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50-612: It was founded in 1872 to train kyōdo shōku or religious teachers because the Missionary Office and Department of Divinities were unsuccessful in their national indoctrination objectives. It was intended as a joint Shinto and Buddhist organization, but ended up becoming entirely dominated by Shinto . Medium Teaching Institutes ( 中教院 , Chukyoin ) were established in each prefectural capital and Small Teaching Institutes ( 小教院 , Shokyoin ) were established in various cities. On January 1, 1875, an arson attack on

100-690: A corporation, and the training of priests, which had been commissioned by the Ministry of Home Affairs, was continued from April as a new commission from the Jinja Main Office. The following year, Vance and Woodard of the Religious Affairs Division of GHQ decided that there was no problem with the study of Shinto and training of priests as a private university, and in 1948, the Shinto Affairs Department

150-751: A meeting at Tenrikyo's Honshiba Grand Church between the presidents of the various schools and W. K. Vance, head of the Religious Affairs Division at GHQ, the occupying forces promised not to impose any restrictions on the religious activities of the Shinto sects. Tenrikyo established a policy of restoration immediately in 1945, and Konkokyo established the Council for the Establishment of the Faith in 1951 to eliminate Shinto colors. The system in which there were 13 Shinto sects and 13 Buddhist sects recognized by

200-524: A missionary organization, but was dissolved in 1875 (Meiji 8). It was succeeded by the Bureau of Shinto Affairs in the same year, to which the originally disparate folk belief religions belonged. In 1872, the Missionary Office was abolished and replaced with the Ministry of Religion . In April, Shinto priests and monks were assigned kyōdō shoku positions, of which there were 14 ranks. The Ministry

250-485: Is a mountain worship sect traditionally seen to have been founded by Hasegawa Kakugyo (who was also associated with Fusō-kyō). Shinto Taiseikyo ( 神道大成教 ) is a Confucian Shinto sect founded by Hirayama Seisai . Shinshu-kyo ( 神習教 ) is a "purification sect" alongside Misogikyo . It was founded by Masaki Yoshimura (1839–1915 ), who was a survivor of the Ansei Purge . He worked at Ise Jingu and later

300-638: Is the same word that is used in the "Great Doctrine" or Proclamation of the Great Doctrine , and Taikyo in Shinto Taikyo . Kyodo Shoku Kyodo Shoku ( 教導職 ) is a religious position established in the Empire of Japan for the Proclamation of the Great Doctrine . The institution showed little success and was abolished in 1884. They were divided into 14 ranks In

350-499: The Shintō Dōshikai ( lit.   ' Society of Shinto Colleagues ' ). In 1899 (Meiji 32), the group was joined by Shinto Headquarters ( Shinto Taikyo ), Shinrikyo , and Misogikyo , and the name was changed to Shintō Konwakai ; the same year, Jingūkyō reorganized as Jingū Hōnsaikai and withdrew from the federation. In 1912 (Meiji 45), Konkokyo , Shinto Shusei , and Tenrikyo joined, forming 13 groups (14 if including

400-595: The Emperor of Japan to be central to his philosophy; he was a supporter of Sonnō jōi but supported the Boshin Rebellion and the Meiji Restoration later. Alongside Kurozumikyō , it was one of the first two Shinto sects to gain independence in 1876. It has not been very active in the postwar era. Jingūkyō ( 神宮教 ) was a sect run out of Ise Grand Shrine which distributed Jingu Taima . It

450-651: The Great Teaching Institute was established—first in Kojimachi, Kioicho and later in Masukami, Shiba at Zōjō-ji —as the head temple for kyōdō shoku of a joint Shinto and Buddhist sect. The Taikyo Institute was initiated by the Buddhist side to concretize teaching by the Ministry of Religion, but it later became focused entirely on Shinto. The Buddhist side, led by Shinshū , broke away from

500-582: The Ise Grand Shrine after the Meiji period), Sect Shinto is based on the kokugaku ( lit.   ' national study ' ) school of philosophy. Tenrikyo was categorized as Sect Shinto but is often considered a separate monotheistic religion. While it has roots in the late Edo period , Sect Shinto became more firmly established in the Meiji era after the Meiji Restoration . Its formation

