39-810: Tais is a form of Tenun weaving tradition native to the eastern Indonesian regions of the Maluku Islands , the Tanimbar Islands , the East Nusa Tenggara Islands and the independent nation of Timor Leste . It has become an essential part of people in the eastern Indonesia hemisphere region (as well as Maubere people in Timor Leste ), which mainly used for ceremonial adornment, sign of respect and appreciation towards guests, friends, relatives, home decor, and personal apparel. Since 2012, Tais officially recognized by
78-427: A constriction in the upper jaw. For hard-to-distinguish specimens, the protruding tooth is the most reliable feature to define the species ' family . Crocodiles have more webbing on the toes of the hind feet and can better tolerate saltwater due to specialized salt glands for filtering out salt, which are present, but non-functioning, in alligators. Another trait that separates crocodiles from other crocodilians
117-474: A type of tree that is hard and has long wood fibers, then the tree is skinned, then the wood fiber is soaked in water to make it soft. Then use a bat in the form of a stone to shape the bark into cloth. The remnants of the tradition of making this kind of cloth are still found in the area of Central Sulawesi called Fuya and in Papua called Capo . In Old Javanese inscriptions, terms can be found that describe
156-477: A year, depending on the complexity of design and variety of colors used. Dyes are used to create bright colors in the tais; these are mixed from plants like taun, kinur, and teka. Other dyes are derived from mango skin, potato leaf, cactus flowers, and turmeric . Individuals skilled in mixing dyes are sometimes compared to alchemists , using traditional recipes for creating desired colors. Although colors carry different associations from village to village, red
195-451: Is a cladogram showing the relationships of the major extant crocodile groups based on molecular studies, excluding separate extinct taxa: Caiman [REDACTED] Melanosuchus [REDACTED] Paleosuchus [REDACTED] Alligator [REDACTED] Crocodylus [REDACTED] Mecistops [REDACTED] Osteolaemus [REDACTED] Gavialis [REDACTED] Tomistoma [REDACTED] Below
234-659: Is a compound of krokè ( ' pebbles ' ), and drilos/dreilos ( ' worm ' ), although drilos is only attested as a colloquial term for ' penis ' . It is ascribed to Herodotus , and supposedly describes the basking habits of the Egyptian crocodile. The form crocodrillus is attested in Medieval Latin . It is not clear whether this is a medieval corruption or derives from alternative Greco-Latin forms (late Greek corcodrillos and corcodrillion are attested). A (further) corrupted form cocodrille
273-1221: Is a more detailed cladogram of Crocodylidae, based on a 2021 study using paleogenomics that extracted DNA from the extinct Voay . Mecistops cataphractus West African slender-snouted crocodile Euthecodon † Brochuchus † Rimasuchus † Osteolaemus osborni Osborn's dwarf crocodile Osteolaemus tetraspis Dwarf crocodile Voay † Crocodylus anthropophagus † Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni † Crocodylus palaeindicus † Crocodylus Tirari Desert † Crocodylus johnstoni Freshwater crocodile Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis Philippine crocodile Crocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile Crocodylus siamensis Siamese crocodile Crocodylus palustris Mugger crocodile Crocodylus checchiai † Crocodylus falconensis † Crocodylus suchus West African crocodile Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile Crocodylus moreletii Morelet's crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodile Crocodylus acutus American crocodile Alternatively, some morphological studies have recovered Mecistops as
312-478: Is also one of Indonesia's original cultural heritages that is still maintained and preserved to this day. Tenun fabrics are made in various places in the Indonesian archipelago such as on the islands of Sumatra , Java , Bali and Sulawesi , where each region has its own uniqueness and characteristics in terms of motifs and colors. These differences are caused by geographical location, beliefs, customs and
351-571: Is found in Old French and was borrowed into Middle English as cocodril(le) . The Modern English form crocodile was adapted directly from the Classical Latin crocodīlus in the 16th century, replacing the earlier form. The use of -y- in the scientific name Crocodylus (and forms derived from it) is a corruption introduced by Laurenti (1768). Crocodylidae was named as a family by Georges Cuvier in 1807. It belongs to
