94-642: The Tahoe Rim Trail (TRT) is a 170-mile (274 km) long-distance hiking trail that forms a loop around the Lake Tahoe Basin in the Sierra Nevada and ranges of Nevada and California in the United States . The trail ranges in elevation from 6,223 feet (1,897 m) at the outlet of Lake Tahoe to 10,338 feet (3,151 m) at Relay Peak in Nevada. About 50 miles (80 km) of trail above
188-408: A colon ⟨꞉⟩ to the vowel, as in the above example míši milí꞉giyi . Vowels with such a mark are usually pronounced for twice the normal length. This can be seen in the difference between the words móko (shoes) mó꞉ko (knee). However, vowels pronounced this way may not always be followed by a colon. Jacobsen described in detail various vowel alternations that distinguished
282-641: A surge which further lifts the high-water line on leeward shores, known as a seiche . On the California side, the shorezone is expressly maintained in a constitutionally and statutorily protected public trust , analogous to an easement , which is managed by the California State Lands Commission and under a concurrent federal easement. As public land, the shorezone on this side may be used for nearly any purpose, rather than just travel. Building new piers can infringe on
376-486: A "change from this Secesh appellation" and "no Copperhead names on our landmarks for us." Several Unionist members in the Legislature suggested changing the name to the fanciful sounding "Tula Tulia". The Sacramento Union jokingly suggested the name "Largo Bergler" for Bigler's widely perceived financial incompetency in his final term and contemporary Southern sympathies. Within a year, different maps referred to
470-599: A caretaker to control the beaver population in the early 20th century. A recent study of Taylor Creek showed that beaver dam removal decreased wetland habitat, increased stream flow, and increased total phosphorus pollutants entering Lake Tahoe – all factors which negatively impact the clarity of the lake's water. In addition, beaver dams located in Ward Creek , located on the west shore of Lake Tahoe, were also shown to decrease nutrients and sediments traveling downstream. The lake's low temperatures and extreme depth can slow
564-551: A fiery vermilion , and run up Taylor Creek, near South Lake Tahoe. As spawning season approaches the fish acquire a humpback and protuberant jaw. After spawning they die and their carcasses provide a feast for gatherings of mink ( Neogale vison ), bears ( Ursus americanus ), and bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ). The non-native salmon were transplanted from the North Pacific to Lake Tahoe in 1944. North American beaver ( Castor canadensis ) were re-introduced to
658-627: A good time to select an appropriate name and fix it forever on that beautiful sheet of water." "Lake Tahoe", also like "Lake Bigler", did not gain universal acceptance. Mark Twain , a critic of the new name, called it an "unmusical cognomen". In an 1864 editorial regarding the name in the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise , Twain cited Bigler as being "the legitimate name of the Lake, and it will be retained until some name less flat, insipid and spooney than "Tahoe"
752-581: A local tribal name he believed meant "water in a high place". Knight agreed, and telegraphed to the Land Office in Washington, D.C., to officially change all federal maps to now read "Lake Tahoe". Knight later explained his desire for a name change, writing, "I remarked (to many) that people had expressed dissatisfaction with the name "Bigler", bestowed in honor of a man who had not distinguished himself by any single achievement, and I thought now would be
846-523: A mile; uncertainty in the latter was known, but precision then was unobtainable. The legacy of this dispute continues. There is an official federal obelisk-shaped monument marking the oblique California border, which is now surrounded by Edgewood Tahoe golf resort that is claimed and taxed by Nevada. A federal survey monument was removed to the Lake Tahoe Historical Society circa 2018. The Von Schmidt line crosses US 50 on
940-532: A million or more years ago, and retreated ~15,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene . The glaciers carved canyons that are today iconic landmarks such as Emerald Bay , Cascade Lake, and Fallen Leaf Lake , among others. Lake Tahoe itself never held glaciers, but instead water is retained by damming Miocene volcanic deposits. Soils of the basin come primarily from andesitic volcanic rocks and granodiorite , with minor areas of metamorphic rock . Some of
1034-701: A particular coordinate actually lies on the surface of the earth is dependent on the figure of the Earth . In the mid-1800s the Bessel ellipsoid of 1841 or the Clarke ellipsoid of 1866 were widely used; the Hayford ellipsoid of 1910 may later have been used by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The standard ellipsoid for western states in 1849—which is generally congruent with that year's version of
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#17327763102781128-414: A slender 18-foot (5.5 m) beam so her 1,200 horsepower (890 kW) engines could push her over the lake at 18.5 knots. Lake Tahoe Railway and Transportation Company purchased Tallac and rebuilt her as Nevada with length increased by 20 feet (6.1 m) to serve as a backup steamboat when Tahoe required maintenance. Tod Goodwin burned at Tallac, and most of the other steamboats were retired as
