Misplaced Pages

#836163

59-397: Tahmures was the son of Hushang . In his time the world was much troubled by the div s (demons) of Ahriman . On the advice of his vizier Shahrasp , Tahmures used magic to subdue Ahriman and made him his slave, even riding upon his back as on a horse. The demons rebelled against Tahmuras, and he made war against them with both magic and force. By magic he bound two-thirds of the demons;

118-639: A mockup , which is an inert representation of a machine's appearance, often made of some non-durable substance. An electronics designer often builds the first prototype from breadboard or stripboard or perfboard , typically using "DIP" packages. However, more and more often the first functional prototype is built on a "prototype PCB " almost identical to the production PCB, as PCB manufacturing prices fall and as many components are not available in DIP packages, but only available in SMT packages optimized for placing on

177-425: A PCB. Builders of military machines and aviation prefer the terms "experimental" and "service test". In electronics , prototyping means building an actual circuit to a theoretical design to verify that it works, and to provide a physical platform for debugging it if it does not. The prototype is often constructed using techniques such as wire wrapping or using a breadboard , stripboard or perfboard , with

236-463: A bearing on what he termed the problem of le borgne and le manchot i.e. of 'the one-eyed (god)' and 'the one-handed (god)' - relating, in this instance, specifically to the mythic motif of one-handedness. The scene for this scurrilous episode is set by the account in the Avesta of the reign of Taxma Urupi, which relates that this sovereign of the world subdued not only demons and sorcerers, but also

295-453: A beast of burden, manages finally to win (by means of a gift of jewellery) the confidence of Taxmoruw's wife, from whom he learns that there is a certain point on the daily ride - a particularly treacherous part of a mountain track - at which Taxmoruw experiences a moment of vertiginous dread. The following day Ahriman bides his time until 'horse' and rider reach the critical point - at which he seizes his chance, rearing up, throwing Taxmoruw to

354-529: A favorite among US Military modelers), railroad equipment, motor trucks, motorcycles, and space-ships (real-world such as Apollo/Saturn Vs, or the ISS). As of 2014, basic rapid prototype machines (such as 3D printers ) cost about $ 2,000, but larger and more precise machines can cost as much as $ 500,000. In architecture , prototyping refers to either architectural model making (as form of scale modelling ) or as part of aesthetic or material experimentation , such as

413-399: A fitting funeral, Jamshid can finally take time to glance at the hand which has been up Ahriman's anus and sees, to his horror, that it is pale and stinking, starting to waste away with a foul disease similar to leprosy . The disease grows steadily worse, the hand withering and growing ever more painful, and Jamshid becomes sad at his deformity, shunning human society and haunting, hermit-like,

472-485: A group of men were riding beside the (Caspian?) sea on the back of the ox, transporting with them a fire altar, upon which were burning the three atar (holy fires). A storm then sprang up and the wind whipped the fire altar off Srishok's back and carried it out to sea. The three holy fires, however, were not quenched but miraculously remained burning on the waters, lighting the men (or passing seafarers?) to their (unspecified) destination. The unusual concept of fire burning in

531-499: A time to the initial prototype. In many programming languages , a function prototype is the declaration of a subroutine or function (and should not be confused with software prototyping). This term is rather C / C++ -specific; other terms for this notion are signature , type and interface . In prototype-based programming (a form of object-oriented programming ), new objects are produced by cloning existing objects, which are called prototypes. The term may also refer to

590-472: A way that the Planck constant h is prescribed a value of exactly 6.626 070 15 × 10  joule-second (J⋅s) Until 1960, the meter was defined by a platinum-iridium prototype bar with two marks on it (that were, by definition, spaced apart by one meter), the international prototype of the metre , and in 1983 the meter was redefined to be the distance in free space covered by light in 1/299,792,458 of

649-518: Is a form of functional or working prototype. The justification for its creation is usually a data migration , data integration or application implementation project and the raw materials used as input are an instance of all the relevant data which exists at the start of the project. The objectives of data prototyping are to produce: To achieve this, a data architect uses a graphical interface to interactively develop and execute transformation and cleansing rules using raw data. The resultant data

SECTION 10

#1732783751837

708-517: Is becoming practical to eliminate the creation of a physical prototype (except possibly at greatly reduced scales for promotional purposes), instead modeling all aspects of the final product as a computer model . An example of such a development can be seen in Boeing 787 Dreamliner , in which the first full sized physical realization is made on the series production line. Computer modeling is now being extensively used in automotive design, both for form (in

