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82-609: The glacier was originally named Schultze Glacier in 1883 and the Foster Glacier in 1890, but Taku , the name the local Tlingit natives had for the glacier, eventually stuck. It is nestled in the Coast Mountains and originates in the Juneau Icefield . It is the largest glacier in the icefield and one of the southernmost tidewater glaciers of the northern hemisphere . The glacier, which converges with

164-467: A Tlingit can inherit one but they can also pass it down to someone they trust, who becomes responsible for caring for it but does not rightfully own it. Like other Northwest Coast native peoples, the Tlingit did practice hereditary slavery . Tlingit thought and belief, although never formally codified, was historically a fairly well organized philosophical and religious system whose basic axioms shaped

246-567: A home to 1,142 plant species, including major species such as red pine, black pine, common camellia, serrata oak, and cork oak, as well as rare species such as nadopungnan (sedirea japonica), daeheongnan (cymbidium nipponicum) and the Korean winter hazel. Major animals species, such as otters, small-eared cats, and badgers also call Hallyeohaesang National Park home, and overall there are 25 mammal species, 115 bird species, 16 reptile species, 1,566 insect species, and 24 freshwater fish species found among

328-667: A large proportion of the precipitation falling as snow. Being closer to the Rocky Mountains, there is more of a diverse mammalian fauna. Some of the best interior rainforests are found in Mount Revelstoke National Park and Glacier National Park (Canada) in the Columbia Mountains. Temperate rainforests are located in the southern Appalachian Mountains where orographic precipitation increases precipitation of weather systems coming from

410-864: A small southern portion is part of the California Floristic Province . Sub-ecoregions of the Pacific temperate rainforest ecoregion as defined by the WWF include the Northern Pacific coastal forests , Haida Gwaii ecoregion, Vancouver Island ecoregion, British Columbia mainland coastal forests , Central Pacific coastal forests , Cascades forests , Klamath-Siskiyou coastal forests , and Northern California coastal forests ecoregions. They vary in their species composition , but are all predominantly coniferous , sometimes with an understory of broadleaved trees and shrubs . Most of

492-586: Is at about 2,400 m in the northern part of the ecoregion (35°S), and descends to 1,000 m in the south of the Valdivian region . In the summer the temperature can climb to 16.5 °C (61.7 °F), while during winter the temperature can drop below 7 °C (45 °F). The temperate rainforests of South Africa are part of the Knysna-Amatole forests that are located along South Africa's Garden Route between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth on

574-403: Is considered contemptible among the Tlingit and a sign of poverty. Indeed, shamans and their families were required to abstain from all food gathered from the beach, and men might avoid eating beach food before battles or strenuous activities in the belief that it would weaken them spiritually and perhaps physically as well. Thus for both spiritual reasons as well as to add some variety to the diet,

656-481: Is dominant. Yellow birch, mountain ash, and mountain maple grow in the understory. Younger spruce and fir and shrubs like raspberry, blackberry, hobblebush, southern mountain cranberries, red elderberry, minniebush, southern bush honeysuckle are understory vegetation. Below the spruce-fir forest, at around 1,200 metres (3,900 ft), are forests of American beech, yellow birch, maple birch, and oak. Skunk cabbage and ground juniper are northern species that were pushed into

738-600: Is in South Africa's Tsitsikamma National Park . The rainforests of the Azores (also known as cloud forests , due to the constant cloud coverage caused by orographic lift ) are found in the more humid, montane areas that transition from the lower altitude laurissilva . They are generally found at altitudes ranging from 600 to 1,000 m (2,000 to 3,300 ft), and receive 2,000 to 6,000 mm (79 to 236 in) of average annual rainfall. Despite being located in

820-470: Is the expansion of cattle grazing pastures. Temperate rainforest occurs in fragments across the north and west of Europe in countries such as southern Norway (see Scandinavian coastal conifer forests ) and northern Spain . Other temperate rainforest regions include areas of south eastern Europe such as mountains on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea , surrounding North Western Bulgaria along with

902-504: Is the first sign that the glacier's advance may not take it to Taku Point. Taku Glacier is the namesake of the Alaska Marine Highway System ferry M/V Taku . Taku Glacier was reported to be in retreat as of 2019. . Tlingit people The Tlingit or Lingít ( English: / ˈ t l ɪ ŋ k ɪ t , ˈ k l ɪ ŋ k ɪ t / TLING -kit, KLING -kit ) are Indigenous peoples of