1222-636: A small immersion school that has produced a number of moderately fluent younger speakers. The immersion school has since closed its doors and the language program now operates through the Cultural Resource Department for the Washoe Tribe. The language is still very much endangered; however, there has been a renaissance in the language revitalization movement as many of the students who attended the original immersion school have become teachers. Ethnographic Washo speakers belonged to
1316-561: A spillway at the dam controls overflow. Around New Year 1996/1997 a Pineapple Express atmospheric river melted snow and caused the lake and river to overflow, inundating Reno and surrounding areas. The Lake Tahoe Basin was formed by vertical motion (normal) faulting . Uplifted blocks created the Carson Range on the east and the main Sierra Nevada crest on the west. Down-dropping and block tilting (half- grabens ) created
1410-462: A tsunami/ seiche wave with a height approaching 330 ft (100 m). Lake Tahoe has a dry-summer continental climate ( Dsb in the Köppen climate classification ), featuring warm, dry summers and chilly winters with regular snowfall. Mean annual precipitation ranges from over 55 inches (1,400 mm) for watersheds on the west side of the basin to about 26 inches (660 mm) near the lake on
1504-645: Is national forest land, covered by the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit of the United States Forest Service . Lake Tahoe is a major tourist attraction in both Nevada and California. It is home to winter sports, summer outdoor recreation, and scenery enjoyed throughout the year. Snow and ski resorts are a significant part of the area's economy and reputation. The Nevada side also offers several lakeside casino resorts, with highways providing year-round access to
1598-411: Is a U.S. Navigable Waterway , under federal jurisdiction , and the public is allowed to occupy any watercraft as close to any shore as the craft is navigable . Public capacity to navigate across any land formerly inundated by the waterway is not extinguished by the lowering of the lake level; this federal easement is maintained under United States law . Because small fluctuations in the height of
1692-567: Is a large rock formation located on the southeastern shore of the lake and considered a sacred site for the Washoe Indians. The Washoe people called Cave Rock deʔek wadapush ( Washo for Standing Gray Rock). Part of why the Washoe felt the Cave was sacred was due to "The Lady of the Lake" a rock formation on the side of the Cave which looks like the profile of a woman's face gazing out towards
1786-464: Is a very popular hiking and backcountry skiing destination. Eruptions from the now-extinct volcano Mount Pluto formed a volcanic dam on the north side. Melting snow filled the southern and lowest part of the basin to form the ancestral Lake Tahoe. Rain and runoff added additional water. The Sierra Nevada adjacent to Lake Tahoe were carved by scouring glaciers during the Ice Ages, which began
1880-401: Is by right-of-way or prescriptive easement. Recent attempts by Lakefront Homeowners to use piers as "easement fences" to obstruct beach travel are encroaching centuries of established easement and admiralty law . It is a crime for anyone who hinders, prevents, or obstructs free passage over the state land or federal public easement. The accessibility of the Nevada beach-land below
1974-452: Is capable of fixing nitrogen , but mountain alder ( Alnus tenuifolia ), which grows along many of the basin's streams, springs and seeps, fixes far greater quantities, and contributes measurably to nitrate-N concentrations in some small streams. The beaches of Lake Tahoe are the only known habitat for the rare Lake Tahoe yellowcress ( Rorippa subumbellata ), a plant which grows in the wet sand between low- and high-water marks. Vegetation in
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#17327763102782068-547: Is concurrently claimed by the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (Nevada Division of State Lands). It is a crime to prevent or obstruct use of Nevada state lands. As the population grew and development expanded in the 1960s, the question of protecting the lake became more imperative. In 1969, the U.S. Congress and the California and Nevada State Legislatures created a unique compact to share resources and responsibilities. The Compact established
2162-469: Is described at the University of Nevada Oral History Program.) Washo shows very little geographic variation. Jacobsen (1986:108) wrote, "When there are two variants of a feature, generally one is found in a more northerly area and the other in a more southerly one, but the lines separating the two areas for the different features do not always coincide." There are six distinct vowel qualities found in
2256-573: Is invented for it." In Twain's 1869 novel Innocents Abroad , Twain continued to deride the name in his foreign travels. "People say that Tahoe means 'Silver Lake' – 'Limpid Water' – 'Falling Leaf.' Bosh! It means grasshopper soup, the favorite dish of the digger tribe – and of the Paiutes as well." The Placerville Mountain Democrat began a notorious rumor that "Tahoe" was actually an Indian renegade who plundered upon White settlers. To counter