767-421: Is generally used to evaluate a new design to enhance precision by system analysts and users. Prototyping serves to provide specifications for a real, working system rather than a theoretical one. Physical prototyping has a long history, and paper prototyping and virtual prototyping now extensively complement it. In some design workflow models, creating a prototype (a process sometimes called materialization )

826-585: Is given in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh . Hushang has no equivalent in the Indian tradition and is therefore considered a purely Iranian figure. Hushang's original status is uncertain. He appears to have been one of several 'first man/king' figures in different Iranian traditions, along with Jamshid , Gayomard/Keyumars , and Tahmuras . The more prevalent tradition attested in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh makes Hushang

885-812: Is known from Avestan , Middle Persian , and Sasanian-based Persian and Arabic sources. Within the Avesta, the main collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, he is mentioned in the Yasht s and in the Vendidad . The 10th-century Middle Persian Denkard summarizes Chihrdad , a lost book ( nask ) of the Avesta, which mentions Hushang. The Bundahishn , a Middle Persian compilation, also mentions Hushang. Arabic-language sources such as al-Tabari's chronicle, al-Tha'alibi's Ghurar akhbār mulūk al-Furs wa-siyarihim , and al-Biruni's The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries give information about Hushang. The story of Hushang

944-731: Is only applied to him in the Avesta, is later used for the first Iranian dynasty, the Pishdadians , which includes Hushang's predecessor and successors. In the Middle Persian Bundahishn , Hushang is referred to as the progenitor of the Iranians and the first ruler of the Seven Climes. Additionally, despite placing Hushang after Keyumars, the Shahnameh uses the phrase "down from the time of Hushang" to mean "from

1003-431: Is possible that a prototype may fail to perform acceptably although the production design may have been sound. Conversely, prototypes may perform acceptably but the production design and outcome may prove unsuccessful. In general, it can be expected that individual prototype costs will be substantially greater than the final production costs due to inefficiencies in materials and processes. Prototypes are also used to revise

1062-529: Is said to have defeated demons ( daēva s). In the old Yasht s, particularly in the Aban Yasht , Hushang is depicted as a great king who made sacrifices to the gods and received from them the khvarenah (divine royal glory), then with the gods' assistance defeated the daēva s (demons or false gods) and their worshippers in Mazana and Varena, located on the western and eastern edges, respectively, of

1121-405: Is the step between the formalization and the evaluation of an idea. A prototype can also mean a typical example of something such as in the use of the derivation ' prototypical '. This is a useful term in identifying objects, behaviours and concepts which are considered the accepted norm and is analogous with terms such as stereotypes and archetypes . The word prototype derives from

1180-414: Is then evaluated and the rules refined. Beyond the obvious visual checking of the data on-screen by the data architect, the usual evaluation and validation approaches are to use Data profiling software and then to insert the resultant data into a test version of the target application and trial its use. When developing software or digital tools that humans interact with, a prototype is an artifact that

1239-499: Is used as the standard of measurement of some physical quantity to base all measurement of that physical quantity against. Sometimes this standard object is called an artifact . In the International System of Units ( SI ), there remains no prototype standard since May 20, 2019 . Before that date, the last prototype used was the international prototype of the kilogram , a solid platinum-iridium cylinder kept at

SECTION 20

#1732783751837

1298-409: Is used to ask and answer a design question. Prototypes provide the means for examining design problems and evaluating solutions. HCI practitioners can employ several different types of prototypes: In the field of scale modeling (which includes model railroading , vehicle modeling, airplane modeling , military modeling, etc.), a prototype is the real-world basis or source for a scale model—such as

1357-430: The Avesta , he is called Haoshyangha and is given the epithet [Paraδāta] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) , whence Persian pishdad . While this title is given only to Hushang in the Avesta, in later tradition the first Iranian dynasty (the Pishdadians ), including Hushang's predecessor and successors, are called by this title. According to Ferdowsi 's Shahnameh , which drew from

1416-594: The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) in Sèvres France (a suburb of Paris ) that by definition was the mass of exactly one kilogram . Copies of this prototype are fashioned and issued to many nations to represent the national standard of the kilogram and are periodically compared to the Paris prototype. Now the kilogram is redefined in such