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984-665: Is the only rainforest in Serbia. It has been left undisturbed for centuries due to strict conservation laws starting in the 17th century. Vinatovača is situated in the central Kučaj mountains in the Upper Resava region, at an altitude between 640 m (2,100 ft) and 800 m (2,600 ft). It is isolated and hard to reach which helped its preservation. It is believed that trees have not been cut in Vinatovača since about 1650. Being under strict protection means not only that

1066-473: Is widely recognized: However, required annual precipitation depends on factors such as distribution of rain over the year, temperatures over the year and fog presence, and definitions in other regions of the world differ considerably. For example, Australian definitions are ecological -structural rather than climatic : Australian definitions would exclude some temperate rainforests of western North America that are Coast Douglas-fir dominant, such as parts of

1148-598: The Alaskan Panhandle , to the lakes in interior Yukon, as being Lingít Aaní , the Land of the Tlingit. The extant Tlingit territory can be roughly divided into four major sections, paralleling ecological, linguistic, and cultural divisions: These categories reflect differents in cultures, food harvesting, and dialects. Tlingit groups trade among themselves with neighboring communities. These academic classifications are supported by similar self-identification among

1230-715: The Appalachian temperate rainforest in the Appalachian region of the United States ; the Valdivian temperate rainforests of southwestern South America ; the rainforests of New Zealand and southeastern Australia ; northwest Europe (small pockets in Great Britain and larger areas in Ireland , southern Norway , northern Iberia and Brittany ); southern Japan ; the Black Sea – Caspian Sea region from

1312-748: The Black Sea . The woodlands are variously referred to in Britain as Upland Oakwoods, Atlantic Oakwoods, Western Oakwoods or Temperate Rainforest, Caledonian forest , and colloquially as 'Celtic Rainforests' . They are also listed in the British National Vegetation Classification as British NVC community W11 and British NVC community W17 depending on the ground flora. The majority of surviving fragments of Atlantic Oakwoods in Britain occur on steep-sided slopes above rivers and lakes which have avoided clearance and intensive grazing pressure. There are notable examples on

1394-899: The Carcross/Tagish First Nation in Yukon and the Sitka Tribe of Alaska are of Tlingit heritage. Taku Tlingit are enrolled in the Douglas Indian Association in Alaska and the Taku River Tlingit First Nation in Canada. The Tlingit have a matrilineal kinship system , with children born into the mother's clan , and property and hereditary roles passing through the mother's line. Their culture and society developed in

1476-824: The Commission for Environmental Cooperation , this same general region is classed as the Pacific Maritime Ecozone by Environment Canada and as the Marine West Coast Forest and Northwestern Forested Mountains Level II ecoregions by the United States Environmental Protection Agency . In terms of the floristic province system used by botany , the bulk of the region is the Rocky Mountain Floristic Region but

1558-783: The Klamath Mountains in southern Oregon and northern California, the Puget Lowlands of western Washington and the Georgia Depression in British Columbia, as their dominant tree species, the Coast Douglas-fir, requires stand-destroying disturbance to initiate a new cohort of seedlings. The North American definition would in turn exclude a part of temperate rainforests under definitions used elsewhere. For forests , canopy refers to

1640-663: The Microclimate disused slate & granite quarries in these counties. This includes the Fowey valley in Cornwall and the valley of the river Dart which flows off Dartmoor and has rainfall in excess of 2 metres per year. Derrycunnihy Wood , located in the Killarney National Park , is the best example of the ancient damp-climate oceanic forest that covered an estimated 80 percent of Ireland prior to

1722-536: The Pacific , including the Alsek , Tatshenshini , Chilkat , Taku , and Stikine rivers. With regular travel up these rivers, the Tlingit developed extensive trade networks with Athabascan tribes of the interior, and commonly intermarried with them. From this regular travel and trade, a few relatively large populations of Tlingit settled around Atlin , Teslin , and Tagish Lakes , whose headwaters flow from areas near