2350-456: Is open year-round, but is not marked for winter use. The climate is typical of the Sierra Nevada, with severe storms during the winter and almost no precipitation falling in the summer. Mountain bikes are permitted on roughly half the trail, and the entire trail is open to equestrians , other than a short segment in the north, and skiers . Motorized recreation is prohibited along its entire length. Hikers must obtain permits before entering
2444-421: Is rich with a large number of tenses . Tense is usually carried by a suffix that attaches to the verb. The tense suffix may signal recent past, intermediate past, the long-ago-but-remembered past, the distant past, the intermediate future, or the distant future. For example, the suffix -leg indicates that the verb describes an event that took place in the recent past, usually earlier the previous day as seen in
2538-427: Is so large that its surface is noticeably convex due to the curvature of the Earth. At lake level the opposing shorelines are below the horizon at its widest parts; by nearly 100 feet (30 m) at its maximum width, and by some 320 feet (98 m) along its length. Visibility may vary somewhat with atmospheric refraction ; when the air temperature is much greater than the lake temperature, looming may occur where
2632-521: Is sometimes classified as a Hokan language, but this language family is not universally accepted among specialists, nor is Washo's connection to it. The language was first described in A Grammar of the Washo Language by William H. Jacobsen, Jr., in a University of California, Berkeley , PhD dissertation and this remains the sole complete description of the language. There is no significant dialect variation. (Jacobsen's lifelong work with Washo
2726-440: Is the core goal under the theory, which if actually prosecuted would be a risky power play. The sheriffs in Nevada are elected officials; false arrest can lead to an official's imprisonment and cost their electorate hundreds of thousands of dollars. To be convicted of trespassing , one must be beyond reasonable doubt above the highwater mark, which under their states rights theory is an arbitrary fact to be found. The land
2820-426: Is the second deepest lake in the U.S., with a maximum depth of 1,645 feet (501 m), trailing Oregon's Crater Lake at 1,949 ft (594 m). Tahoe is the 17th deepest lake in the world , and the sixth deepest in average depth. It is about 22 mi (35 km) long and 12 mi (19 km) wide and has 72 mi (116 km) of shoreline and a surface area of 191 square miles (490 km ). The lake
2914-622: The 1872 California-Nevada State Boundary Marker which was six-tenths of a mile east of the Houghton-Ives line. When he discovered the Colorado River had shifted at the 35th parallel, he simply changed the endpoint resulting in a survey that was neither straight nor accurate. Substantial doubts led Congress in 1892 to fund the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to remark the oblique line. This new survey found
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3008-602: The Amazon River ). Lake Bonpland's usage never became popular, and the name changed from "Mountain Lake" to "Fremont's Lake" several years after. John Calhoun Johnson , Sierra explorer and founder of "Johnson's Cutoff" (now U.S. Route 50 ), named it Fallen Leaf Lake after his Indian guide. Johnson's first job in the west was in the government service carrying the mail on snowshoes from Placerville to Nevada City , during which time he named it "Lake Bigler" after California's third governor John Bigler . In 1853 William Eddy,
3102-552: The Astronomical Almanac —is implicit in California's constitutional boundary definition; incessant invention of new datums by new and potentially interested parties do not re-render the old boundary definition. Holding assumptions of the earth back-in-time, modern satellite assisted survey techniques can determine location and transform them onto old ellipsoids to within a centimeter. Celestial navigation techniques by contrast, are accurate up to two-fifths of
3196-543: The California Constitution which defined the state's boundary in reference to geographical coordinates . This includes the section of the 120th meridian that is between the 42nd parallel at the Oregon border to the 39th parallel amid Lake Tahoe, and an oblique line continuing from that point southward to where the Colorado River crosses the 35th parallel . Fourteen years later, Congress approved
3290-666: The Great Basin culture area and they were the only non- Numic group of that area. The language has borrowed from the neighboring Uto-Aztecan , Maiduan and Miwokan languages and is connected to both the Great Basin and Northern California sprachbunds . In 2012, Lakeview Commons Park in South Lake Tahoe was renamed in the Washo language. "The Washoe Tribe has presented the name Tahnu Leweh (pronounced approx. [tanu lewe] ) which, in native language, means "all
3384-647: The Marian B was lost on May 17, 1941, when her owner and the mail clerk attempted mail delivery during a storm. The 60-foot (18 m) Emerald (II) left Lake Tahoe in 1935 to become a fishing boat in San Diego . Historic Tahoe , Nevada , and Meteor were purchased with hope they might be preserved; but were scuttled in deep water after deterioration made preservation impractical. The latter two lie in Glenbrook Bay, but Tahoe sank in deeper water. Even in
