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43-731: From 1989 to 1992, Anvar J. Buzurukov (as the head of the Protected Areas Department of the Ministry of the Environment) initiated, planned and led (under the international scientific camp "Pamir-90") scientific feasibility studies towards establishing the first national and natural parks in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic . An area of 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi) was designated Tajik National Park by Decision No. 267 of

86-658: A part of the predominantly Turkic Uzbek SSR in the process of national delimitation in Soviet Central Asia . On 24 August 1990, the Tajik SSR declared sovereignty in its borders. The republic was renamed the Republic of Tajikistan on 31 August 1991 and declared its independence from the disintegrating Soviet Union on 9 September 1991; thus modern Tajikistan is its direct legal successor state . Geographically, at 143,100 km (55,300 sq mi), it

129-521: A whole. Its capital was established in Dyushambe , which had been a village of 3,000 in 1920. In December 1929, Tajik ASSR was detached from the Uzbek SSR and given full status as a Soviet Socialist Republic – Tajik Socialist Soviet Republic . At that time, its capital was renamed Stalinabad , after Joseph Stalin , and the territory that is now northern Tajikistan ( Sughd Province ) was added to

172-509: Is supplied with gas from Uzbekistan and Afghanistan with gas pipelines from Kelif to Dushanbe , from local gas fields. 38°32′N 68°46′E  /  38.533°N 68.767°E  / 38.533; 68.767 Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic ( US : / ʊ z ˈ b ɛ k ɪ s t æ n , - s t ɑː n / , UK : / ʊ z ˌ b ɛ k ɪ ˈ s t ɑː n , ʌ z -, - ˈ s t æ n / ), also known as Soviet Uzbekistan ,

215-760: The Amu Darya and the subsequent Aral Sea ecological disaster. Towards the end of the Soviet–Afghan War , several troops crossed the Uzbek border from Afghanistan as part of the Soviet withdrawal on 15 February 1989. During the war Afghan mujahideen sponsored by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence also crossed the border to commit sabotage operations. The Communist Party

258-573: The Axis powers (including Nazi Germany ) from other parts of the Soviet Union to Uzbekistan. This included large numbers of ethnic Koreans , Crimean Tatars , and Chechens . During the Soviet period, Islam became a focal point for the anti-religious drives of Communist authorities. The government closed most mosques , and religious schools became anti-religious museums. On the positive side

301-667: The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic , and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic were abolished and their territories were eventually divided into five separate Soviet Socialist Republics , one of which was the Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic , created on 27 October 1924. The next year Uzbekistan became one of the republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Soviet Union ). In 1928,

344-674: The Kazakh SSR in the last stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union . That same year in December, it was renamed to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic . Further bits and pieces of territory were transferred several times between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan after World War II . In 1937–38, during the Great Purge , a number of alleged nationalists were executed, including Faizullah Khojaev ,

387-729: The Tajik SSR , TaSSR , or simply Tajikistan , was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1929 to 1991 in Central Asia . The Tajik Republic was created on 5 December 1929 as a national entity for the Tajik people within the Soviet Union. It succeeded the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR), which had been created on 14 October 1924 as

430-651: The Turkestan Military District and the Central Asian Military District in neighboring Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan respectively. In the early 1990s the army was the smallest in the union and had more Russians than native Tajiks in it. The army failed to effectively defend the regime as proven in the 1990 Dushanbe riots . There was a large contingent of Soviet border guards who were commanded by Russians based from Moscow who commanded ethnic Tajik conscripts. When

473-665: The Uzbek SSR , UzSSR , or simply Uzbekistan and rarely Uzbekia or Red Uzbekistan , was a union republic of the Soviet Union . It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist Party , the legal political party, from 1925 until 1990. From 1990 to 1991, it was a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation. Beginning 20 June 1990, the Uzbek SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty within its borders. Islam Karimov became