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1804-1009: The Taiwan subtropical evergreen forest region covering the higher elevations. Most of the lower elevations are covered by subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests, dominated by Chinese Cryptocarya ( Cryptocarya chinensis ), Castanopsis hystrix and Japanese Blue Oak ( Quercus glauca ). Higher elevations give way to temperate forests with large stands of old growth Taiwan Cypress ( Chamaecyparis taiwanensis ), Camphor tree ( Cinnamomum camphora ), maple ( Acer spp.), Chinese yew ( Taxus chinensis ), Taiwan Hemlock ( Tsuga chinensis ), and Taiwan Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga sinensis var. wilsoniana ). These higher elevation forests include also giant conifers Formosan Cypress ( Chamaecyparis formosensis ) and Taiwania ( Taiwania cryptomerioides ) Some fine examples of forests are found in Yushan ( Jade Mountain ) National Park and Alishan . The forests that cover

1886-467: The Taku River at Taku Inlet, has a history of advancing until it blocks the river , creating a lake , followed by a dramatic break of the ice dam . The most recent of these advances occurred in 1750. The glacier has advanced 7.75 kilometres (4.82 mi) since 1890, and as of June 29, 2012 is 1.26 kilometres (0.78 mi) from Taku Point. It is the only advancing glacier of the 20 major glaciers of

1968-819: The Tlingit language (Lingít [ɬɪ̀nkítʰ] ), which is a branch of the Na-Dené language family . Lingít has a complex grammar and sound system and also uses certain phonemes unheard in almost any other language. Tlingit has an estimated 200 to 400 native speakers in the United States and 100 speakers in Canada. The speakers are bilingual or near-bilingual in English. Tribes, institutions, and linguists are expending extensive effort into revitalization programs in Southeast Alaska to revive and preserve

2050-414: The rainforest takes in. They form a canopy over the forest, covering about 95% of the floor during the summer. The canopy's coverage affects the shade tolerance levels of forest floor plants. When the canopy is in full bloom, covering about 95% of the floor, plant survival decreases. Some plant species have become shade tolerant in order to survive. The treetops take in the heavy amount of rain and keep

2132-551: The temperate rainforest of the southeast Alaskan coast and the Alexander Archipelago . The Tlingit have maintained a complex hunter-gatherer culture based on semi-sedentary management of fisheries. Hereditary slavery was practiced extensively until it was outlawed by the United States Government. The Inland Tlingit live in the far northwestern part of the province of British Columbia and

2214-506: The Alaska territory for thousands of years, leading to the Tlingit. Human culture with elements related to the Tlingit originated around 10,000 years ago near the mouths of the Skeena and Nass Rivers . The historic Tlingit's first contact with Europeans came in 1741 with Russian explorers. Spanish explorers followed in 1775. Tlingits maintained their independence but suffered from epidemics of smallpox and other infectious diseases brought by

2296-667: The Colchis temperate rainforest, during the Ice Age , was fragmented into smaller parts; in particular, evolutionary lineages of the Caucasian Salamander from the central and south-western Colchis remained isolated from one another during the entire Ice Age. The Fragas do Eume is a natural park situated in Galicia , north-western Spain . Fraga is a Galician word for 'natural woodland', (old-growth forest) and

2378-622: The Europeans. The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic killed about 60% of the Mainland Tlingit and 37% of the Island Tlingit. Food is a central part of Tlingit culture, and the land is an abundant provider. Most of the richness of intertidal life found on the beaches of Southeast Alaska can be harvested for food. Though eating off the beach could provide a fairly healthy and varied diet, eating nothing but "beach food"

2460-716: The Interior Tlingit communities, such as Atlin, British Columbia (Taku River Tlingit), Teslin, Yukon ( Teslin Tlingit Council ), and Carcross, Yukon ( Carcross/Tagish First Nation ) have reserves . Tlingits in Alaska lack Indian reservations because the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) established regional corporations throughout Alaska with complex portfolios of land ownership rather than bounded reservations administered by Tribal Governments. The corporation in

2542-553: The Juneau Icefield. If the advance continues it will again block the river, but this appears unlikely at present. Since 1946, the glacier has been monitored by the Juneau Icefield Research Program, which has documented its rate of advance since 1988 at 17 metres (56 ft) a year. The advance is due to a positive mass balance ; that is, more snow accumulates than snow and ice melt. Until 1948