3478-541: The Nevada Constitution when it was admitted as a state in 1864, which defined its western border at the forty third degree of Longitude West from Washington, D.C. , and its southwestern border along the oblique section of the boundary line of California. While 43 degrees of longitude west from the Washington Meridian does not really coincide with the 120 degrees longitude west of Greenwich ,
3572-635: The Sagebrush War included gunshots exchanged between militia. Even after six surveys, conflict remained over which of them, if any, were legally binding in marking the boundary; this was partially heard by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1980, where the doctrine of acquiescence was invoked. A boundary defined in terms of geographical coordinates is theoretically precise, but poses pragmatic challenges to implement. Where
3666-704: The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA), a bi-state agency charged with environmental protection of the Basin through land-use regulation and planning. In 1980, the U.S. Congress amended the Compact with public law 96-551. The law designated a new agency, the Tahoe Transportation District (TTD), to facilitate and implement Basin and regional transportation improvements/additions for the protection, restoration and use of
3760-651: The Truckee-Carson Irrigation District (TCID). The lake level is controlled by Lake Tahoe Dam built in 1913 at the lake's only outlet, the Truckee River , at Tahoe City. The 18-foot (5.5 m) high dam can increase the lake's capacity by 744,600 acre⋅ft (918,500,000 m ). During the first half of the 20th century, development around the lake consisted of a few vacation homes. The post-World War II population and building boom, followed by construction of gambling casinos in
3854-425: The public trust , which among many things, is purposed to preserve the land in its natural state. Accretions created in the shorezone by artificial means remain as public land because they are part of the public trust. The private Lakeside Park Association has made such an artificial accretion of land that is freely open for public use. Access to and from the shorezone across private land on publicly enjoyed paths
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3948-450: The 1864 Congress was of the belief that the two lines were identical; the former was abandoned nationally in 1884. The centuries long dispute that erupted began with boundary discrepancies across many surveys within which were valuable mineral deposits; Nevada also had a wish that California would assent to cede its land east of the pacific crest as had been preauthorized by Congress in 1850. The first consequential attempt to mark
4042-484: The 1980s, development has slowed due to controls on land use. Lake Tahoe is divided by the prominent interstate boundary between California and Nevada, where the two states' edges make their iconic directional turn near the middle of the lake. This boundary has been disputed since the mid-nineteenth century. As part of the compromise of 1850 , California was speedily admitted to the Union . In doing so, Congress approved
4136-623: The California-Nevada boundary was the 1863 J.F. Houghton and Butler Ives line. An 1867–1868 survey of the California-Oregon border by Daniel G. Major for the United States General Land Office found the 120th meridian more than two miles west of the prior line, so it was followed by the 1872 survey by Alexey W. Von Schmidt . Against initial instructions, Von Schmidt began his survey with
4230-694: The Lake Tahoe Basin in between. This kind of faulting is characteristic of the geology of the adjoining Great Basin to the east. Lake Tahoe is the youngest of several extensional basins of the Walker Lane deformation zone that accommodates nearly 0.47 in (12 mm) per year of dextral shear between the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley Block and the North America plate . Three principal faults form
4324-830: The Lake Tahoe basin: the West Tahoe Fault, aligned between Meyers and Tahoe City , and which is the local segment of the Sierra Nevada Fault , extending on shore north and south of these localities; the Stateline/North Tahoe Fault, starting in the middle of the lake and creating the relief that forms Stateline, NV; and the Incline Village Fault, which runs parallel to the Stateline/North Tahoe Fault offshore and into Incline Village. The West Tahoe Fault appears to be
4418-431: The Nevada part of the basin during the mid-1950s, and completion of the interstate highway links for the 1960 Winter Olympics held at Olympic Valley (then known as "Squaw Valley"), resulted in a dramatic increase in development within the basin. From 1960 to 1980, the permanent residential population increased from about 10,000 to greater than 50,000, and the summer population grew from about 10,000 to about 90,000. Since
4512-610: The Sierra Crest and the easternmost sections of survey lines created a powerful source for conflict. Major mining sites in the Tahoe area were in disputed territory. In a striking display of opportunism which ostensibly occurred because the boundary was still "officially" unsurveyed, settlers arrogated parts of California up to the irregular Sierra Crest tens of miles east of the boundary—defined over six years prior—in an attempt to create Nataqua Territory . An armed skirmish known as