550-759: The Kurozumikyō and Shinto Shusei were specially established as denominational Shinto sects, and the compartment system was abolished. In May 1873, the Ministry of Religion issued a religious ordinance, which set standards for the approval of kosha (religious lectures or meetings). In August, the Ministry approved the Kurozumikyō, the Tohokami (later Misogi-Kyo ), the Mitake, and the Fuji Isan (later Fuso-kyo ), as well as Buddhist kosha . In 1873,

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600-545: The unity of ritual and government system. Following the Taikyo Proclamation , which designated Shinto as the state religion, the Great Teaching Institute was established, though it was soon reformed into the Bureau of Shinto Affairs and later the sect Shinto Taikyo . During these early trial-and-error religious policies, the Meiji government promoted a nationalized system of Shinto education by religious instructors known as kyōdō shoku . However, with

650-670: The 3rd year of Meiji ( 1870 ), the Missionary Office was established, and in addition to the clerical staff, the Great Missionary Messengers and others were appointed as instructors for missionary activities. In March 1872, the Missionary Office was merged with the Ministry of Divinities and became the Ministry of Religion . The teaching ministry was an unpaid official position, and initially all shinkans (there were no Kannushi at that time), Shintoists and Bhikkhu were appointed to this position. Private experts were also appointed. The Great Teaching Institute

700-459: The Association of Sectarian Shinto ( 教派神道連合会 , Kyōha Shintō Rengōkai ) . Before World War II, Sect Shinto consisted of 13 denominations, which were referred to as the 13 Shinto schools. Since then, there have been additions and withdrawals of membership. Whereas Shrine Shinto is an aggregation of various shrines and customary beliefs in various parts of Japan (which became united under

750-623: The Bureau of Shinto Affairs was prepared—bringing together the traditionally existing shrines, Shinto kosha , and congregations following folk beliefs—various denominations that met certain conditions were able to branch out and become independent from it. The following year, in 1876 (Meiji 9), a dormitory was established in the Shinto Office to train priests. Also that year, the Kurozumikyō and Shinto Shusei , which had been flourishing, became independent denominations. Inaba Masakuni

800-617: The Bureau of Shinto Affairs. On April 8, he requested that the Ministry of Religion establish the Bureau of Shinto Affairs. The content of the request was that even small shrines, centering on the Imperial Shrine at Ise, should be able to cooperate with each other for the purpose of propagating Shinto. On April 15, the Bureau of Shinto Affairs was opened in the Tokyo Branch Office of the Jingu Shichosha. Once

850-583: The Federation of Shinto Sects; this practice continued until 1966. Holding the Shinto course promoted the university as a Shinto university that combined both Shrine Shinto and Sect Shinto. As of 1996, Kokugakuin University was said to be the only university with a course on Sect Shinto. There are five main groups of Sect Shinto: Tenrikyo is now classified by the Agency for Cultural Affairs as one of

900-520: The Great Teaching Institute caused confusion, with four Jōdo Shinshū sects informally announcing their departure from the Great Teaching Institute. On May 3, 1875, the Great Teaching Institute was dissolved by the Ministry of Religion and was succeeded by the Bureau of Shinto Affairs and later Shinto Taikyo . Ame-no-Minakanushi was one of its patron deities, also known under the Buddhist name Myōken . The "Great Teaching"

950-534: The Imperial High Priesthood). The content of the sermons centered on reverence for the state and the emperor and the idea of respect for the gods, but they also included family ethics, Bunmei-kaika , internationalization , Rights and Duty , Fukoku kyōhei , and was expected to play a part in national education . Due to the conflict between priests and monks, a strong opposition movement by Shimaji Mokurai and others, and internal turmoil within

1000-454: The Ise and Izumo factions. On January 30, 1873, the two-part system was abolished and the two regions were combined. However, they were once again divided later becoming a three-part system with Senge Takatomi , Koga Takemichi  [ ja ] , and Inaba Masakuni , and then a four-part system with the addition of Tanaka Yoriyasu, the grand priest of the Ise Grand Shrine . On that same day,

