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120-496: It is located on the border to major cities of Cagayan de Oro and Iligan , and between Marawi and Malaybalay , the provincial capital. Once in the not so distant past, a nomadic tribe wandered down south. Finally, they settled upon a place attuned to their needs and liking. The place, was traversed by a zigzagging creek swollen with clear sparkling water where on its banks grew in abundance wild Malayan trees called “Balangas” (now popularly known as Rambutan – Nephelium lappaceum of

240-678: A Koran , needles and some other items that were soaked in carabao blood were buried right on top of the spot where the treaty was held. A piece of rattan was cut into pieces and each ruler was given a portion to even make the event memorable. All of these are recorded in the "Sil-Sila or Sal-sila" of the Maranaos, the Skrit of the Maguindanaos and the Halads of the Higaonons. Not long after

360-416: A poultice . Southeast Asian traditional beliefs, as well as traditional Chinese food therapy , consider the durian fruit to have warming properties liable to cause excessive sweating . The traditional method to counteract this is to pour water into the empty shell of the fruit after the pulp has been consumed and drink it. An alternative method is to eat the durian in accompaniment with mangosteen, which

480-446: A status symbol indicating wealth. Durian from Thailand retails at around ¥150 (US$ 20), while the more prestigious Musang King variety retails at around ¥500 and can be a birthday or wedding gift. The potential value for exporters has allowed China to leverage Durian as part of trade talks. The entire export of durians from Southeast Asia to China increased from US$ 550 million in 2017, to US$ 6.7 billion in 2023. China's largest imports of

600-641: A consequence, they became bitter enemies. The root cause was the intense rivalry of men/warriors over beautiful and alluring women from either side. This resulted and accounted for ambush, kidnappings and to some extent even killings. It was on the Kabalangasan side that men are more daring and aggressive. They adopted and ventured into the “go-chase-kidnap” tactics preying on the women of Dagundalahon who caught their fancy. Because of these, hill tribes in Dagundalahon side renamed “Kabalangasan” to Talakag,

720-667: A contract with the Archaeological Studies Program (ASP) of the University of the Philippines to do salvage archaeology in Huluga and vicinities. The program did not make cooperative linkages with existing archeological programs from Xavier University. The ASP declared that the site was an ancient camp, not a settlement, due to their findings in the destroyed archaeological site. The report did not consider

840-610: A cultivar without the characteristic odour. Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport yet satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour. On 22 May 2012, two other cultivars from Thailand that also lack the usual odour, Long Laplae and Lin Laplae, were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of Uttaradit province from where these cultivars were developed locally, while he announced

960-597: A decree declaring Cagayan the permanent capital of Segundo Distrito de Misamis . During this era, the name of the town was known as Cagayan de Misamis . In 1883, the town became a seat of the Spanish government in Mindanao for the provinces of Misamis Oriental , Misamis Occidental , Bukidnon and Lanao del Norte . The Spanish authorities surrendered to Misamis governor Jose Roa and municipal mayor Toribio Chavez, both appointees of President Emilio Aguinaldo . With

1080-524: A deep caramel flavour with a turpentine odour while red-fleshed durian ( D. graveolens ) emits a fragrance of roasted almonds . The fruit's strong smell has led to its ban from public transport systems in Singapore and in Bangkok. A draft genome analysis of durian indicates it has about 46,000 coding and non-coding genes , among which a class called methionine gamma-lyases – which regulate

1200-405: A dessert called durian (or thurian) guan. In Thailand, durian is eaten fresh with sweet sticky rice, and blocks of durian paste are sold in the markets, though much of the paste is adulterated with pumpkin . Unripe durians are cooked as a vegetable, except in the Philippines, where all uses are sweet rather than savoury. Malaysians make both sugared and salted preserves from durian. When durian

1320-591: A durian seed, which he planted and cared for on his tropical island off the north coast of Queensland . In 1949, the British botanist E. J. H. Corner published The Durian Theory, or the Origin of the Modern Tree . This proposed that endozoochory (the enticement of animals to transport seeds in their stomach) arose before any other method of seed dispersal , and that primitive ancestors of Durio species were