4606-593: The Tahoe Basin by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and the U.S. Forest Service between 1934 and 1949. Descended from no more than nine individuals, 1987 beaver populations on the upper and lower Truckee River had reached a density of 0.72 colonies (3.5 beavers) per kilometer. At the present time beaver have been seen in Tahoe Keys, Taylor Creek , Meeks Creek at Meeks Bay on
4700-584: The Von Schmidt line to be 1,600 to 1,800 feet too far west, but both surveys were then used by both states. Unsurprisingly, the combination of the 1893 C.G.S. survey's oblique line and Schmidt's well marked north–south line do not intersect precisely at the 39th parallel as mandated by the California Constitution. Congress does not have the constitutional power to unilaterally move state boundaries. The wealth in natural resources between
4794-415: The Washo language, each of which occurs long and short. The sound quality of a vowel is dependent upon their length and the consonant they precede, as well as the stress put on the vowel. Vowels marked with the acute accent ( ´ ) are pronounced with stress, such as in the Washo ćigábut (summer). In Washo, vowels can have either long or short length qualities; the longer quality is noted by appending
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#17327763102784888-580: The Washo speech communities. Sequences not represented by a single letter in Washo almost always tend to occur in borrowed English words, such as the nd in kꞌindí ( candy ). In the area around Woodfords, California, the local Washo dialect substituted [θ] for /s/ , thus, sí꞉su 'bird' was pronounced thithu . Washo has a complex tense system. Washo uses partial or total reduplication of verbs or nouns to indicate repetitive aspect or plural number . Washo uses both prefixation and suffixation on nouns and verbs . Verbal inflection
4982-786: The West Tahoe fault and the timing of these events suggests a recurrence interval of 3,000–4,000 years. Some of the highest peaks of the Lake Tahoe Basin that formed during the process of Lake Tahoe creation are Freel Peak at 10,891 feet (3,320 m), Monument Peak at 10,067 feet (3,068 m), Pyramid Peak at 9,984 feet (3,043 m) (in the Desolation Wilderness ), and Mount Tallac at 9,735 feet (2,967 m). The north shore boasts three peaks at over 10,000 feet (3,048 m): Mount Rose at 10,785 feet (3,287 m), Mount Houghton at 10,490 feet (3,197 m) and Relay Peak at 10,388 feet (3,166 m). Mt. Rose
5076-407: The authority to override existing federal law even if it was also created by Congress. Like the interstate boundary itself, the high watermark has been disputed as well. The theoretical maximum elevation of the lake is 6,229.1 feet (1,898.6 m), using the Lake Tahoe datum. The yearly maximum is commonly 0.35 feet (0.11 m) lower. Strong winds across the lake's substantial fetch can create
5170-510: The basin supplied large timbers to shore up the underground workings of the Comstock mines. The logging was so extensive that loggers cut down almost all of the native forest. Lake Tahoe became a transportation hub for the surrounding area as mining and logging commenced prior to development of railroads. The first mail delivery was via a sailboat which took a week to visit each of the lakeside communities. The first steamboat on Lake Tahoe
5264-467: The border between California and Nevada . Lying at 6,225 ft (1,897 m) above sea level, Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America , and at 122,160,280 acre⋅ft (150.7 km ) it trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States. Its depth is 1,645 ft (501 m), making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon (1,949 ft or 594 m). The lake
5358-547: The decomposition rate of organic matter. For example, the almost perfectly preserved body of a diver was found at a depth of 300 feet (90 m) 17 years after he went missing. The area around Lake Tahoe was previously inhabited by the Washoe Native Americans . Lake Tahoe was the center and heart of Washoe Indian territory, including the upper valleys of the Walker , Carson and Truckee Rivers. Cave Rock
5452-484: The east side of the basin. Most of the precipitation falls as snow between November and April, although rainstorms combined with rapid snowmelt account for the largest floods. There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from year to year. In some years, summertime monsoon storms from the Great Basin bring intense rainfall, especially to high elevations on
5546-453: The entire area. The name for Lake Tahoe derives from the Washo word for the lake, Dáʔaw , meaning 'the lake.' Even though dáʔaw is used in the names of other lakes with modifiers (for example, Á’waku dáʔaw for Pyramid Lake , meaning 'trout lake'), it often is used without a modifier to refer to Lake Tahoe. This may be because of Tahoe's importance to Washo culture. Lake Tahoe
5640-488: The federal government, the California State Legislature reaffirmed in 1870 that the lake was indeed called "Lake Bigler". But to most surveys and the general public it was known as Lake Tahoe. By the end of the 19th century "Lake Bigler" had nearly completely fallen out of popular use in favor of "Tahoe". The California State Legislature reversed its previous decision in 1945, officially changing