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2624-971: The NSW/Queensland border to Otway Ranges , Strzelecki Ranges , Dandenong Ranges and Tarra Bulga in Victoria. In the northern NSW they are usually dominated by Antarctic Beech ( Nothofagus moorei ), in the southern NSW by Pinkwood ( Eucryphia moorei ) and Coachwood ( Ceratopetalum apetalum ) and in Victoria and Tasmania by Myrtle Beech ( Nothofagus cunninghamii ), Southern Sassafras ( Atherosperma moschatum ) and Mountain Ash ( Eucalyptus regnans ). The montane rainforests of Tasmania are dominated by Tasmanian endemic conifers (mainly Athrotaxis spp.). They are dominated by Ferns such as Cyathea cooperi , Cyathea australis , Dicksonia antarctica , Cyathea cunninghamii and Cyathea leichhardtiana . The temperate rainforests of New Zealand occur on

2706-610: The Pacific Northwest Coast of North America and constitute two of the 231 (As of 2022) federally recognized Tribes of Alaska . Most Tlingit are Alaska Natives ; however, some are First Nations in Canada . Their language is the Tlingit language ( Łingít , pronounced [ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ] ), Tlingit people today belong to several federally recognized Alaska Native tribes including the Angoon Community Association, Central Council of

2788-934: The Southern/Pacific Ocean-facing side of Honshu ("Taiheiyo" is the Pacific Ocean , in Japanese). Here the natural forests are mainly broadleaf evergreen in lower elevations and deciduous in higher elevations. The Hydrangea hirta species is an endemic deciduous species that can be found in this area. The limit occurs at 500–1000 metres depending on latitude . The main tree species are members of beech family ( Fagaceae ). In lower altitudes these include evergreen oaks ( Quercus spp.), Japanese Chinquapin ( Castanopsis cuspidata ) and Japanese Stone Oak ( Lithocarpus edulis ), and in higher altitudes Japanese Blue Beech ( Fagus japonica ) and Siebold's beech ( Fagus crenata ). Some of

2870-673: The Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes, Chilkat Indian Village , Chilkoot Indian Association, Craig Tribal Association, Hoonah Indian Association, Ketchikan Indian Corporation, Klawock Cooperative Association, the Organized Village of Kasaan, the Organized Village of Kake, the Organized Village of Saxman, Petersburg Indian Association, Skagway Village, the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe , and the Wrangell Cooperative Association. Some citizens of

2952-482: The Tlingit can be traced back to Paleolithic groups in Southern Siberia . Temperate rainforest Temperate rainforests are rainforests with coniferous or broadleaf forests that occur in the temperate zone and receive heavy rain . Temperate rainforests occur in oceanic moist regions around the world: the Pacific temperate rainforests of North American Pacific Northwest as well as

3034-651: The Tlingit extended from the Portland Canal along the present border between Alaska and British Columbia , north to the coast just southeast of the Copper River delta in Alaska. The Tlingit occupied almost all of the Alexander Archipelago , except the southernmost end of Prince of Wales Island and its surroundings, where the Kaigani Haida moved just before the first encounters with European explorers. The Coastal Tlingit tribes controlled one of

3116-739: The Tlingit harvest many other resources for food besides those they easily find outside their front doors. No other food resource receives as much emphasis as salmon ; however, seal and game are both close seconds. Halibut , shellfish , and seaweed traditionally provided food in the spring, while late spring and summer bring seal and salmon . Summer is a time for gathering wild and tame berries, such as salmonberry , soap berry , and currants . In fall, sea otters are hunted. Herring and eulachon are also important staples, that can be eaten fresh or dried and stored for later use. Fish provide meat, oil, and eggs. Sea mammals, such as sea lions and sea otters, are used for food and clothing materials. In

3198-531: The Tlingit language and its culture. Sealaska Heritage Institute, Goldbelt Heritage Institute and the University of Alaska Southeast have Tlingit language programs, and community classes are held in Klukwan and Angoon . Tlingit tribes historically built plank houses made from cedar and today call them clanhouses; these houses were built with a foundation such that they could store their belongings under