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516-582: The collectivization of land into state farms was initiated, which lasted until the late 1930s. Uzbekistan included the Tajik ASSR until 1929, when the Tajik ASSR was upgraded to an equal status. In 1930, the Uzbek SSR capital was relocated from Samarkand to Tashkent , which remained the capital since. In 1936, Uzbekistan was enlarged with the addition of the Karakalpak ASSR taken from

559-941: The First Secretary of the Central Committee was the head of the party, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet as the head of state and the Chairmen of the Council of Ministers served as the head of government in a one-party system led by the CPSU 's republican branch, the Communist Party of Uzbekistan . Executive power was exercised by the government and the legislative power

602-509: The Free", taken from an amalgamation of uz ( Turkic : "self"), bek ( Turkic : "master"), and -stan (Persian: "land of"). However, the official name of the republic was the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as defined by its 1937 and 1978 Constitutions. In 1924, the borders of political units in Central Asia were changed along ethnic lines determined by Vladimir Lenin 's Commissar for Nationalities , Joseph Stalin . The Turkestan ASSR ,

645-515: The Soviet Union, was officially a Soviet republic governed by the Tajik republican branch within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in all organs of government, politics and society. The Supreme Soviet was a unicameral legislature of the republic headed by a Chairman, with its superiority to both the executive and judicial branches and its members convened in the Supreme Soviet building in Dushanbe . Since independence in 1991, it retained

688-496: The Soviet troops put down the riots. Yaqub Salimov , a future Interior Minister, and some youth activists were convicted for participation in the riots. Later on 24 August 1990, Tajik SSR declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. By 1991, Tajikistan participated in a referendum in March as part of the attempt to preserve the union with a turnout of 96.85%. However, this did not happen when hardliners took control of Moscow during

731-766: The Tajikistan government on 20 July 1992. A year before the same team established the first nature reserve in Tajikistan, Shirkent Nature Park. In 2001 the area of Tajik National Park was increased to 26,116.74 square kilometres (10,083.73 sq mi) by the Order of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan No. 253. The national park features a mix of steppe , desert , grassland and alpine regions. It has long cold winters and cool summers, with an average annual rainfall of 12.7 cm. Species known to live in

774-752: The TurkVO was dissolved in June 1992, its personnel were distributed between Tajikistan and the other 4 Central Asian republics. The Tajik SSR also operated its own Ministry of Internal Affairs and Internal Troops , which was an independent republican affiliate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union . Light industry and food industries accounted for over 60% of industrial output. The main branches of heavy industry were electric power, mining , non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building , metalworking , and building materials industry. The basis of

817-627: The Uzbek SSR in 1990. On 20 June 1990, the Supreme Soviet adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Uzbek SSR, which took over the laws of the Soviet Union days after the Russian SFSR adopted theirs . The Uzbek SSR participated in the referendum in March 1991 as a part of the proposed Union of Soviet Sovereign States. This never came to pass after unsuccessful coup attempt events between 19 and 21 August 1991 in Moscow . In

860-466: The aftermath, the Uzbek SSR was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan and declared its independence on 31 August 1991, with the Soviet Union dissolving on 26 December 1991. After independence, the 1978 Constitution remained in use. The referendum was confirmed on 29 December 1991 . Uzbekistan, akin to the rest of the Soviet republics, was defined by a single-party socialist republic framework, whereby

903-941: The electricity accounted for HPP. Mining activities concentrate on brown coal , oil and natural gas . Non-ferrous metals industries were an aluminum plant in Tursunzade and hydrometallurgical in Isfara. Engineering enterprises produced winding, agricultural machinery, equipment for trading enterprises and public catering, textile, lighting and wiring equipment, transformers, household refrigerators, cable and other (main center - Dushanbe). The chemical industry included plants - nitrogen fertilizer in Kurgan-Tube, electrochemical in Yavan, and plastics in Dushanbe. The main branches of light industry were cotton ginning, silk, and carpet weaving. In