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1440-466: A fruit much loved by a variety of animals, the durian is sometimes taken to signify the animalistic aspect of humans, as in the legend of Orang Mawas , the Malaysian version of Bigfoot, and Orang Pendek , its Sumatran version, both of which have been claimed to feast on durians. In Malaysia, a decoction of the leaves and roots used to be prescribed as an antipyretic . The leaf juice is applied on

1560-531: A range of 8–20% among different durian varieties. Durian flesh contains diverse polyphenols , especially myricetin , and various carotenoids , including a rich content of beta-carotene . In 2019, ethanethiol and its derivatives was identified as a source of the fetid smell. However, the biochemical pathway by which the plant produces ethanethiol remained unclear. People in Southeast Asia with frequent exposures to durian are able to easily distinguish

1680-550: A report of British explorer Thomas Forrest , was considered as among the Mindanao 's seven rivers abundant with gold; with a sitio , known for its gold mines, frequently raided by Moros during the Spanish occupation . Through Act No. 951 , issued by the Philippine Commission on October 21, 1903, which reduced the number of municipalities in Misamis from 24 to 10, the territories of Barrio Gusa, along with

1800-584: Is glutinous rice steamed with coconut milk and served with ripened durian. In Sabah , red durian is fried with onions and chilli and served as a side dish. Red-fleshed durian is traditionally added to sayur , an Indonesian soup made from freshwater fish. Ikan brengkes tempoyak is fish cooked in a durian-based sauce, traditional in Sumatra . Raw durian is composed of 65% water, 27% carbohydrates (including 4% dietary fibre ), 5% fat and 1% protein . In 100 grams, raw or fresh frozen durian provides 33% of

1920-491: Is "like eating sweet raspberry blancmange in the lavatory". The travel and food writer Richard Sterling states that "its odor is best described as pig-excrement, turpentine and onions, garnished with a gym sock." Other comparisons have been made with the civet , sewage , stale vomit , skunk spray and used surgical swabs . Such descriptions may reflect the odour's variability. Different species and cultivars vary markedly in aroma; for example, red durian ( D. dulcis ) has

2040-474: Is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Northern Mindanao , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 728,402 people, making it the 10th most populous city in the Philippines and the most populous in Northern Mindanao. It serves as the capital of the province of Misamis Oriental wherein it is geographically situated and grouped under the province by

2160-537: Is also famous for its white water rafting or kayaking adventures, one of the tourism activities being promoted along the Cagayan de Oro River . The name Cagayan de Oro (lit. River of Gold) can be traced back to the arrival of the Spanish Augustinian Recollect friars in 1622, the area around Himologan (now Huluga), was already known as "Cagayán". Early Spanish written documents in

2280-516: Is considered to have cooling properties. Pregnant women or people with high blood pressure are traditionally advised not to consume durian. The Javanese believe durian to have aphrodisiac qualities, and impose a set of rules on what may or may not be consumed with it or shortly thereafter. A saying in Indonesian , durian jatuh sarung naik , meaning "the durian falls and the sarong comes up", refers to this belief. The warnings against

2400-599: Is medium-thick, solid, yellow in colour, and sweet; and "Red Prawn" ( Udang Merah , D175), found in the states of Pahang and Johor . The fruit is medium-sized, oval, brownish green, with short thorns. The flesh is thick, not solid, yellow-coloured, and has a sweet taste. Indonesia has more than 100 varieties of durian. The most cultivated species is D. zibethinus . Notable varieties are Sukun ( Central Java ), sitokong ( Betawi ), sijapang (Betawi), Simas ( Bogor ), Sunan ( Jepara ), si dodol and si hijau ( South Kalimantan ), and Petruk (Central Java). In Thailand, Mon Thong