3280-426: The Tlingit region is Sealaska Corporation , which serves the Tlingit, Haida , and Tsimshian in Alaska. Tlingit people participate in the commercial economy of Alaska, and typically live in privately owned housing and land. Many also possess land allotments from Sealaska or from earlier distributions predating ANCSA. Their current residences are within their historical homelands. Land around Yakutat , south through

3362-628: The Tlingit. The Tlingit culture is multifaceted and complex, a characteristic of Northwest Pacific Coast people with access to easily exploited rich resources. In Tlingit culture a heavy emphasis is placed upon family and kinship, and on a rich oratory tradition. Wealth and economic power are important indicators of rank, but so is generosity and proper behavior, all signs of "good breeding" and ties to aristocracy. Art and spirituality are incorporated in nearly all areas of Tlingit culture, with even everyday objects such as spoons and storage boxes decorated and imbued with spiritual power and historical beliefs of

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3444-685: The Tlingits. Tlingit society is divided into two moieties , the Raven and the Eagle. These in turn are divided into numerous clans , which are subdivided into lineages or house groups. They have a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and inheritance passed through the mother's line. These groups have heraldic crests, which are displayed on totem poles , canoes , feast dishes, house posts, weavings, jewelry, and other art forms. The Tlingits pass down at.oow (s) or blankets that represented trust. Only

3526-497: The areas from the north. The mild and wet environment supports the high diversity of fungi. Over 2,000 species live in this area and scientists estimate many unidentified fungi may be there.[10] The temperate rainforests of South America are located on the Pacific coast of southern Chile , on the west-facing slopes of the southern Chilean coast range, and the Andes Mountains in both Chile and Western Argentina down to

3608-880: The arrival of humans in 7,000 BCE. Guy Shrubsole 's Lost Rainforests of Britain attempts to find, map, photograph, and restore them. The Colchian rainforests are found around both the southeast and west corners of the Black Sea starting in Bulgaria all the way to Turkey and Georgia and are part of the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests ecoregion, together with the drier Euxine forests further west. The Colchian rainforests are mixed, with deciduous black alder (Alnus glutinosa) , hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus and C. orientalis ), Oriental beech ( Fagus orientalis ), and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) together with evergreen Nordmann fir ( Abies nordmanniana ,

3690-449: The best preserved examples of forest are found in Kirishima-Yaku National Park on the Island of Yakushima off of Kyūshū in a very wet climate (the annual rainfall is 4,000 to 10,000 mm depending on altitude ). Because of relatively infertile soils on granite , Yakushima's forests in higher elevations are dominated by a giant conifer species, Japanese Cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ), rather than deciduous forests typical of

3772-416: The face of their shamans' inability to treat Old World diseases including smallpox , many Tlingit people converted to Orthodox Christianity . Russian Orthodox missionaries had translated their liturgy into the Tlingit language. It has been argued that they saw Eastern Orthodox Christianity as a way of resisting assimilation to the "American way of life", which was associated with Presbyterianism . After

3854-583: The floors. It is said that these plank houses had no adhesive, nails, or any other sort of fastening devices. Clan houses were usually square or rectangular in shape and had front facing designs and totem poles to represent to which clan and moiety the makers belonged. Many Tlingit men work in the fishing industry while women are employed at canneries or in the local handicraft industry. These handicrafts include items like wood carvings and woven baskets which are sold for practical or tourist consumption. Various cultures of indigenous people have continuously occupied

3936-419: The forest. A portion of the temperate rain forest region of North America , the largest area of temperate zone rainforests on the planet, is the Pacific temperate rain forests ecoregion, which occur on west-facing coastal mountains along the Pacific coast of North America , from Kodiak Island in Alaska to northern California , and are part of the Nearctic realm . In the different system established by

4018-519: The forested, mountains islands. Seoraksan National Park covers 398.539 km (153.877 sq mi) of mountainous forests near the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, and is a UNESCO designated Biosphere Preservation District. Over 2,000 animal species live in Seoraksan, including the Korean goral, musk deer, and there are also more than 1,400 rare plant species, such as the edelweiss. Southwestern Japan 's Taiheiyo evergreen forests region covers much of Shikoku and Kyūshū Islands, and

4100-410: The forests near their homes, Tlingit hunted deer, bear, mountain goats and other small mammals. Genetic analyses of HLA I and HLA II genes as well as HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 gene frequencies links the Ainu people of Japan to some Indigenous peoples of the Americas , especially to populations on the Pacific Northwest Coast such as Tlingit. The scientists suggest that the main ancestor of the Ainu and of