1475-459: The Denkard , he is made a son of Mashya and grandson of Gayomard. The Bundahishn calls him the son of Fravak, grandson of Siamak, great-grandson of Mashya, and great-great-grandson of Gayomard. In Ferdowsi's Shahnameh , Hushang is the son of Siamak and the grandson of Gayomard, the first man and king of the world. He served his grandfather as a beloved advisor. Siamak was killed by demons, but

1534-528: The Forty Wall House open source material prototyping centre in Australia. Architects prototype to test ideas structurally, aesthetically and technically. Whether the prototype works or not is not the primary focus: architectural prototyping is the revelatory process through which the architect gains insight. In the science and practice of metrology , a prototype is a human-made object that

1593-589: The Greek πρωτότυπον prototypon , "primitive form", neutral of πρωτότυπος prototypos , "original, primitive", from πρῶτος protos , "first" and τύπος typos , "impression" (originally in the sense of a mark left by a blow, then by a stamp struck by a die (note "typewriter"); by implication a scar or mark; by analogy a shape i.e. a statue, (figuratively) style, or resemblance; a model for imitation or illustrative example—note "typical"). Prototypes explore different aspects of an intended design: In general,

1652-536: The Prototype Javascript Framework . Additionally, the term may refer to the prototype design pattern. Continuous learning approaches within organizations or businesses may also use the concept of business or process prototypes through software models. The concept of prototypicality is used to describe how much a website deviates from the expected norm, and leads to a lowering of user preference for that site's design. A data prototype

1711-474: The Shahnameh , believed to be a popular story, also credits Hushang with the accidental discovery of fire, which happened after he hurled a flint rock to kill a venomous black serpent. Missing the serpent, the rock struck another flint to produce fiery sparks. Hushang learned how to make fire this way and taught his people. In honor of the discovery, they established the Sadeh festival. He is sometimes regarded as

1770-421: The styling and aerodynamics of the vehicle) and in function—especially for improving vehicle crashworthiness and in weight reduction to improve mileage. The most common use of the word prototype is a functional, although experimental, version of a non-military machine (e.g., automobiles, domestic appliances, consumer electronics) whose designers would like to have built by mass production means, as opposed to

1829-506: The archfiend Angra Mainyu himself, thanks to the help of the wind god Vayu and his (Taxma Urupi's) possession of the khvarenah or mystic 'kingly glory'. Thus empowered, the valiant king is able to ride Angra Mainyu, like a horse, 'from one end of the earth to the other', every day for thirty years. (At this point the Avesta falls silent and the Parsi rivayât takes up the story). Ahriman (Angra Mainyu), exasperated by his undignified bondage as

Tahmuras - Misplaced Pages Continue

1888-485: The body from its unsavoury resting place, whereupon Srosh reveals that Ahriman loves two things above all else: music and anal sex . Acting on Srosh's advice, Jamshid then travels to the area where Ahriman is living and begins to sing. Attracted by the music, the demon duly appears and begins capering about and masturbating in anticipation of his other favourite activity. Jamshid agrees to penetrate Ahriman on condition that he first be allowed to remove Taxmoruw's body from

1947-596: The city of Shiraz was originally built by Tahmures. Some native writers have claimed that the name Shiraz is derived from that of Tahmuras's son. Hushang Hushang ( Persian : هوشنگ ; Middle Persian : Hōšang ), also spelled Hōshang , is an early hero-king in Iranian mythology. He is known from Avestan , Middle Persian , and Sasanian-based Persian and Arabic sources. He appears to have been one of several 'first man/king' figures in different Iranian traditions, along with Jamshid , Keyumars , and Tahmuras . In

2006-404: The creation of prototypes will differ from creation of the final product in some fundamental ways: Engineers and prototype specialists attempt to minimize the impact of these differences on the intended role for the prototype. For example, if a visual prototype is not able to use the same materials as the final product, they will attempt to substitute materials with properties that closely simulate

2065-407: The cycle returns to customer evaluation. The cycle starts by listening to the user, followed by building or revising a mock-up, and letting the user test the mock-up , then back. There is now a new generation of tools called Application Simulation Software which help quickly simulate application before their development. Extreme programming uses iterative design to gradually add one feature at

2124-433: The demon's bowels. The excited Ahriman agrees readily to the bargain and bends over, presenting his anus , whereupon Jamshid plunges his hand up the demon's rectum , deep into his belly, quickly pulls out his brother's corpse, places it on the ground and flees. Ahriman gives chase, but Jamshid runs on and on, taking care (as instructed previously by Srosh) not to look back at his pursuer and, more especially not to look him in