5734-487: The high water mark itself by arguing that the state of Nevada has not agreed to either a highwater level or datum with California and the US . Some Civic leaders for the Nevada shore have been pushing a frivolous states rights theory of property law—which intermittently nullifies federal easements whenever the lake level recedes—which has never been tested in federal court . Instilling public fear of criminal trespassing
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#17327763102785828-562: The high watermark has been the source of practical rather than legal controversy. The land is a public trust or easement under the Rivers and Harbors Act , the Submerged Lands Act , the several Coast Guard Authorization Acts, but affluent beachfront landowners and their elected civic leaders maintain the land is effectively private under state law because state law enforcement is not charged with enforcing federal law. They dispute
5922-989: The introduction of nonnative fish, Asian clam ( Corbicula fluminea ), and mysid shrimp . Competition from introduced fish led cutthroat trout to be completely extirpated from the lake in the early 20th century until reintroduction efforts started in 2019. Introduced fish species include lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ), rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri ), sockeye salmon ( Oncorhyncus nerka ), brown trout ( Salmo trutta ), brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ), common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), golden shiner ( Notemigonus crysoleucas ), western mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ), bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ), black ( Pomoxis nigromaculatus ) and white ( P. annularis ) crappie , largemouth ( Micropterus salmoides ) and smallmouth ( Micropterus dolomieu ) bass , and brown bullhead ( Ameiurus nebulosus ). Each autumn, from late September through mid-October, mature sockeye salmon transform from silver-blue color to
6016-403: The iron-hulled steamboats Meteor in 1876 and Emerald (II) in 1887. The 75-foot (23 m) Meteor was the fastest boat on Lake Tahoe with a speed of 22 miles (35 km) per hour. Lake Tahoe Railway and Transportation Company dominated the passenger and mail route after launch of their 200-passenger steamboat Tahoe on June 24, 1896. The 154-ton Tahoe was 170 feet (52 m) long with
6110-862: The lake itself formerly consisted of native Chara and Gomphoneis algae and coontail ( Ceratophyllum demersum ), but the later introduction of curlyleaf pondweed ( Potamogeton crispus ), Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum ), and Zygnema and Cladophora algae has transformed the nearshore environment. Native fish of the lake include Lahontan cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi ), mountain whitefish ( Prosopiurm williamsoni ), Lahontan speckled dace ( Rhinichthys osculus robustus ), Lahontan redside ( Rhinichthys egregious ), Lahontan Lake tui chub ( Siphateles bicolor pectinifer ), Tahoe sucker ( Catostomus tahoensis ), Lahontan mountain sucker ( Catostomus platyrhynchus lahontan ), and Paiute sculpin ( Cottus beldingi ). Most of these fish populations have been significantly reduced due to
6204-541: The lake not only as Bigler, but also as "Mountain Lake" and "Maheon Lake". The debate took a new direction when William Henry Knight, mapmaker for the federal U.S. Department of the Interior , and colleague Dr. Henry DeGroot of the Sacramento Union joined the political argument in 1862. As Knight completed a new map of the lake, the mapmaker asked DeGroot for a new name of the lake. DeGroot suggested "Tahoe",
6298-469: The lake surface or opposing shoreline is lifted above the horizon. Fata Morgana may be responsible for Tahoe Tessie sightings. Approximately two-thirds of the shoreline is in California. The south shore is dominated by the lake's largest city, South Lake Tahoe, California , which adjoins the town of Stateline, Nevada , while Tahoe City, California , is located on the lake's northwest shore. Kings Beach, California , and Incline Village, Nevada , anchor
6392-403: The lake's north shore. Although highways run within sight of the lake shore for much of Tahoe's perimeter, many important parts of the shoreline lie within state parks or are protected by the United States Forest Service . The Lake Tahoe Watershed ( USGS Huc 18100200) of 505 sq mi (1,310 km ) is the land area that drains to the lake and the Lake Tahoe drainage divide traverses
6486-416: The lake's west shore are also part of the national Pacific Crest Trail . Additionally, 96 Miles of the trail along the east and south sides of the Lake Tahoe basin are designated as a National Recreation Trail. The idea of a crest trail around Lake Tahoe was first proposed in 1978 by Glenn Hampton, a recreation officer of the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (LTBMU) of the U.S. Forest Service . The trail
6580-671: The lake. Schisms between both agencies and local residents have led to the formation of grass-roots organizations that hold to even stricter environmentalism. Washoe language Washo / ˈ w ɒ ʃ oʊ / (or Washoe; endonym wá꞉šiw ʔítlu ) is an endangered Native American language isolate spoken by the Washo on the California – Nevada border in the drainages of the Truckee and Carson Rivers, especially around Lake Tahoe . While there were only 20 elderly native speakers of Washo as of 2011, since 1994 there had been