4182-520: The form of a rainforest which stretches from the east in the Khorasan province to the west in the Ardabil Province , covering the other provinces of Gilan , Mazandaran , and Golestan . The Elburz or Alborz mountain range is the highest mountain range in the Middle East which captures the moisture of the Caspian Sea to its north and forms subtropical and temperate rainforests in the northern part of Iran . The Iranians call this forest and region Shomal which means north in Persian . This forest

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4264-406: The glacier had a calving front; since then the terminus has been grounded. Due to the positive mass balance and the fact that it was no longer losing mass to icebergs , Taku Glacier has become insensitive to the warming that has impacted all other glaciers of the icefield. This has driven its advance. The recent negative mass balance 1989-2005 is not large enough yet to stop the advance, but it

4346-411: The headwaters of the Taku River. Delineating the current territory of the Tlingit is complicated because they live in both Canada and the United States, they lack designated reservations, other complex legal and political concerns make the situation confusing, and their population is highly mobile. They also share territory with Athabascan peoples such as the Tahltan , Kaska , and Tagish . In Canada,

4428-415: The introduction of Christianity , the Tlingit belief system began to erode. Today, some young Tlingits look back towards their traditional tribal religions and worldview for inspiration, security, and a sense of identity. While many elders converted to Christianity, contemporary Tlingit "reconcile Christianity and the 'traditional culture.'" The Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada speak

4510-437: The islands and shores of Loch Maree , Loch Sunart , Loch Lomond and one of the best preserved sites on the remote Taynish Peninsula in Argyll. There are also small areas on steep-sided riverine gorges in Snowdonia and Mid Wales, such as found at the Dolmelynllyn Estate in Gwynedd. In England, they occur in the Lake District ( Borrowdale Woods) and steep sided riverine and estuarine valleys in Devon and Cornwall and

4592-400: The largest expanses of old growth are found in Olympic National Park , Mount Rainier National Park , Tongass National Forest , Mount St. Helens National Monument , Redwood National Park , and throughout British Columbia (including British Columbia's Coastal Mountain Ranges), with the coastal Great Bear Rainforest containing the largest expanses of old growth temperate rainforest found in

4674-455: The largest tree species of the world. The Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests are the only temperate rainforests in South America . Together they are the second largest in the world, after the Pacific temperate rainforests of North America . The Valdivian forests are a refuge for the Antarctic flora , and share many plant families and genera with the temperate rainforests of New Zealand , Tasmania , and Australia . Fully half

4756-416: The lower levels of the forest damp. The canopy survives through photosynthesis . The leaves provide energy and nutrients for the trees, which provide homes and food for the forest. Through satellite data, the radiation use efficiency (RUE) calculates the annual amount of photosynthesis that occurs in temperate rainforests. A diverse amount of photosynthesis occurs based on the location and microclimates of

4838-492: The mainland east coast and in Tasmania . There are warm-temperate and cool-temperate rainforests. They are broadleaf evergreen forests with the exception of montane rainforests of Tasmania. Eucalypt forests are not classified as rainforests although some eucalypt forest types receive high annual rainfall (to over 2000 mm in Tasmania ), and in the absence of fire they may develop to rainforest. If these widespread wet sclerophyll forests were considered rainforests,

4920-484: The mainland. Other areas include Mount Kirishima near Kagoshima in southern Kyūshū. On Southern Honshū, there is a forest with the Nachi Falls located in Yoshino-Kumano National Park . This particular area of Honshū has been described as one of the rainiest spots in Japan. It is a temperate broadleaf forest ecoregion found in the middle elevations of the eastern Himalayas , including parts of Nepal , India , and Bhutan . In Australia rainforests occur near

5002-421: The most important tree species. A common feature of Pacific temperate rainforests of North America is the Nurse log , a fallen tree which as it decays, provides ecological facilitation to seedlings. Trees such as the Coast Douglas-fir , Western Hemlock , Western Red Cedar , Pacific Yew , and Vine Maple are more closely related to coniferous and deciduous trees in the temperate forests of East Asia . Some of