1050-404: The Ministry of Religion was established in 1872, it was responsible for research. In 1882 (Meiji 15), institutes of imperial studies were established one after another. This was due to a keen awareness of the need for doctrinal studies in the rites and rituals controversy. The controversy was divided between the doctrinalists (denominational Shinto sects) and the national scholars (academics). As

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1100-458: The breakaway Jingūkyō), and the name was changed to Shintō Kyōha Rengōkai . In 1934, the current name Kyōha Shintō Rengōkai ( 教派神道連合会 , Federation of Sectarian Shinto) was adopted. After World War II, Oomoto joined the federation, but Tenrikyo and Shinto Taiseikyo withdrew. Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto was re-established after the war, but never joined the federation. Shinshu-kyo withdrew in 1959 but returned in 1994. In 1995, on

1150-576: The chief priests of the government buildings and the instructors of the sixth grade and above. However, the issue could not be settled. Thus, it was settled in February by the imperial decision of the Meiji Emperor. In January 1882, the separation of ritual and religion was enacted by the Ministry of Home Affairs through Bill No. 7, which prohibited those in the kyōdō shoku (priest-teacher position) from performing rituals, thereby promoting

1200-750: The doctrinalists became independent, the national scholars were stimulated and the separation of doctrine and learning progressed. On April 30, Jingūkyō established Kōgakkan University in Ise. On May 30, the Department of Classics was established at the University of Tokyo . On December 15, 1945, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ) issued the Shinto Directive aimed at dismantling State Shinto. In January of

1250-468: The federation has 12 affiliated groups. Kurozumikyō (黒住教) is a group highly linked to Amaterasu . Shinto Shusei ( 神道修成派 ) is considered a form of Confucian Shinto . It was founded in 1849 by Nitta Kuniteru (1829–1902), who was known to have read the Analects at age 9. He founded the sect at age twenty, and considered Japanese people to be descendants of deities. He considered allegiance to

1300-818: The following year, the Dai Nihon Shinto-kai, the Imperial Academy, and the Jingu Bonan-kai were dissolved to form the Association of Shinto Shrines , a religious corporation. In March, Jingu-Shogakukan University was abolished by the Shinto directive; in April, representatives of each denomination explained their denomination to the GHQ Civilian Information and Education Department at Broadcasting Hall 108. In June, at

1350-494: The government was broken up into even smaller groups as religious organizations when the Religious Corporation Law was enacted. Many of the scholars who had played a central role in Shinto research and education were expelled and replaced by folklorists such as Shinobu Orikuchi and Kunio Yanagita , as well as younger Shinto scholars who escaped expulsion. On March 20, 1946, Kokugakuin University became

1400-473: The hereditary system of Shinto priests, thus ending the jurisdiction of the Shirakawa  [ ja ] and Yoshida families  [ ja ] over Shinto. During this transition, the concept of missionaries to propagate Shinto remained. In 1870 (Meiji 3), the imperial Taikyo Proclamation designated Shinto as the state religion. The Great Teaching Institute was established in 1872 (Meiji 5) as

1450-565: The idea that it was necessary to establish an institution that was a more developed version of the former Shodo Shido Practice Center. Accordingly, the Meiji government established the Office of Japanese Classics Research in Tokyo Prefecture, independent of the Bureau of Shinto Affairs, in order to organize the exploration of ideas unique to Japan. It was later succeeded by Kokugakuin University . The impetus for denominational Shinto

1500-558: The institute. On April 30, 1875, the Taikyo Institute was dissolved by order of the Ministry of Religion. The Bureau of Shinto Affairs was formed in March 1875, just prior to the dissolution of the Taikyo Institute, by a group of Shinto shrines, at Ise Grand Shrine and other shrines throughout Japan, as well as by Shinto priests and instructors belonging to private Shinto-related kosha . The Shinto side felt that there