2520-421: Is minced with salt, onions and vinegar, it is called boder . In Kelantan of Malaysia, fresh durian or tempoyak is mixed with onion and chilli slices, lime juice and budu (fermented anchovy sauce) and eaten as a condiment with rice-based meals. The seeds, which are the size of chestnuts, can be eaten boiled, roasted or fried in coconut oil , with a texture that is similar to taro or yam , but stickier. In Java ,

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2640-460: Is ready to eat when its husk begins to crack. However, the ideal stage of ripeness to be enjoyed varies from region to region in Southeast Asia and by species. Some species grow so tall that they can only be collected once they have fallen to the ground, whereas most cultivars of D. zibethinus are nearly always cut from the tree and allowed to ripen while waiting to be sold. Some people in southern Thailand prefer their durians relatively young, when

2760-632: Is shared by other places in the Philippines; these include the province of Cagayan in Cagayan Valley , northern Luzon –in which is said to have similar reference with Cagayan de Oro as they refer to their respective rivers with the same name (one being the longest in the Philippines ), the Cagayan Islands in the northern Sulu Sea, and the former Cagayan de Sulu, currently named Mapun , an island in Tawi-Tawi . The Cagayan de Oro area

2880-488: Is still not protected and continues to be quarried, despite protests by local historians and archeologists. The Himologan settlement was still occupied by the time the Europeans made contact. In 1622, two Spanish Augustinian Recollect missionaries reached the settlement and described it as being inhabited by a mixed stock descended from highlander Bukidnon Lumad and sea-faring Visayans ("Dumagat"). They described

3000-457: Is that the durian is harmful when eaten with coffee or alcoholic beverages. The latter belief can be traced back at least to the 18th century when Rumphius stated that one should not drink alcohol after eating durians as it will cause indigestion and bad breath . In 1929, J. D. Gimlette wrote in his Malay Poisons and Charm Cures that the durian fruit must not be eaten with brandy . In 1981, J. R. Croft wrote in his Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of

3120-657: Is the most commercially sought after cultivar, for its thick, full-bodied creamy and mild sweet-tasting flesh with moderate smell and smaller seeds, while Chanee is most resistant to infection by Phytophthora palmivora . Kan Yao is less common, but prized for its longer window of time when it is both sweet and odourless. Among the cultivars in Thailand, five are currently in large-scale commercial cultivation: Chanee, Mon Thong, Kan Yao, Ruang, and Kradum. By 2007, Thai government scientist Songpol Somsri had crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create Chantaburi No. 1,

3240-573: Is the only species available on the international market. It has over 300 named varieties in Thailand and 100 in Malaysia as of 1987. Other species are sold in their local regions. Known in some regions as the "king of fruits", the durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odour, and thorn -covered rind . The fruit can grow as large as 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) in diameter, and it typically weighs 1 to 3 kg (2 to 7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round,

3360-561: Is unsurpassed." Wallace described himself as being at first reluctant to try it because of the aroma, but on eating one in Borneo "out of doors, I at once became a confirmed Durian eater". He cites another writer as stating: "To those not used to it, it seems at first to smell like rotten onions, but immediately after they have tasted it they prefer it to all other food. The natives give it honourable titles, exalt it, and make verses on it." The novelist Anthony Burgess wrote that eating durian

3480-719: The Oxford English Dictionary , the alternate spelling durion was first used in a 1588 translation of The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof by the Spanish explorer Juan González de Mendoza . Other historical variant spellings include duryoen , duroyen , durean , and dorian . The name of the type species , D. zibethinus , is derived from Italian zibetto , (the civet ). Durian trees are large, growing to 25–50 metres (80–165 feet) in height depending on

3600-515: The Americans arrived in Cagayan de Oro. The American regime encouraged the people to participate in running the government thus, in 1904 Man Sayagnon was appointed 1st Mayor of Talakag. He held office at Patpat, which is now San Isidro and his term of office expired in 1906. In 1906, Amay Tigsay was appointed Mayor of Talakag and he continued to hold office at Patpat until 1908 where Man Sayagnon