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5084-422: The mountain passes into the Yukon interior; they were divided into three tribes: the Chilkat Tlingit ( Jilḵáat Ḵwáan ) along the Chilkat River and on Chilkat Peninsula , the Chilkoot Tlingit ( Jilḵoot Ḵwáan ) and the Taku Tlingit ( Tʼaaḵu Ḵwáan: ) along the Taku River . Inland, the Tlingit occupied areas along the major rivers that pierce the Coast Mountains and Saint Elias Mountains and flow into

5166-609: The mountains and valleys of the Baekdu Mountain Range – from Mt. Baekdu , in the north, to Mt. Jiri , in the southwest, forming the spine of the Korean Peninsula – and the southern coast and islands of the peninsula – including Jeju Island – feature a wide variety of conifers and broadleaf trees. Much of these forests are protected in mountain and marine national forests, such as in Hallyeohaesang National Park , which encompasses 150.14 km (57.97 sq mi) of mountainous forests spread out over 69 uninhabited islands and 30 inhabited islands in Korea's South Sea that provide

5248-455: The park is an example of a temperate rainforest in which oak ( Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica ) is the climax vegetation . The protected area extends along the valley of the river Eume within the Ferrolterra municipalities of Pontedeume , Cabanas , A Capela , Monfero and As Pontes de García Rodríguez . Some 500 people reside within the park. The monastery of Monastery of San Xoán de Caaveiro also lies within

5330-431: The park. The area was declared a natural park (a level of protection lower than national park ) in 1997. It is one of six natural parks in Galicia. The European Union has recognised the park as a Site of Community Importance . There are a number of species of ferns. Invertebrate species include the Kerry slug and it is an important site for amphibians. The Vinatovača rainforest , alternatively spelled vintovača ,

5412-517: The precipitation occurs in winter, similar to Mediterranean climates , but in summer, fog moisture is extracted by the trees and produces a fog drip keeping the forest moist. The Northern California coastal forests are home to the Coast Redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ), the world's tallest tree. In the other ecoregions, Coast Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii ), Sitka Spruce ( Picea sitchensis ), Western Hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ) and Western redcedar ( Thuja plicata ) are

5494-466: The rainforest is mild and cool, averaging 12 °C (54 °F) with a narrow diurnal temperature range and temperatures that only drop below freezing in exceptional years. Since human settlement in the 15th century, these rainforests, which once covered most of the high altitudes of the archipelago, have gradually been reduced to relics and are now found almost exclusively on three of the nine islands ( Flores , Pico and Terceira ). Their main threat

5576-407: The region are endemic. Some relict species of vertebrates are Caucasian parsley frog , Caucasian salamander , Robert's snow vole and Caucasian grouse ; they are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus Darevskia . In general, species composition of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia. Genetic data suggest that

5658-423: The south-facing slopes of South Africa's Drakensberg Mountains facing the Indian Ocean. There are several coniferous podocarps that grow here. This forest receives a lot of moisture as fog from the Indian Ocean, and resembles not only other temperate rainforests worldwide, but also the montane evergreen Afromontane forests that occur at higher elevations in southern and eastern Africa. A fine example of this forest

5740-415: The southeasternmost coastal zone of the Bulgarian coast , through Turkey , to Georgia , and northern Iran . The moist conditions of temperate rainforests generally support an understory of mosses , ferns and some shrubs and berries. Temperate rainforests can be temperate coniferous forests or temperate broadleaf and mixed forests . For temperate rainforests of North America, Alaback's definition

5822-444: The southern Yukon in Canada. Their autonym, Łingít, means "People of the Tides". The Russian name Koloshi ( Колоши , from a Sugpiaq-Alutiiq term kulut'ruaq for the labret worn by women) or the related German name Koulischen may be encountered referring to the people in older historical literature, such as Grigory Shelikhov 's 1796 map of Russian America . The greatest territory historically occupied by

5904-510: The southern tip of South America, and are part of the Neotropical realm . Temperate rainforests occur in the Valdivian temperate rain forests and Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregions. The Valdivian rainforests are home to a variety of broadleaf evergreen trees, like Aextoxicon punctatum , Eucryphia cordifolia , and southern beech ( Nothofagus ), but include many conifers as well, notably Alerce ( Fitzroya cupressoides ), one of