6674-542: The lake. Washoe ancestors performed religious ceremonies inside the cave. There were significant but ultimately unsuccessful protests from the tribe when a tunnel was blasted through the rock in 1931 for Highway 50. Lt. John C. Frémont was the first European-American to see Lake Tahoe, during his second exploratory expedition on February 14, 1844. Fremont named it "Lake Bonpland" after Aimé Bonpland (a French botanist who had accompanied Prussian explorer Alexander von Humboldt in his exploration of Mexico , Colombia and
6768-596: The land—below the theoretical maximum elevation of the lake—being in a perpetual federal easement. Neither state has the authority to rescind navigability along the shoreline below the highmark of the waterbody, because it has been granted under federal law through the Enumerated powers of the United States . The entire waterbody is navigable; it is common for the majority of users to be operating negligible draft one-person craft such as kayaks and standup paddleboards . The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency does not have
6862-403: The mail delivery trip around Lake Tahoe to eight hours. Todman expanded service with steamboats Mamie , Niagara , and Tod Goodwin . Lawrence & Comstock provided competition with their steel-hulled steamboat Tallac in 1890 and later purchased Todman's steamboats Mamie and Tod Goodwin . The Carson and Tahoe Lumber and Fluming Company purchased the 83-foot (25 m) Niagara and built
6956-420: The mining era, the potential of the basin as a tourist destination was recognized. Tahoe City was founded in 1864 as a resort community for Virginia City. Public appreciation of the Tahoe basin grew, and during the 1912, 1913 and 1918 Congressional sessions , congressmen tried unsuccessfully to designate the basin as a national park . While Lake Tahoe is a natural lake, it is also used for water storage by
7050-493: The most active and potentially hazardous fault in the basin. A study in Fallen Leaf Lake, just south of Lake Tahoe, used seafloor mapping techniques to image evidence for paleoearthquakes on the West Tahoe and revealed the last earthquake occurred between 4,100 and 4,500 years ago. Subsequent studies revealed submarine landslides in Fallen Leaf Lake and Lake Tahoe that are thought to have been triggered by earthquakes on
7144-659: The name to Lake Tahoe. Upon discovery of gold in the South Fork of the American River in 1848, thousands of gold seekers going west passed near the basin on their way to the gold fields. Europeans first impinged upon the Lake Tahoe basin with the 1858 discovery of the Comstock Lode , a silver deposit just 15 miles (24 km) to the east in Virginia City, Nevada . From 1858 until about 1890, logging in
7238-427: The normal faults in the deepest portions of the lake, modeling suggests that earthquakes on these faults can trigger tsunamis . Wave heights of these tsunamis are predicted to be on the order of 10 to 33 ft (3 to 10 m) in height, capable of traversing the lake in just a few minutes. A massive collapse of the western edge of the basin that formed McKinney Bay around 50,000 years ago is thought to have generated
7332-502: The northeast side of the basin. August is normally the warmest month at the Lake Tahoe Airport (elevation 6,254 ft; 1,906 m) with an average maximum of 78.7 °F (25.9 °C) and an average minimum of 39.8 °F (4.3 °C). January is the coolest month with an average maximum of 41.0 °F (5.0 °C) and an average minimum of 15.1 °F (−9.4 °C). The all-time maximum of 99 °F (37 °C)
7426-483: The people's place." It is a name the Tribe would like to gift to El Dorado County and South Lake Tahoe as a symbol of peace, prosperity and goodness." Washo is usually considered a language isolate . That is, it shares no demonstrated link with any other language, including its three direct neighboring languages, Northern Paiute (a Numic language of Uto-Aztecan ), Maidu ( Maiduan ), and Sierra Miwok ( Utian ). It
7520-488: The rest evaporating from the lake's surface. Evaporation is thought to account for 40 to 60 percent of the water usage. The flow of the Truckee River and the height of the lake are controlled by Lake Tahoe Dam at the outlet. The natural rim is at 6,223 ft (1,897 m) above sea level. The maximum legal limit to which the lake can be allowed to rise in order to store water is at 6,229.1 ft (1,898.6 m);
7614-466: The same general area as the Tahoe Rim Trail . Lake Tahoe is fed by 63 tributaries. These drain an area about the same size as the lake and produce half its water, the other half by direct precipitation. The Truckee River is the lake's only outlet, flowing northeast through Reno, Nevada , into Pyramid Lake which has no outlet . It accounts for one third of the water that leaves the lake,
7708-469: The sawmills ran out of trees and people began traveling by automobile. Niagara was scrapped at Tahoe City in 1900. Governor Stanford was beached at Glenbrook where its boiler was used until 1942 heating cottages at Glenbrook Inn and Ranch. Steamboats continued to carry a mail clerk around Lake Tahoe until 1934, when the mail contract was given to the 42-foot (13 m) motorboat Marian B powered by two Chevrolet engines. Mail delivery moved ashore after