3720-584: The Daily Value (DV) of thiamine and a moderate content of other B vitamins , vitamin C , and the dietary mineral manganese (15–24% DV, table). Different durian varieties from Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia vary in their carbohydrate content from 16 to 29%, fat content from 2–5%, protein content from 2–4%, and dietary fibre content from 1–4%, and in caloric value from 84 to 185 kcal per 100 grams. The fatty acids in durian flesh are particularly rich in oleic acid and palmitic acid . The origin of

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3840-667: The Fiesta Nacional of January 10–11, 1899, their independence was celebrated as the Philippine flag was raised for the second time in Mindanao . At that time, the town joined the Aguinaldo government in the second time it was declared. Spain's cession of the Philippines to the United States through a peace treaty in 1898 mainly caused opposition from residents of then Cagayan de Misamis. Their involvement in

3960-655: The People Power Revolution through rallies in the streets of the city. When the revolution succeeded and ousted Marcos from power in Manila, the city was among those who supported the installation of Corazon Aquino as president. On 4 October 1990, the city was seized by a rebel army led by dissident RAM officer Alexander Noble and civilian supporters of the Mindanao Independence Movement led by Reuben Canoy , who marched across

4080-539: The Philippine Statistics Authority , but governed administratively independent from the provincial government and also the largest city of that province. It also serves as the regional center and business hub of Northern Mindanao, and part of the growing Metropolitan Cagayan de Oro area, which includes the city of El Salvador , the towns of Opol , Alubijid , Laguindingan , Gitagum , Lugait , Naawan , Initao , Libertad and Manticao at

4200-548: The Philippine–American War was prompted by the presence of the Americans, who had invaded the municipality on March 31, 1900, and whom they fought against thrice since then. Resistance fighters lost in the early battles. On April 7, Gen. Nicolas Capistrano led an attack in the town center , on the garrison of the U.S. 40th Infantry Regiment under Col. Edward Godwin, but were repulsed with heavy losses. On May 14,

4320-478: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , to Auguste Saint-Arroman of Dominica in 1884. In Southeast Asia, the durian has been cultivated for centuries at the village level, probably since the late 18th century, and commercially since the mid-20th century. In My Tropic Isle , Australian author and naturalist Edmund James Banfield tells how, in the early 20th century, a friend in Singapore sent him

4440-581: The 15th century. Translated from the Latin in which Poggio Bracciolini recorded de Conti's travels: "They [people of Sumatra] have a green fruit which they call durian, as big as a watermelon. Inside there are five things like elongated oranges, and resembling thick butter, with a combination of flavours." The Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta described durians in Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India published in 1563. In 1741, Herbarium Amboinense by

4560-599: The 16th century already referred to the place as "Cagayán". Variations of this word— karayan , kayan , kahayan , kayayan , kagayan and kalayan —all also mean river. The region of Northern Mindanao , which included Cagayan de Oro, was granted as encomienda to a certain Don Juan Griego on January 25, 1571. It was then former Vice President of the Philippines Emmanuel Peláez who appended " de Oro" to Cagayan . The name " Cagayan "

4680-507: The 2020 census, the population of Talakag was 77,027 people, with a density of 98 inhabitants per square kilometre or 250 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Talakag Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Cagayan de Oro Cagayan de Oro ( CDO ), officially the City of Cagayan de Oro ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Cagayan de Oro ; Maranao : Bandar a Cagayan de Oro ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Cagayan de Oro ),

4800-467: The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and at least 20,000 people were staying in 10 evacuation centers in Cagayan de Oro. Officials were also investigating reports that an entire village was swept away. The confirmed death toll from the disaster is 1,268. In January 2017, Cagayan de Oro, along with other parts of Visayas and Mindanao, was impacted by a combination of a low-pressure area and