1550-470: The intention of the establishment of the academy was to train personnel to maintain kokutai (national identity). The Imperial Institute established branches in the provinces and qualified students for priesthood. The Office was later succeeded by Kokugakuin University . In December 1868 (the first year of Meiji), the Imperial Academy was established in Kyoto but was abolished the following year. When

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1600-470: The occasion of the 100th anniversary of its formation, the "100th Anniversary of the Formation of the Federation of Shinto Churches" was held. In addition to Misogi-kyo, Shinto Taikyo, Jingūkyō, Konkokyo, Kurozumikyō, Fuso-kyo, Ontake-kyo, Shinrikyo, Oomoto, Shinshu-kyo, Shinto Shusei, Izumo Taisha-kyo, and twelve other denominations, the presidents of Tenrikyo and Shinto Taiseikyo also attended. Today,

1650-508: The opportunity to resign from his position as priest of Izumo Taisha Shrine and handed it over to his younger brother, who became the head of the Izumo Taisha Sect. On August 11, 1884, the government issued a proclamation abolishing the kyōdō shoku position. In turn, this meant the Bureau of Shinto Affairs had lost its original reason for opening, and so in 1886, the Bureau reorganized; it later became Shinto Taikyo , one of

1700-470: The priestly teaching staff, the Daikyo proclamation was unsuccessful. In the 8th year of Meiji ( 1875 ), the Great Teaching Institute was abolished and joint Shinto and Buddhist missionary work was suspended. In 1877, the Ministry of Religion was abolished, and in 1882, priests, who were supposed to be the main leaders of the teaching ministry, were banned from holding the same position, and finally in 1884,

1750-537: The schools of Shinto. On November 4, 1881, the Office of Japanese Classics Research was established as a successor to the Bureau of Shinto Affairs. Like its predecessor, it was a unified Shinto missionary organization established to train Shinto priests. Funded by an imperial gift, it purchased a mansion in Iidacho, Kojimachi-ku (present-day Chiyoda-ku ). Immediately after the Great Council of Shinto, it

1800-526: The sect Shinto Taikyo . The Bureau of Shinto Affairs had a plan to make Jingu Haruhaiden (later becoming Tokyo Daijingu ) the central temple and a center for missionary work. Since Jingu Haruhaiden was to enshrine a branch spirit of Amaterasu , not only the Ministry of Religion but also the Emperor visited the building and obtained permission from the Seiin  [ ja ] to begin construction, which

1850-441: The separation of those who continued to be priests performing rituals or preaching the teachings, and solidifying the formation of Sect Shinto. After this, on May 15, 1882, the six factions (including Jingūkyō) became independent. Jingu Haruhayashiden (the source of the ritual god controversy) was transferred to Jingūkyō's ownership and renamed Daijingu Shrine , and Jingū Taima were distributed by Jingūkyō. Senge Takatomi took

1900-458: The spread of the ideas of separation of church and state and freedom of religion , the kyōdō shoku ended. This produced a division in Shinto between shrines for state-run public rituals and religious groups centered on edification. Groups that met certain conditions (such as the number of followers) were officially recognized as "independent denominations." This was the beginning of the denominational Sect Shinto. This separation strengthened

1950-654: The teaching ministry was abolished 。 Although the activities of the Teaching Office were not conspicuously effective, the system became the model for the systems of Sect Shinto denominations. Sect Shinto Sect Shinto ( 教派神道 , Kyōha Shintō , or 宗派, Shuha Shintō ) refers to several independent organized Shinto groups that were excluded by Japanese law in 1882 from government-run State Shinto . These independent groups have more developed theology than mainstream Shrine Shinto , which focuses more on rituals. Many such groups are organized into

2000-525: The various religions, not as a Shinto denomination. The first independent denominations were Kurozumikyō and Shinto Shusei in 1876 (Meiji 9). Jingūkyō was founded in 1882, but later reorganized into the Ise Shrine Offering Association in 1899 (Meiji 32). In 1895, eight denominations— Izumo Taisha-kyo , Kurozumikyō , Ontake-kyo , Jikkō kyō , Shinto Taiseikyo , Shinshu-kyo , Fuso-kyo , and Jingūkyō —joined to form

