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28-415: (Redirected from Tai Lu ) Tai Lue or Tai Lü may refer to: Tai Lue language Tai Lue people See also [ edit ] New Tai Lue (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tai Lue . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

56-503: A glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds which are [p], [t] , and [k] . Word order is usually subject–verb–object (SVO); modifiers (e.g. adjectives) follow nouns. As in Thai and Lao, Tai Lue has borrowed many Sanskrit and Pali words and affixes . Among the Tai languages in general, Tai Lue has limited intelligibility with Shan and Tai Nua and shares much vocabulary with,

84-694: A final consonant must follow. The vowels each exist in long-short pairs : these are distinct phonemes forming unrelated words in Northern Thai, but usually transliterated the same: เขา ( khao ) means "they/them", while ขาว ( khao ) means "white". The long-short pairs are as follows: The basic vowels can be combined into diphthongs . For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: Additionally, there are three triphthongs , For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: The following section largely concerns

112-600: A single sound and associated tone. In many words, the initial ร ( /r/ ) in Thai is ฮ ( /h/ ) in Tai Lue, as is also the case in Lao and Tai Yuan: Aspirated consonants in the low-class consonant group(อักษรต่ำ /ʔàk sɔ̌n tàm/ ) become unaspirated: (Note that the vowels also differ greatly between Tai Lue and Thai in many words, even though they are etymologically related and share the same root.) Though many aspirated consonants often become unaspirated, when an unaspirated consonant

140-491: A smaller community of Lanna speakers in northwestern Laos . Speakers of this language generally consider the name "Tai Yuan" to be pejorative . They refer to themselves as Khon Mueang ( ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ , คน เมือง , [kʰon˧.mɯaŋ˧] – literally "people of Mueang " meaning "city dwellers"), Lanna, or Northern Thai. The language is also sometimes referred to as Phayap (พายัพ, Thai pronunciation: [pʰāː.jáp] ), "Northwestern (speech)". The term Yuan

168-780: Is called 老傣文 lao dai wen (Old Dai script) in Chinese. Readable by the most people in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. New Tai Lue is a modernization of the Lanna alphabet (also known as the Tai Tham script ), which is similar to the Thai alphabet , and consists of 42 initial consonant signs (21 high-tone class, 21 low-tone class), seven final consonant signs, 16 vowel signs, two tone letters and one vowel shortening letter (or syllable-final glottal stop). Vowels signs can be placed before or after

196-681: Is followed by ร ( /r/ ) the unaspirated consonant becomes aspirated: Other differences: Tai Lue is written in three different scripts. One is the Fak Kham script , a variety of the Thai script of Sukhothai . The second is the Tham script, which was reformed in the 1950s, but is still in use and has recently regained government support. The new script is a simplified version of the old script. An ancient script, also used in Kengtung , Northern Thailand and Northern Laos centuries ago. The Tham script

224-552: Is invariably used. The modern spoken form is called Kam Mueang . There is a resurgence of interest in writing it in the traditional way, but the modern pronunciation differs from that prescribed in spelling rules. Northern Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form

252-511: Is still sometimes used for Northern Thai's distinctive Tai Tham alphabet , which is closely related to the old Tai Lue alphabet and the Lao religious alphabets. The use of the Tua Mueang , as the traditional alphabet is known, is now largely limited to Buddhist temples, where many old sermon manuscripts are still in active use. There is no active production of literature in the traditional alphabet, and when used in writing standard Thai script

280-449: Is typically code-switched with standard Thai, especially in more developed and urbanized areas of Northern Thailand, whereas exclusive use of Northern Thai remains prevalent in more remote areas. Thanajirawat (2018) classifies Tai Yuan into five major dialect groups based on tonal split and merger patterns. ( See also Proto-Tai language#Tones ) Northern Thai consonant inventory is similar to that of Lao ( Isan ); both languages have

308-431: The / ɲ / sound and lack / tɕʰ / . There are two relatively common consonant clusters: There are also several other, less frequent clusters recorded, though apparently in the process of being lost: All plosive sounds (besides the glottal stop /ʔ/) are unreleased . Hence, final /p/ , /t/ , and /k/ sounds are pronounced as [p̚] , [t̚] , and [k̚] respectively. ฒ ,ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส The basic vowels of

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336-1481: The Lự ethnic minority, although in China they are classified as part of the Dai people , along with speakers of the other Tai languages apart from Zhuang . Tai Lue has 21 syllable-initial consonants, 9 syllable-finals and six tones (three different tones in checked syllables, six in open syllables). The initials t͡s - and s - are palatalized before front vowels (which in the language are i , e , and ɛ ) and become t͡ɕ- and ɕ- , respectively. For example, /t͡síŋ/ "hard" and /si᷄p/ "ten" are pronounced as [t͡ɕiŋ˥] and [ɕip˧˥] respectively. (Some textbooks denote t͡s as c ). Each vowel quality occurs in long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming distinct words in Tai Lue. Generally, vowels in open syllables (without codas) occur as long whereas ones in closed syllables are short (except /aː/ and /uː/ ). Additionally, Tai Lue uses several diphthongs: The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w] , and [j] and open syllables. There are six tones for unchecked syllables, although only three are allowed in checked syllables (those ending with -p, -t or -k). The table below presents two phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in

364-570: The Northern Thai people were speakers of Southwestern Tai dialects that migrated from what is now southeastern China, specifically what is now Guangxi and northern Vietnam where the diversity of various Tai languages suggests an Urheimat . The Southwestern Tai languages began to diverge from the Northern and Central branches of the Tai languages, covered mainly by various Zhuang languages , sometime around 112 AD, but likely completed by