4920-573: The Cagayan River, to the present-day Gaston Park. De San Pedro later fortified the new settlement against Sultan Kudarat's raiders. In 1738, Spanish dominance was felt in Cagayan de Oro. When Misamis gained the status of province in 1818, one of its four districts was the Partidos de Cagayan. In 1871, the "Partidos" became a town and was made a permanent capital of Misamis. On February 27, 1872, Governor-General Carlos María de La Torre issued

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5040-608: The Family: Sapindaceae). The trees were full of attractive bloody red but juicy and delicious fruits, clustered in their very green foliages. Because of fanatical attachment of this tribe to these balangas trees, they decided to name their settlement “Kabalangasan” - a very typical way of simply affixing prefixes. This is the original name of the municipality of Talakag. However, names of places are, often, influenced and affected by events that revolve around it. History goes that aside from this Kabalangasan settlement, there

5160-520: The Flora of Papua New Guinea that "a feeling of morbidity" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions, though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase , causing a 70 percent reduction of

5280-529: The German botanist Georg Eberhard Rumphius was published, providing the most detailed and accurate account of durians for over a century. The genus Durio has a complex taxonomy that has seen the subtraction and addition of many species since it was created by Rumphius. During the early stages of its taxonomical study, there was some confusion between durian and the soursop ( Annona muricata ), for both of these species had thorny green fruit. The Malay name for

5400-643: The Japanese attacked the area. Lieut. Col. James Grinstead had his headquarters in Talakag and before a force of 500 Japanese and Korean troops could take the town, Grinstead ordered his headquarters burned. On June 28 the Japanese-Korean force left Talakag and the guerrillas moved back into town and re-established their headquarters there. Talakag is politically subdivided into 29 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . In

5520-478: The Marcos regime. By the time martial law ended, more than a thousand people from the city had been tortured, raped, electrocuted, or salvaged. This included public school teacher Nicanor Gonzales Jr., who was detained for seven months and heavily tortured, leaving an abnormal growth on his skull. He was eventually honored in 2015 by having his name inscribed at the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani , which honors

5640-569: The Musang King and Monthong varieties in Malaysia and Thailand, respectively, has led to concerns about a decrease in the durian's genetic diversity at the expense of higher-quality varieties. A 2022 study of durian species in Kalimantan , Indonesia, found low genetic diversity, suggestive of inbreeding depression and genetic drift . Additionally, these dominant hybrid varieties are more susceptible to pests and fungal diseases, requiring

5760-468: The Open Site and caves separate accession numbers. In 1999, however, mayor Vicente Y. Emano conceived the plan to bulldoze Huluga to give way to a road-and-bridge project. The project was stopped in 2001, but was eventually continued in 2002. The construction destroyed at least 60% of the archaeological site's open area, where the majority of artifacts can be found. Protests against the heritage destruction

5880-748: The Philippines. In July 2024, the City Local Environment Office announced the discovery of a hidden and untouched cave in Dansolihon village . Described as time capsule , the second cave discovered in the city, like the Macahambus Cave , features water dripping , speleothem , stalactites , stalagmites and houses a bat colony . On the evening of December 16–17, 2011, Tropical Storm Sendong (international name Washi ) caused widespread flash flooding in Northern Mindanao. In Cagayan de Oro, hundreds living near

6000-484: The ability to clear toxins from the body. In its native Southeast Asia, the durian is an everyday food and portrayed in the local media in accordance with the cultural perception it has in the region. The durian symbolised the subjective nature of ugliness and beauty in Hong Kong director Fruit Chan 's 2000 film Durian Durian (榴槤飄飄, lau lin piu piu ), and was a nickname for the reckless but lovable protagonist of

6120-501: The annual Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture, and Agrotourism Show. There are 13 common Malaysian varieties having favourable qualities of colour, texture, odour, taste, high yield, and resistance against various diseases. Musang King (D197) was discovered in the 1980s, when a man named Tan Lai Fook from Raub, Pahang, stumbled upon a durian tree in Gua Musang , Kelantan . He brought a branch back to Raub for grafting. The cultivar