2183-403: The design for the purposes of reducing costs through optimization and refinement. It is possible to use prototype testing to reduce the risk that a design may not perform as intended, however prototypes generally cannot eliminate all risk. Building the full design is often expensive and can be time-consuming, especially when repeated several times—building the full design, figuring out what

2242-623: The eighteenth chapter of the cosmological treatise known as the Bundahishn , the three preeminent Atar (Great Fires) of ancient Iran—Farnbag, Gushnasp and Burzin Mihr—were brought thither on the back of the ox Srishok from a place named Khwaniratha, during the reign of the primordial ruler Takhmurup—presumably with his knowledge and possibly at his command. The text of the Bundahishn is not easy to interpret at this point, but seems to mean that

2301-406: The face. Ahriman tires and, baulked of both pleasure and prey, descends once more into hell. Jamshid then returns to the spot where he left Taxmoruw's body, constructs the prototypical Tower of Silence and places the body on it for excarnation by birds of prey, in the manner still considered ritually correct by Zoroastrians to this day. Thankful that he has at last been able to give his brother

2360-584: The first king" and quotes Khosrow Parviz as calling the Iranian religion "the Creed of Hushang." In a different (and, according to A. Shapour Shahbazi , likely older) tradition recorded in the Fravardin Yasht , the list of kings begins with Yima (Jamshid) and ends with Kavi Hausrava ( Kay Khosrow ), then lists "Hushang the Valiant [ taxma- ]" as one of several venerated heroes. In both traditions, he

2419-436: The founder of Susa and Babylon and the initiator of the festivals of Tirgan and Khorram-ruz . Hisham ibn al-Kalbi called Hushang a descendent of Noah through his son Sam . Prototype A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process. It is a term used in a variety of contexts, including semantics , design , electronics , and software programming . A prototype

Tahmuras - Misplaced Pages Continue

2478-508: The full design. In technology research, a technology demonstrator is a prototype serving as proof-of-concept and demonstration model for a new technology or future product, proving its viability and illustrating conceivable applications. In large development projects, a testbed is a platform and prototype development environment for rigorous experimentation and testing of new technologies, components, scientific theories and computational tools. With recent advances in computer modeling it

2537-561: The ground and swallowing the unfortunate king whole. Time passes, but Taxmoruw's corpse is not found, remaining in Ahriman's belly. Meanwhile, Jamshid , Taxmoruw's devoted brother (not son, as in the Shahnameh), scours the world in search of his body until eventually he learns from Srosh , the well-nigh omniscient confidant of Ahura Mazda , that it is hidden in Ahriman's bowels. Jamshid begs Srosh to tell him some magical trick to retrieve

2596-437: The intended final materials. Engineers and prototyping specialists seek to understand the limitations of prototypes to exactly simulate the characteristics of their intended design. Prototypes represent some compromise from the final production design. This is due to the skill and choices of the designer(s), and the inevitable inherent limitations of a prototype. Due to differences in materials, processes and design fidelity, it

2655-526: The land of the Aryans. He is said to have defeated princes and priests who opposed him. The Yasht s give no information about Hushang's genealogy, and there is great variety in the later sources on this issue. Besides Ferdowsi's Shahnameh , most other sources place three generations ( Mashya , Siamak and Fravak) between Hushang and Gayomard. In the summary of the lost book of the Avesta Chihrdad in

2714-555: The loneliest of mountains and deserts. All, however, ends happily, for one night, as the wretched man lies asleep, an ox urinates on his blighted hand, healing it. Thus comes about the discovery of gōmēz - cow urine , considered as the purificatory liquid par excellence in Zoroastrianism and used as such in the nine-night ritual of Barashnûm , (as detailed in the ninth chapter of the Vendidad ). According to verses 8–9 of

2773-738: The midst of water is found also in relation to the ancient Indo-Iranian deity Apam Napat and both occurrences of the mythological motif may owe something to early observation of flames (derived from the welling up of natural hydrocarbons) hovering near the surface of the Caspian Sea —more specifically the Southwestern part, exploited currently by the Absheron gas field near Baku in Azerbaijan . According to certain Iranian traditions ,