392-597: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. From a purely genealogical standpoint, most linguists consider Northern Thai to be more closely related to Central Thai than to Lao or Isan , but

420-535: The sixth century . Due to the influx of Han Chinese soldiers and settlers, the end of the Chinese occupation of Vietnam, the fall of Jiaozhi and turbulence associated with the decline and fall of the Tang dynasty led some of the Tai peoples speaking Southwestern Tai to flee into Southeast Asia, with the small-scale migration mainly taking place between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The Tais split and followed

448-460: The Chinese Dai 汉傣 . Northern Thai language Kam Mueang ( Northern Thai : ᨣᩴᩤᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ , กำเมือง ) or Northern Thai language ( Thai : ภาษาไทยถิ่นเหนือ ) is the language of the Northern Thai people of Lanna , Thailand . It is a Southwestern Tai language . Kam Mueang has approximately six million speakers, most of whom live in the native Northern Thailand , with

476-744: The Nan dialect of Northern Thai. ( Tai Tham script ) ( Thai script ) There are six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai dialect of Northern Thai: low-rising, low-falling, high-level with glottal closure, mid-level, high-falling, and high-rising. or low-rising, mid-low, high-falling, mid-high, falling, and high rising-falling The table below presents six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai and Nan dialects in smooth syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. Sources have not agreed on

504-508: The Northern Thai language are similar to those of Standard Thai . They, from front to back and close to open, are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the International Phonetic Alphabet , the second entry gives the spelling in the Thai alphabet , where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that

532-489: The city, ending 200 years of Burmese rule. Kawila was installed as the prince of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the prince of Chiang Mai, both as vassals of Siam. In 1899, Siam annexed the Northern Thai principalities, effectively dissolving their status as sovereign tributary states. The Compulsory Education Act of 1921 banned schools and temples from using languages other than Central Thai (standard Thai), in an effort to bring remote regions under Siamese control. Northern Thai

560-941: The language has been heavily influenced by both Lao and Central Thai throughout history. All Southwestern Tai languages form a coherent dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible varieties, with few sharp dividing lines. Nevertheless, Northern Thai has today become closer to the Central Thai language, as Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Shan language others Tai Lue language Kam Mueang language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language ( Isan language ) The Northern Thai language has various names in Northern Thai, Thai, and other Tai languages . The ancestors of

588-423: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tai_Lue&oldid=1038370922 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tai Lue language In Vietnam, Tai Lue speakers are officially recognised as

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616-535: The major river courses, with the ancestral Northern Thai originating in the Tai migrants that followed the Mekong River . Ancestors of the Northern Thai people established Ngoenyang , an early kingdom that existed between the 7th to 13th centuries, as well as smaller kingdoms like Phayao , in what is now modern-day northern Thailand. They settled in areas adjacent to the kingdom of Hariphunchai , coming into contact with Mon-speaking people whose writing system

644-524: The other Southwestern Tai languages . Tai Lue has 95% lexical similarity with Northern Thai (Lanna), 86% with Central Thai, 93% with Shan, and 95% with Khun . Below, some Thai Lue words are given with standard Central Thai equivalents for comparison. Thai words are shown on the left and Tai Lue words, written in New Tai Lue script , are shown on the right. Many words differ from Thai greatly: Some words differ in tone only: Some words differ in

672-443: The past 100 years ), the information about the six tones from Gedney (1999) should be considered with caution. The Gedney boxes for the tones are shown below the descriptions. The table below presents four phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds such as [p], [t], and [k]. The grammar of Northern Thai is similar to those of other Tai languages . The word order

700-487: The phonetic realization of the six tones in the Chiang Mai dialect. The table presents information based on two sources, one from Gedney (1999) and the other one from the Lanna dictionary (2007) which is a Northern Thai-Thai dictionary. Although published in 1999, Gedney's information about the Chiang Mai dialect is based on data he collected from one speaker in Chiang Mai in 1964 (p. 725). As tones may change within one's lifetime (e.g., Bangkok Thai tones have changed over

728-653: The syllable initial consonant. Similar to the Thai alphabet, the pronunciation of the tone of a syllable depends on the class the initial consonant belongs to, syllable structure and vowel length , and the tone mark. The Bajia people ( 八甲人 ), who number 1,106 individuals in Mengkang Village ( 勐康村 ), Meng'a Town ( 勐阿镇 ), Menghai County , Yunnan, speak a language closely related to Tai Lue. There are 225 Bajia people living in Jingbo Township 景播乡, Menghai County (You 2013:270). The Bajia are also known as

756-580: Was eventually adapted for the Northern Thai language as the Tai Tham script . In the 13th century, King Mangrai consolidated control of these territories, establishing the kingdom of Lan Na . In the 15th century, King Tilokkarat ushered in a golden age for Northern Thai literature, with a profusion of palm leaf manuscripts written in Tai Tham, using vernacular Northern Thai and interspersed with Pali and Buddhist Indic vocabulary. In 1775, Kawila of Lampang revolted with Siamese assistance, and captured

784-469: Was relegated from the public sphere, with influential religious leaders like Khruba Srivichai jailed for using Northern Thai in sermons. In the 1940s, authorities promulgated Thai cultural mandates that reinforced the importance of learning and using Central Thai as the prestige language . These economic and educational pressures have increased the use of standard Thai to the detriment of other regional languages like Northern Thai. Today, Northern Thai

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