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6240-692: The area. This caused the HCA to file a case against Emano and the contractor, UKC Builders, before the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB). However, the construction continued and was inaugurated in September 2003 by Emano. A day later, president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo made a speech in UNESCO about her administration's gains in cultural conservation. In January 2004, the city council enacted an ordinance that authorized Emano to sign

6360-504: The banks of the Cagayan de Oro River were killed, with hundreds still missing. Officials said that despite government warning, some people did not evacuate. Five people were killed in a landslide, while others died in the flash floods which occurred overnight, following 10 hours of rain , compounded by overflowing rivers and tributaries. Most of the victims had been sleeping. In some areas, up to 20 centimeters of rain fell in 24 hours. More than 2,000 were rescued, according to

6480-472: The best general idea of it, but there are occasional wafts of flavour that call to mind cream-cheese, onion-sauce, sherry-wine, and other incongruous dishes. Then there is a rich glutinous smoothness in the pulp which nothing else possesses, but which adds to its delicacy." He concluded that it provided a "new sensation worth a voyage to the East to experience. ... as producing a food of the most exquisite flavour it

6600-553: The cave is the Huluga Open Site, believed to be the site of the primary pre-colonial settlement in the region identified as "Himologan" by the first Spanish missionaries. The site is located about eight kilometers from present-day Cagayan de Oro. The discovery of a grave site in 2009 uncovered remains of Song dynasty (960–1279 AD) celadon ware and Sukhothai period (1238–1347 AD) Sangkhalok ceramic ware , in addition to body ornaments and stone tools. It indicates that

6720-542: The city and took over the regional military garrison at Camp Edilberto Evangelista as part of an attempted coup against President Corazon Aquino. However, Noble's forces failed to gain further support and were isolated by government forces, culminating in Noble's surrender and Canoy's arrest on 6 October. In 1992, the National Museum of the Philippines recognized the archaeological value of Huluga when it gave

6840-531: The city for any length of time due to the constant pressure and attacks from the Philippine resistant movement. Combined American and Free Philippine forces landed in Cagayan de Oro on May 10, 1945, three years and 7 days after the Japanese occupation. During this period the Japanese committed many atrocities against the local population of Cagayan de Oro, as they did throughout the Philippines. Colonel Fumio Suzuki and two hundred of his men escaped capture during

6960-432: The city, where enslaved local girls and teenagers were forced by Japanese soldiers into sexual slavery, which included routine gang-rapes and murders. The Japanese army implemented a scorch-earth policy. Filipino and American guerrilla forces fought back during this occupation and American planes bombed both the university and San Agustin church on October 10, 1944. The Japanese were never able to successfully move outside

7080-403: The clusters of fruit within the shell are still crisp in texture and mild in flavour. For some people in northern Thailand , the preference is for the fruit to be soft and aromatic. In Malaysia and Singapore, most consumers prefer the fruit to be as ripe and pungent in aroma as possible and may even risk allowing the fruit to continue ripening after its husk has already cracked open. In this state,

7200-629: The colour of its husk from green to brown, and its flesh from pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering and unpleasant. The smell evokes reactions ranging from deep appreciation to intense disgust. The persistence of its strong odour, which may linger for several days, has led some hotels and public transportation services in Southeast Asia , such as in Singapore and Bangkok , to ban

7320-594: The cultivation of oil palms . Animal species such as the small flying fox , which pollinates durian trees, and the Malayan tiger are endangered by the increasing deforestation of their habitats. In the Gua Musang District , the state government approved the conversion of 40 km (10,000 acres) of forestry, including indigenous lands of the Orang Asli , to durian plantations. The prevalence of

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7440-495: The dates for the annual durian fair of Laplae district , and the name given to each cultivar. In 2018, Thailand was ranked the world's number one exporter of durian, producing around 700,000 tonnes of durian per year, 400,000 tonnes of which are exported to mainland China and Hong Kong. Chantaburi in Thailand holds the World Durian Festival in early May each year. This single province is responsible for half of

