regulating its usage, and improving the quality are considered water resource policy. When developing water resource policies, many different stakeholders, environmental variables, and considerations have to be taken to ensure the health of people and ecosystems are maintained or improved. Finally, ocean zoning , coastal , and environmental resource management are also encompassed by water resource management, like in
14260-469: The volumes given in Level 3, and the total inflow recorded in the previous twelve months is less than 1,200,000,000 m (970,000 acre⋅ft), the relevant agency shall authorize a transfer of 38,000,000 m (31,000 acre⋅ft), not exceeding the yearly maximum. Level 3. Assigned when the total water supply in Entrepeñas and Buendía does not exceed, at the beginning of the month, the values shown in
14384-481: The water year. If any transferred water remains in the receiving basin after the end of the water year, it will be redistributed as an available resource for use in the transfer system during the following water year. Authorized transfers will be divided between water supply and irrigation , in a 25% to 75% proportion respectively, always assuring at least 7,500,000 m (6,100 acre⋅ft) per month for urban water supply. The Central Commission for Exploitation of
14508-585: The whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on
14632-638: The world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of
14756-411: Was a condition for the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living , inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and therefore a human right. It stated: "The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses." The first resolutions about the HRWS were passed by
14880-614: Was designed to pump an anticipated 1,000,000,000 m (810,000 acre-feet ) per year. Section II connects the Bujeda Reservoir to the Alarcón Reservoir on the Júcar River , an intermediate resting place where the transfer's flow can be regulated and compensation can be made in case of system disruption. Section III joins the Alarcón Reservoir to the Talave Tunnel. Section IV is for the most part formed by
15004-634: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
15128-622: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
15252-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
15376-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
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