2832-547: The name as meaning 'set at the beginning' in the sense of 'first man'. Some have noted the similarity between the name [Paraδāta] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) and Paralatos , the name of the progenitor of the Paralatae or "Royal Scythians " who was a grandson of Targitaus, the first man according to Scythian mythology . Hushang is called Ushanj or Ushhanj in Arabic sources. Hushang

2891-429: The problems are and how to solve them, then building another full design. As an alternative, rapid prototyping or rapid application development techniques are used for the initial prototypes, which implement part, but not all, of the complete design. This allows designers and manufacturers to rapidly and inexpensively test the parts of the design that are most likely to have problems, solve those problems, and then build

2950-411: The prototyping platform, or replace it with only the microcontroller chip and the circuitry that is relevant to their product. Prototype software is often referred to as alpha grade , meaning it is the first version to run. Often only a few functions are implemented, the primary focus of the alpha is to have a functional base code on to which features may be added. Once alpha grade software has most of

3009-438: The real EMD GP38-2 locomotive—which is the prototype of Athearn 's (among other manufacturers) locomotive model. Technically, any non-living object can serve as a prototype for a model, including structures, equipment, and appliances, and so on, but generally prototypes have come to mean full-size real-world vehicles including automobiles (the prototype 1957 Chevy has spawned many models), military equipment (such as M4 Shermans,

SECTION 50

#1732783751837

3068-498: The remaining third he crushed with his mace. The div s now became Tahmuras's slaves and they taught him the art of writing in thirty different scripts. Like his father, Tahmuras was a great inventor of arts for easing the human condition. He invented the spinning and weaving of wool, learned to domesticate chickens , how to store up fodder for livestock instead of merely grazing them, and how to train animals like dogs and falcons to hunt for people. Tahmures ruled for thirty years and

3127-463: The required features integrated into it, it becomes beta software for testing of the entire software and to adjust the program to respond correctly during situations unforeseen during development. Often the end users may not be able to provide a complete set of application objectives, detailed input, processing, or output requirements in the initial stage. After the user evaluation, another prototype will be built based on feedback from users, and again

3186-459: The result being a circuit that is electrically identical to the design but not physically identical to the final product. Open-source tools like Fritzing exist to document electronic prototypes (especially the breadboard-based ones) and move toward physical production. Prototyping platforms such as Arduino also simplify the task of programming and interacting with a microcontroller . The developer can choose to deploy their invention as-is using

3245-503: The second part of the name is -šiiah- a variant of čiia- 'selecting, deciding', giving the whole name * hu-šiiah- the meaning 'good (religious) choice'. Hushang's epithet [Paraδāta] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) / Pishdad ( Pēšdād ) was interpreted in Sasanian times as meaning 'he who first set the law of sovereignty', which has been accepted by some modern scholars. Others interpret

3304-592: The successor of Gayomard, but Hushang's status as the first king is directly stated in some sources and implied by others. In the older Yasht s, the lists of heroes or kings who received divine favor always begin with Hushang. This suggests that Hushang was considered the first king of the world at the time of the Yasht s' creation. Several later sources associate Hushang with the beginning of Iranian sovereignty. Hushang's epithet [Paraδāta] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) / Pishdad , which

3363-584: The traditional history developed in the late Sasanian period, Hushang was the second king of the Pishdadian dynasty and the grandson of the first man and king Keyumars. In the Avesta , Hushang is called Haoshyangha ( 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀 Haošyaŋha ). Older sources interpreted the second part of the name as -šyaŋh , composed of ši- 'dwelling' and -aŋh 'giving rise to', thus meaning 'he who produces good dwellings' or 'promoter of culture and sedentary living'. According to another interpretation,

3422-444: Was avenged by Hushang, who acquired the divine glory, subdued the forces of Ahriman , and succeeded his grandfather Gayomard, reigning for forty years. He was succeeded by Tahmuras , who is Hushang's son in the Shahnameh and the son of Vivanghan and the descendant of Hushang in other sources. He is credited with the invention of iron-working, architecture, the domestication of beasts, irrigation, and agriculture. A later addition to

3481-449: Was succeeded by his son, Jamshid . Georges Dumézil provides a summary of a bawdy and scatological , but nonetheless instructive account of the death of Taxmoruw (Tahmures) preserved in a Parsi revayat translated by Danish orientalist and historian Arthur Christensen and published by Friedrich von Spiegel . This (admittedly late) text furnishes material that Dumézil considers to preserve archaic proto-Indo-European themes with

#836163