7560-515: The durian is thought to be in the region of Borneo and Sumatra, with wild trees in the Malay Peninsula , and orchards commonly cultivated in a wide region from India to New Guinea. Four hundred years ago, it was traded across present-day Myanmar, and was actively cultivated especially in Thailand and South Vietnam . The earliest known European reference to the durian is the record of Niccolò de' Conti , who travelled to Southeast Asia in

7680-519: The durian production of Thailand. The Davao Region is the top producer of the fruit in the Philippines, producing 60% of the country's total. In Brunei , consumers prefer D. graveolens , D. kutejensis , and D. oxleyanus . These species constitute a genetically diverse crop source. Durian was introduced into Australia in the early 1960s and clonal material followed in 1975. Over thirty clones of D. zibethinus and six other Durio species have been subsequently introduced into Australia. In 2019

7800-417: The earliest practitioners of that dispersal method, in particular red durian ( D. dulcis ) exemplifying the primitive fruit of flowering plants. However, in more recent circumscriptions of Durioneae, the tribe into which Durio and its sister taxa fall, fleshy arils and spiny fruits are derived within the clade. Some genera possess these characters, but others do not. The most recent molecular evidence (on which

7920-636: The eponymous Singaporean TV comedy Durian King played by Adrian Pang . Likewise, the oddly shaped Esplanade building in Singapore (Theatres on the Bay) is often called "The Durian" by locals, and "The Big Durian" is the nickname of Jakarta , Indonesia. A saying in Malay and Indonesian, mendapat durian runtuh , "getting a fallen durian", is the equivalent of the English phrase ' windfall gain '. Nevertheless, trees bearing mature durians are dangerous because

8040-456: The etymology of which came from the Visayan dialect- LAKAG meaning "to go after” or “follow in pursuit” and the prefix “TA” denoting “fondness in doing such”. In other words, Talakag means “fondness in giving pursuit”. Thus, the settlement that was known as Kabalangasan was named Talakag while the creek traversing the place retained the name Kabalangasan. In the late 16th century, the seat of

8160-481: The evacuation of residents during the war, and the town's short distance from Cagayan, Gusa was reverted to a barrio , being part of Agusan. Agusan became one of the ten barrios of Cagayan in 1844. It was the starting point for those traveling to Bukidnon until the late 1920s. On May 14, 1900, the 1st Company of the Mindanao Battalion perished in a battle against the Americans on the hills near

8280-650: The findings of Xavier University. The issue later climbed into the Philippine Senate, where Loren Legarda issued a resolution for investigation of the matter, but the investigation was never approved by the other members of the Senate. The artifacts found in the Huluga Caves and its destroyed open site from 1992 to 2003 are housed in Xavier University, Capitol University, and the University of

8400-417: The flesh becomes richly creamy and slightly alcoholic. The various preferences regarding ripeness among consumers make it hard to issue general statements about choosing a "good" durian. A durian that falls off the tree continues to ripen for two to four days, but after five or six days most would consider it overripe and unpalatable. All the same, some Thais cook such overripe fruit with palm sugar, creating

8520-514: The floodwaters. A basement parking area of a mall at the corner of Corrales St. was covered with water, while another one near Bitan-ag Creek was flooded as well, even though the area was elevated. Durian The durian ( / ˈ d ʊər i ə n / , / ˈ dj ʊər i ə n / ) is the edible fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio . There are 30 recognized species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. Durio zibethinus , native to Borneo and Sumatra ,

8640-408: The fruit and dispose of the seed under the parent plant, others swallow the seed with the fruit, and then transport it some distance before excreting, with the seed being dispersed as a result. The thorny, armoured covering of the fruit discourages smaller animals; larger animals are more likely to transport the seeds far from the parent tree. According to Larousse Gastronomique , the durian fruit

8760-423: The fruit came from Thailand, followed by Malaysia and Vietnam. Durian is a relatively costly fruit because of its short shelf life. Shelf life can be extended to around 4 to 5 weeks by shrink wrapping each fruit; this inhibits dehiscence, probably by multiple mechanisms: inhibiting respiration; reducing loss of water; holding the fruit's parts together; and reducing decomposition by microbes. The edible portion of