390-598: Is often used predominantly, as it is connected to long life and courage, in addition to being the base of the East Timorese flag. When the United Nations became the administering power in East Timor from 1999 to 2002, tais markets increased production of blue fabrics to match that organization's trademark flag . One of the most common tools for tais weaving is the back-strap loom, which allows tension on
429-427: Is performed solely by women, with techniques passed down from generation to generation in an oral tradition . The activity often serves as a community gathering as much as a chore of productivity, and served as a rare form of self-expression in the restrictive environment of the 25-year Indonesian occupation. Tia Veronica Pereira created a black tais with the names of the 271 victims woven in red into it, to commemorate
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#1732765286584468-582: Is rapidly moving off-shore as many of the people taking these initiatives belong to Local Government Friendship groups in Australia. Traditional Timorese culture is supported by growing, cutting, tying, knotting, weaving, dying and sheathing a variety of fibres, grasses and leaves for ceremonial and practical purposes. The weaving of the tais plays an integral role in Timorese life and especially women's lives: shaping identity and attitudes towards them. Before
507-406: Is that the upper and lower jaws of the crocodiles are the same width, and the teeth in the lower jaw fall along the edge or outside the upper jaw when the mouth is closed; therefore, all teeth are visible, unlike an alligator, which possesses in the upper jaw small depressions into which the lower teeth fit. Also, when the crocodile's mouth is closed, the large fourth tooth in the lower jaw fits into
546-540: Is the story of Sang Kuriang, an important character in the story, Dayang Sumbi, whose daily job is weaving. The manufacture of clothing in the past can be traced to the relief Perempuan menenun ("women are weaving") carved on a 14th-century stone pedestal from the Trowulan area, now stored in the Trowulan Museum , East Java . In South Sumatra , songket weaving has existed since the seventh century. Based on
585-726: Is their much higher levels of aggression . Crocodile size , morphology , behaviour and ecology differ somewhat among species . However, they have many similarities in these areas as well. All crocodiles are semiaquatic and tend to congregate in freshwater habitats such as rivers , lakes , wetlands and sometimes in brackish water and saltwater . They are carnivorous animals, feeding mostly on vertebrates such as fish , reptiles , birds and mammals , and sometimes on invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans , depending on species and age. All crocodiles are tropical species that, unlike alligators, are very sensitive to cold . They separated from other crocodilians during
624-465: The Eocene epoch, about 55 million years ago. Many species are at the risk of extinction , some being classified as critically endangered . The word crocodile comes from Ancient Greek κροκόδιλος (krokódilos) 'lizard', used in the phrase ho krokódilos tou potamoú , ' the lizard of the ( Nile ) river ' . There are several variant Greek forms of the word attested, including
663-710: The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of Republic Indonesia as integral part of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia . The term tais is widely encountered from Rote to the Tanimbar Islands and goes back to a Proto-Austronesian root *tapis that is also attested in Taiwan and the Philippines. In ceremonial use, the tais is usually worn along with feathers, coral, gold and/or silver. Still,
702-599: The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of Republic Indonesia as integral part of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia. The technique of weaving cloth was brought to Insular Southeast Asia (ISEA) as a result of the Austronesian expansion . The word tenun goes back the reconstructed Proto-Austronesian form *tenun 'to weave (cloth)', which is widely attested in Taiwan and ISEA. Tenun fabrics are thought to have existed since
741-691: The Neolithic period . This has been proven by the discovery of prehistoric objects, such as woven stamps, tools for spinning , and materials that are clearly woven on cloth made of cotton, which are more than 3,000 years old at the East Sumba site, Gunung wingko , Yogyakarta , Gilimanuk and Melolo . In the Neolithic period, the materials for making clothes were still very simple, such as fibers , leaves , bark , animal skins , and plant roots . The manufacture of clothes from bark must choose