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946-499: The first prime minister. During World War II , many industries were relocated to Uzbekistan from vulnerable locations in western regions of the USSR to keep them safe. Large numbers of Russians , Ukrainians and other nationalities accompanied the factories, altering the demographics of the republic . The demographics situation was further aggravated by Stalin's forced deportation of some ethnic groups suspected of collaboration with

989-557: The food industry stood fruit-canning, vegetable oil and fat industry. In 1986, there were 299 state and 157 collective farms in the country. Agricultural land was 4.2 million hectares. Due to the large irrigation works in the area of irrigated land 1986 have reached 662 thousand hectares. Agriculture gave about 65% of gross agricultural output. The leading branch of agriculture was cotton (cotton collection 922 thousand tons in 1986), developed in Fergana, Vakhsh, Hissar valleys. Tajikistan

1032-530: The light industry present in Uzbekistan included the primary processing of cotton, silk cocoons, wool, fiber crops, raw hides , and karakul pelts. Cotton and silk textiles, footwear, garments, and carpets were all produced in Uzbekistan. The food industry produced oil and fat - mainly oil production from cotton seeds, tinned vegetables, butter and cheese, milk, and meat. Constitution of the USSR : ARTICLE 26. The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of

1075-512: The microbiological industry were all present in some form. Some of the engineering sector included: agriculture (machinery for the mechanization of cotton cultivation, cotton harvesters, etc.), production of tractors , equipment for the cotton and textile industry , construction and road machines, electrical engineering ; aviation , electronic and instrument-making, chemical and petroleum engineering . Some companies also produced cement, asbestos-cement pipes, slate, and ceramics. Some of

1118-455: The name of a pre-Islamic tribe that existed before the seventh century A.D. Based on the Library of Congress 's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" citing due to its "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia." The name of the country

1161-427: The national park include the brown bear , snow leopard , wolves , markhor , Marco Polo sheep , brown-headed gulls and bar-headed geese . In 2008, the national park was submitted to UNESCO with a view to becoming a World Heritage Site . In 2013, the park was accepted as World Heritage. Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic , also commonly known as Soviet Tajikistan ,

1204-551: The new republic. Even with the additional territory, the Tajik SSR remained the smallest Central Asian republic. On 5 December 1936, it was renamed the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic . With the creation of a Tajik republic defined in national terms came the creation of institutions that, at least in form, were likewise national. The first Tajik-language newspaper in Soviet Tajikistan began publication in 1926. New educational institutions also began operation at about

1247-464: The next three days in August . After the failure of the coup, the Tajik SSR was renamed the Republic of Tajikistan on 31 August 1991. On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan seceded from the Soviet Union months before the country itself ceased to exist on 26 December 1991. Conflicts after independence caused a civil war throughout the country over the next six years. Tajikistan, like all other republics in

1290-507: The republic were still among the lowest in the Union. Most people still lived in rural qishlaqs , settlements that were composed of 200 to 700 one-family houses built along a waterway. After Stalin's death in March 1953, Stalinabad was renamed Dushanbe on 10 November 1961 as part of the De-Stalinization program. In February 1990, riots occurred in the republic's capital Dushanbe. 26 people died and 565 more were injured and

1333-444: The republic's inaugural president. On 31 August 1991, the Uzbek SSR was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan and declared independence three months before the Soviet Union's dissolution on 26 December 1991. Uzbekistan was bordered by Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kirghizia to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. The name, Uzbekistan, literally means "Home of

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1376-446: The same time. The first state schools, available to both children and adults and designed to provide basic education, opened in 1926. The central government also trained a small number of Tajiks for public office, either by putting them through courses offered by government departments or by sending them to schools in the Uzbek SSR. Under Soviet rule, Tajikistan experienced some economic and social progress. However, living standards in

1419-476: The unicameral structure before being replaced by a bicameral system in 1999 using the presidential system . The republic's government structure was similar to those of other republics. Tajikistan was the only Central Asian Republic to not form an army under the Soviet Armed Forces . In replacement were the Soviet units under the Ministry of Defence , as well as troops who were subordinates of