7802-476: The shoreline can result in substantive temporal immersions by the lake surface, the irreversible public easement slowly grows larger in size. While the submerged lands generally belong to the state, the water held in the lake is federally controlled by the US Bureau of Reclamation , and immersion of the shoreline itself would be a common law trespass against east lakefront property owners if it were not for
7896-504: The surveyor general of California, identified the lake as Lake Bigler. The usage never became universal. By the start of the American Civil War in 1861, former Governor Bigler, once a Free Soil Democrat, had become such an ardent Confederate sympathizer that Union advocates objected to the name. Unionists and Republicans alike derided the former governor's name on the lake on official state maps. Pro-Union papers called for
7990-404: The valley bottoms and lower hill slopes are mantled with glacial moraines , or glacial outwash material derived from the parent rock. Sandy soils, rock outcrops and rubble and stony colluvium account for over 70% of the land area in the basin. The basin soils (in the < 2 mm fraction) are generally 65–85% sand (0.05–2.0 mm). Given the great depth of Lake Tahoe, and the locations of
8084-704: The very popular Desolation Wilderness area southwest of the lake. The trail also passes through the Mount Rose Wilderness and the Granite Chief Wilderness . A section of the trail also passes through or near the Freel Roadless Area . Lake Tahoe Lake Tahoe ( / ˈ t ɑː h oʊ / ; Washo : Dáʔaw ) is a freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the Western United States , straddling
8178-626: The west edge of present-day Applebee's , and the east edge of the Marcus Ashley Gallery in Tahoe Crescent V Shopping Center. The Nevada community of Stateline has been moved east. The boundary splits Lake Tahoe unevenly, with two-thirds in California and one-third in Nevada. In California, Lake Tahoe is divided between Placer County and El Dorado County. In Nevada, Lake Tahoe is divided among Washoe County, Douglas County and Carson City (an independent city ). Lake Tahoe
8272-535: The western shore, and Kings Beach on the north shore, so the descendants of the original nine beavers have apparently migrated around most of Lake Tahoe. Recently novel physical evidence has demonstrated that beaver were native to the Sierra until at least the mid-nineteenth century, via radiocarbon dating of buried beaver dam wood uncovered by deep channel incision in the Feather River watershed. That report
8366-596: The year. Vegetation in the basin is dominated by a mixed conifer forest of jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ), lodgepole pine ( P. contorta ), white fir ( Abies concolor ), red fir ( A. magnifica ), sugar pine ( P. lambertiana ), California incense-cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens ), ponderosa pine ( P. ponderosa ), and western white pine ( P. monticola ). The basin also contains significant areas of wet meadows and riparian areas, dry meadows , brush fields (with Arctostaphylos and Ceanothus ) and rock outcrop areas, especially at higher elevations. Ceanothus
8460-795: Was completed in September 2001, almost entirely through volunteer effort. The trail currently exists mostly on land managed by the LTBMU and Lake Tahoe–Nevada State Park , with shorter segments in the Tahoe National Forest and the Carson Ranger District of the Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest . The main hiking season is usually from July through September, though lingering snow patches may sometimes be found into August of high snow years. The trail
8554-410: Was formed about two million years ago as part of the Lake Tahoe Basin, and its modern extent was shaped during the ice ages . It is known for the clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides. The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe, or simply Tahoe; its English name is derived from its Washo name, Dáʔaw . More than 75% of the lake's watershed
8648-451: Was recorded on July 22, 1988. The all-time minimum of −16 °F (−27 °C) was recorded on December 9, 1972. Temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on an average of 2.0 days annually. Minimum temperatures of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower occur on an average of 231.8 days annually, and minimum temperatures of 0 °F (−18 °C) or lower occur on an average of 7.6 days annually. Freezing temperatures have occurred in every month of
8742-405: Was supported by a summary of indirect evidence of beaver including reliable observer accounts of beaver in multiple watersheds from the northern to the southern Sierra Nevada, including its eastern slope. A specific documented record of beaver living historically in Lake Tahoe's North Canyon Creek watershed above Glenbrook includes a description of Spooner Meadow rancher Charles Fulstone hiring
8836-482: Was the 42-foot (13 m) paddle wheel tugboat Governor Blasdel towing log rafts to a sawmill on the south side of Glenbrook Bay from 1863 until her boiler exploded in 1877. The 40-foot (12 m) Truckee and 55-foot (17 m) propeller -driven Emerald were also towing log rafts in 1870. J.A. Todman brought steam-powered passenger service to Lake Tahoe in 1872 with the 100-foot (30 m) 125-passenger side-wheel steamer Governor Stanford which reduced
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