780-573: The selendang , a slender cloth worn around the neck, has become popular in recent years. Using mostly cotton threads, the cloth is created during the island's dry season, almost entirely by hand. The use of cotton is a legacy of the Portuguese colonial era, when Timor was an important port for the trade in the material. Synthetic fibers like rayon , acrylic and polyester are becoming more common as they are imported more cheaply into East Timor. A single tais can take anywhere from several days to
819-673: The UN bought tais to take home as gifts and mementos and new messages found their way into the tais in English and Portuguese as well as Tetun. A quite remarkable fact, given that most of the weavers are found in rural areas where they have not had the opportunity to learn how to read or write. Many people wishing to assist East Timorese women develop income streams have imported tais for sale and assisted weavers and sewing groups to produce items such as purses, bags, cushion covers and baskets that are saleable in Australia and elsewhere. The selling of tais
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#1732765286584858-747: The analysis conducted on the statues at the Bumiayu temple , it can be seen that songket has been worn by the people of South Sumatra since the seventh century AD, when Srivijaya was based in Palembang. This statue was found at the Bumiayu Temple Archaeological Site which is located on the downstream bank of Lematang River which empties into Musi River, precisely in Tanah Abang District, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir district approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) to
897-581: The area. The village of Manufahi produces tais with certain common animal themes, specifically the lizard and pig . Tenun Tenun is an artful Indonesian technique of making a fabric by weaving different colours of threads. Tenun belongs to one of the typical Indonesian cultural arts produced by hand skills using traditional looms . The word Tenun itself has a high meaning, historical value, and technique in terms of colors, motifs, and types of materials and threads used and each region has its own characteristics. In addition, Tenun
936-616: The ballast is shaped like a top made of wood or terracotta . In western Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok) there is another way to make yarn using "Antih," this tool consists of a wide wheel that can be turned along with a dial ( ontel ) to turn the wheel . The manufacture of dyes in the past consisted of two colors blue and red. The blue color is obtained from indigo or Mirinda Citrifonela or noni. In addition there are dyes from other plants such as Achiote . Crocodile Crocodiles ( family Crocodylidae ) or true crocodiles are large, semiaquatic reptiles that live throughout
975-538: The cloth while the warp is manipulated. The pressure from the strap and the time required for the intricate designs on many tais produce significant pain for many women. During the 1999 wave of violence known in East Timor as "Black September", many tais weavers saw their tools and equipment stolen or destroyed. Recent years have also seen a decline in the number of young women learning traditional methods of tais weaving. Designs, colors, and styles of tais production vary greatly in each of East Timor's thirteen districts. In
1014-424: The enclave of Oecussi-Ambeno , Portuguese influence is most apparent, with floral and religious imagery predominating alongside subdued shades of black, orange, and yellow. In the capital city Dili , by contrast, bright colors and solid panels reflect the focus on tais commerce. In the district of Ermera , black-and-white designs are most common, reflecting the royalty of the traditional leaders, who often lived in
1053-492: The existence of weaving in the past. On the Karang Tengah inscription dated 847, there is the inscription "white hlai 1 (one) kalambi" which means one piece of white cloth and clothes. In the "Baru" inscription in 1034 AD the word Pawdikan means batik or weaver. In the "Tebu" inscription in 1021 AD and the inscription from Singhasari in 929 AD there is the term "makapas" or cotton . In folklore that has to do with weaving
1092-454: The gharial are similar in appearance, they belong to separate biological families . The gharial, with its narrow snout , is easier to distinguish, while morphological differences are more difficult to spot in crocodiles and alligators. The most obvious external differences are visible in the head, with crocodiles having narrower and longer heads, with a more V-shaped than a U-shaped snout compared to alligators and caimans. Another obvious trait
1131-563: The introduction of currency and after, the tais has been used as a valued object of exchange in gifting and ceremonies. Textiles are the art-form of the South-east Asian region and often the most beautiful tais are used to wrap around the bodies of loved ones for burial. Its role in wedding arrangements and the associated family ties, is attributed by some writers with contributing to the maintenance and strength of Timorese identity despite hundreds of years of colonial occupation. A Forum