5986-543: The species of woody plants are endemic to this ecoregion. In the Valdivian region the Andean Cordillera intercepts moist westerly winds along the Pacific coast during winter and summer months; these winds cool as they ascend the mountains, creating heavy rainfall on the mountains' west-facing slopes. The northward-flowing oceanic Humboldt Current creates humid and foggy conditions near the coast. The tree line

6068-586: The tallest tree in Europe at 78 m), Caucasian spruce ( Picea orientalis ) and Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ). The refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian   / near Eastern region. The area has multiple representatives of disjunct relict groups of plants with the closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America. Over 70 species of forest snails of

6150-529: The temperate zone, the Azores rainforest is similar in many ways to the cloud forest environments of the tropics and subtropics. These pluvial montane forests hold the highest biodiversity and degree of endemism of the whole archipelago. They are dominated by dense formations of endemic juniper , laurel , holly and tree heaths with several species of epiphytic ferns and an abundance of mosses and rainforest lichens (such as Erioderma ). The climate in

6232-686: The total area of rainforest in Australia would be much larger. Warm-temperate rainforest replaces subtropical rainforest on poorer soils or with increasing altitude and latitude in New South Wales and Victoria . Cool-temperate rainforests are widespread in Tasmania ( Tasmanian temperate rainforests ecoregion) and they can be found scattered from the World Heritage listed Border Ranges National Park and Lamington National Park on

6314-399: The trees that die of old age are not being cleared or removed, but even picking herbs or mushrooms is forbidden. It is considered as an example of what central and eastern Serbia's natural look is. Beech trees are up to 45 m (148 ft) tall and some specimens are estimated to be over 300 years old. The Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion in northern Iran contains a jungle in

6396-431: The upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and including other biological organisms ( epiphytes , lianas , arboreal animals, etc.). The canopy level is the third level of the temperate rainforest. The trees forming the canopy, conifers , can stand as tall as 100 metres or more. A variety of species survive in the canopy. The tops of these trees collect most of the rain, moisture, and photosynthesis that

6478-444: The way Tlingit people viewed and interacted with the world around them. Tlingits were traditionally animists , and hunters ritually purified themselves before hunting animals. Shamans , primarily men, cured diseases, influenced weather, aided in hunting, predicted the future, and protected people against witchcraft. A central tenet of the Tlingit belief system is the reincarnation of both humans and animals. Between 1886 and 1895, in

6560-705: The west and from the Gulf of Mexico . Temperate rainforest extends through the Appalachian areas of western North Carolina , southeastern Kentucky , southwest Virginia , eastern Tennessee , northern South Carolina, and northern Georgia . Red spruce and Fraser fir are dominant canopy trees in high mountain areas. In higher elevation (over 1,980 metres; 6,500 feet), Fraser fir is dominant, in middle elevation (1,675 to 1,890 metres; 5,495 to 6,201 ft) red spruce and Fraser fir grow together, and in lower elevation (1,370 to 1,650 metres; 4,490 to 5,410 ft) red spruce

6642-898: The world. British Columbia 's Rocky Mountains , Cariboo Mountains , Rocky Mountain Trench (east of Prince George ) and the Columbia Mountains of Southeastern British Columbia (west of the Canadian Rocky Mountains that extend into parts of Idaho and Northwestern Montana in the US), which include the Selkirk Mountains , Monashee Mountains , and the Purcell Mountains , have the largest stretch of interior temperate coniferous rainforests. These inland rainforests have more continental climate with

6724-1067: Was known for most of the history for being home to the now extinct Caspian Tiger . In southeast Azerbaijan , this ecoregion includes the Lankaran Lowland and the Talysh Mountains , the latter being evenly divided with Iran to the south. They are deciduous forests containing tree species such as black alder ( Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata ), hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus and C. orientalis ), Caucasian wingnut ( Pterocarya fraxinifolia ), chestnut-leaved oak ( Quercus castaneifolia ), Caucasian oak ( Quercus macranthera ), oriental beech ( Fagus orientalis ), Persian ironwood ( Parrotia persica ) and Persian silk tree ( Albizia julibrissin ). The existing protected areas in Azerbaijan include: These forests are found in eastern Taiwan and Taiwan's Central Mountain Ranges, part of

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