1462-493: Was also a hydroelectric component to the economy, including the Charvak, Hodzhikentskaya, Gazalkent and Farkhad hydroelectric plants, among others. The natural gas industry was of importance to the economy of the republic. The Gazly deposits and other and Kashkadarya (Mubarak, Shurtan) area contributed to this industry. Uzbekistan also produced oil ( Fergana valley , Bukhara and Surkhandarya region). In terms of minerals, there

1505-461: Was bordered by Afghanistan to the south, China to the east, Pakistan to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor , as well as internally by fellow Soviet republics of Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north. Notably, the Tajik SSR was the only republic of the Soviet Union to be separated from the Russian SFSR by more than one other republic. The name Tajik refers to

1548-491: Was created at the same time within the predominantly Turkic Uzbek SSR as an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik ASSR) – one rank below a Soviet Socialist Republic in USSR geopolitical hierarchy. The new autonomous republic included what had been eastern Bukhara and had a population of about 740,000, out of a total population of nearly 5 million in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as

1591-605: Was dissolved in June 1992. At independence, ethnic Russians filled the ranks of the newly created armed forces, and made up most of the officer corps. The Uzbek SSR operated its own domestic Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) independent of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union , of which it was a republican affiliate organization. Uzbekistan had an industrial sector including electric power generation , engineering , and chemical production . Uzbekistan's energy came from large thermal power plants, including those at Syrdarya , Angren , Tashkent and others. There

1634-570: Was often spelt "Tadzhikistan" in the English language during Soviet times due to it being borrowed directly from the Russian spelling "Таджикистан", where the letters 'дж' produce a 'j' sound. One of the new states created in the process of national delimitation of Soviet Central Asia in October 1924 was the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic – Uzbek SSR or Soviet Uzbekistan. Soviet Tajikistan

1677-805: Was production of lead and zinc , tungsten , molybdenum , copper ores (found in the Karamazarskaya group of deposits), and gold (found in the Navoi region , Jizzakh region , and others). Chemical manufacturing included the production of mineral fertilizers ( nitrogen and phosphorus ) for cotton (in Chirchik , Kokand , Samarkand , Fergana , Almalyk , and Navoi ); the manufacture of chemical fibers (in Fergana); plastics (in Fergana and Namangan), rubber products, household chemicals, and more. Petrochemical , chemical and pharmaceutical , and

1720-551: Was the main base of the country for the production of long-staple cotton. Cultured and tobacco , geranium , linen - Kudryashov, sesame . Approximately 20% of crops were occupied by grain crops (gross grain harvest - 246 thousand tons in 1986 in.). They grow vegetables and melons. Was developed fruit (including citrus fruit) and grapes . Meat and wool sheep and meat and dairy cattle. Livestock (in 1987, in millions): cattle - 1.4 (including cows - 0.6), sheep and goats - 3.2. Sericulture . Operating length (in 1986): Tajikistan

1763-570: Was the only legal party in the Uzbek SSR until 1990. The first secretary, or head, of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan was consistently an Uzbek. Long-time leader of the Uzbek SSR was Sharof Rashidov , head of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan from 1959 to 1983. Islam Karimov , leader of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan since 1989 and subsequently head of that party's reincarnation, the People's Democratic Party (PDP), became president of

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1806-507: Was the virtual elimination of illiteracy , even in rural areas. Only a small percentage of the population was literate before 1917; this percentage increased to nearly 100 percent under the Soviets. Another major development, one with future catastrophic impact, was the drive initiated in the early 1960s to substantially increase cotton production in the republic. This drive led to overzealous irrigation withdrawals of irrigation water from

1849-557: Was vested in Supreme Soviet where it met for sessions in Tashkent. Uzbekistan had the strongest Soviet Armed Forces presence of the other Central Asian Republics . Almost all of its troops were personnel of the Turkestan Military District (TurkVO), which was based in Tashkent . Personnel from the TurkVO were distributed between the military of Uzbekistan, as well as the militaries of the other four Central Asian republics when it

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