1170-406: The island is based. Geometric patterns known as kaif are also employed in most tais. Styles of tais worn on the body are differentiated by gender: men traditionally wear the tais mane (or "man's cloth"), a single large wrap around the waist usually finished with tassels . Women wear the tais feto ("women's cloth"), a form of strapless dress woven in the shape of a tube. A third type known as
1209-685: The larger superfamily Crocodyloidea , which also includes additional extinct crocodile relatives. These all belong to the order Crocodilia , which also includes alligators and gharials . Crocodylidae is cladistically defined as a crown group composed of the last common ancestor of the Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus ), the Dwarf crocodile ( Osteolaemus tetraspis ), and all of its descendants. It contains two subfamilies : Crocodylinae and Osteolaeminae . Crocodylinae contains 13-14 living species, as well as 6 extinct species. Osteolaeminae
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1248-525: The later form krokódeilos ( κροκόδειλος ) found cited in many English reference works. In the Koine Greek of Roman times, krokodilos and krokodeilos would have been pronounced identically, and either or both may be the source of the Latinized form crocodīlus used by the ancient Romans. It has been suggested, but it is not certain that the word crocodilos or crocodeilos
1287-418: The sale of tais has become common only in the last thirty years. Although small-scale commerce of tais is an important source of income for women, however, export is difficult and nearly all sales take place with foreigners. In recent years, the public textile market in the capital Dili has seen an influx of foreign-made weavings, which often look like tais and are sold (and made) more cheaply. Weaving of tais
1326-421: The surrounding natural conditions including flora and fauna, each region has certain differences and uniqueness as well as contacts or relationships between regions, from the many types of Tenun , ikat and songket are the most famous, even tenun ikat is well known and popular in many countries. Since 2010, various Tenun traditions practiced throughout Indonesia officially recognized and regarded by
1365-524: The tropics in Africa , Asia , the Americas and Australia . The term “crocodile” is sometimes used more loosely to include all extant members of the order Crocodilia , which includes the alligators and caimans (both members of the family Alligatoridae ), the gharial and false gharial (both members of the family Gavialidae ) as well as other, extinct, taxa. Although crocodiles, alligators, and
1404-628: The victims of the 1991 Santa Cruz Massacre . The influence of textiles on the lives of women is reflected in the East Timorese expression "bringing a thread and bobbin" in reference to a newborn child. During the occupation, Indonesian soldiers were a considerable market for tais weavers. In the 1970s, tais for the first time began to feature inscriptions, usually written in Indonesian . In the era of independence, tais artisans have begun specializing in customized weavings, as well as tais-like products such as handbags and scarves. Since 1999 workers in NGO's and
1443-405: The west of Palembang City. Tenun techniques can be divided into two major groups, namely techniques in making cloth and techniques for making decorations . In addition, there are two other things that are very important in making tenun, namely preparing the manufacture of yarn and making dyes. Traditionally, yarn is made using weights that are rotated with the fingers ( Javanese : diplintir ),
1482-576: Was named by Christopher Brochu in 2003 as a subfamily of Crocodylidae separate from Crocodylinae, and contains the two extant genera Osteolaemus and Mecistops , along with several extinct genera. The number of extant species within Osteolaeminae is currently in question. Recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have shown crocodiles to be more closely related to the gavialids rather than to alligators , contrary to prior theories based on morphological studies alone. Below
1521-463: Was recently held in Melbourne to stimulate and expand the debate and dialogue about the impact of commodifying the tais because it is a craft grounded in culture and sacred life. The imagery and patterns of tais vary greatly from region to region, but they often include messages of locale and significant events. Imagery often includes animals such as the crocodile , upon which the creation legend of
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