2050-447: Was a rival to Izumo-taishakyo and eventually left the federation and came to dominate State Shinto . Izumo-taishakyo was founded by Senge Takatomi . and has 1,266,058 followers. It is a Fukko Shinto lineage and at one point was a major rival with Jingūkyō . Fusō-kyō ( 扶桑教 ) is a mountain worship sect traditionally seen to have been founded by Hasegawa Kakugyo (who was also associated with Jikkō kyō). Jikkō kyō ( 実行教 )

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2100-474: Was decided to establish the Office upon the proposal of Akiyoshi Yamada of Lord of Home Affairs  [ ja ] . Prince Arisugawa Takahito was appointed as its first president, and announced his intention to pursue a unique Japanese academic discipline. In the "Announcement of the Establishment of the Imperial Academy" (jointly signed by Li-Kuro Kubo, Yorikuni Inoue, Nakasaburo Itsumi, and Hans Shishino),

2150-569: Was established at Zojoji Temple as an institution for research and education, and Chukyoin ( 中教院 ) and Shukyoin ( 小教院 ) were established in the provinces. Toyama Chukyoin  [ ja ; simple ] is one of the few surviving Chukyoin, located in Toyama City . The head priests delivered sermons at various temples and shrines in accordance with the Three Articles of Faith (Respect for God and Patriotism, Humanitarianism, and

2200-645: Was established to form a Shinto training organization. The Shinto Scholarship Association , which had been conducting Shinto courses, was also dissolved in 1946. In July 1949, at a meeting of the Federation of Shinto Sects at the Kinko Grand Church of the Tenrikyo Tokyo Branch Office, it was decided that Shinto lectures would be held at the Shinto Training Department of Kokugakuin University on behalf of

2250-544: Was funded by donations from the Imperial Household Agency and various families. In 1880, the opinion of Senge Takatomi on the deities to be worshipped in the Bureau of Shinto Affairs' temples was so controversial that it divided Shinto into the Ise and Izumo factions. By order of the Meiji Emperor, a great conference on Shinto was held in January 1881 (Meiji 14), attended by 118 people, including all

2300-425: Was later dissolved in 1877, and kyōdō shoku was abolished in 1884. The priesthood was initially divided in two geographically in two, with the eastern division headed by Konoe Tadafusa , priest of Ise Grand Shrine , and the western division headed by Senge Takatomi , the grand priest of Izumo Taisha Shrine . Since it was assumed that one's religious affiliation was free, there was a struggle for power between

2350-408: Was no organization that corresponded to the various Buddhist sects, and on March 27, 1875 (Meiji 8), Grand High Priest Suechi Sanjonishi, Grand Priest-in-Charge Inaba Masakuni , Yoriyasu Tanaka, Hirayama Seisai , and Konosetsu Tsume jointly petitioned the Ministry of Religion for the establishment of a government office for Shinto. The next day, March 28, 1875, he received permission to establish

2400-489: Was stimulated by the religious policies of the Meiji government, and it emerged at a time when there was increasing theological discussion among people of a wider range of classes, rather than only between intellectuals. In 1868, the religious administration of the new Meiji government issued the Shinto-Buddhist Separation Order , resulting in the haibutsu kishaku and the restoration of

2450-515: Was the first president of the Bureau of Shinto Affairs. Yoriyasu Tanaka was the Chief of Ise Jingu and the first head of Jingūkyō . Hirayama Seisai was the grand priest of Hikawa Shrine and the first headmaster of Shinto Taiseikyo and Ontake-kyo . Kousetsu Tsume would become the second head minister of the Ontake Sect. In 1886, the Bureau of Shinto Affairs was reorganized, later becoming

2500-564: Was the separation of Shinto and Buddhism, which began in 1868 (first year of Meiji) with the revival of the Department of Divinities and the separation of Shinto and Buddhism , which started with the Shinto-Buddhist Hanzen Order, a premodern imperial government directive. This led to the formation of the unity of ritual and government , and a Shinto government was revived. Around then, official decrees abolished

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