8880-581: The fruit is heavy, armed with sharp thorns, and can fall from a significant height. Hardhats are worn when collecting the fruit. A common saying is that a durian has eyes, and can see where it is falling, because the fruit supposedly never falls during daylight hours when people may be hurt. In Malaysia, a spineless durian clone D172 was registered by the Agriculture Department in 1989. It was called "Durian Botak" ('Bald Durian'). Sumatran elephants and tigers sometimes eat durians. Being

9000-436: The fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines. The Malaysian Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry has since 1934 maintained a list of registered varieties, where each cultivar is assigned a common name and a code number starting with "D". These codes are widely used through Southeast Asia; as of 2021, there were over 200 registered varieties. Many superior cultivars have been identified through competitions held at

9120-418: The fruit, known as the aril and usually called the 'flesh' or 'pulp', only accounts for about 15–30% of the mass of the entire fruit. The strong flavour and odour of the fruit have prompted views ranging from appreciation to disgust. Writing in 1856, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace called the fruit's consistency and flavour "indescribable. A rich custard highly flavoured with almonds gives

9240-522: The fruit. The flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and it is used to flavour a wide variety of sweet desserts and savoury dishes in Southeast Asian cuisines . The seeds can be eaten when cooked. The name 'durian' is derived from the Malay word duri ('thorn'), a reference to the numerous prickly thorns on its rind , combined with the noun-building suffix -an . According to

9360-410: The head of a fever patient. The most complete description of the medicinal use of the durian as remedies for fevers is a Malay prescription, collected by Burkill and Haniff in 1930. It instructs the reader to boil the roots of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis with the roots of Durio zibethinus , Nephelium longana , Nephelium mutabile and Artocarpus integrifolius , and drink the decoction or use it as

9480-475: The highland government was established in Kinolosanglay at Tikalaan headed by Datu Man-utob, a wise and brave ruler. The Datu was described as an imposing giant of a man who has a big mole at the center of his nose bridge. His court was composed of Datu Aliga, Datu Lumbac and Datu Limbubongan (descent from Sharif Alawi). His ambassador was Datu Malinkayao, who was also called Sumagayon. The jurisdiction of

9600-582: The increase of immigrants later resulted in all of the natives leaving the area. At the time of the American occupation , during the Philippine–American War , in 1901, Gen. Nicolas Capistrano chose to meet there twice with the American military officials for a peace conference, held in Julian Gevero's residence, eventually ending the year-long war. However, due to decrease of population following

9720-618: The inhabitants in the mountains go to the coastal areas. Thus, in response to the request of the Muslims who were already well established in Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu and Tagoloan, Datu Man-utob acceded to the call for peace among the rulers of Mindanao. He hosted a peace treaty at Tikalaan called TAMPUDA HA APAT HA PASAGI TA PUSOD TA DAGAT (a Binukid term meaning “Peace Treaty of Four Rulers in Central Mindanao” ). The terms of

9840-490: The kingdom of Datu Man-utob embraced the areas of Cosina, which was ruled by Mansalingay; Dagundalahon which was ruled by Datu Manlugwas; Langawon under the rule of Datu Mantingal; Landang, ruled by Datu Mancabo; Alanib ( now of Lantapan, Bukidnon) under the rules of Datu Malongmong and Datu Manbailana; Mandugao and Salagapon, which was ruled by Datu Tomopa; Tapagkal, ( now of Pangantukan, Bukidnon) ruled by Datu Magayao, Datu Maka-andig, Datu Dupao and Datu Miaday; Damulog which

9960-433: The lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis , and the large flying fox, Pteropus vampyrus ). Two species, D. grandiflorus and D. oblongus , are pollinated by spiderhunter birds ( Nectariniidae ), while D. kutejensis , is pollinated by giant honey bees and birds as well as by bats. Some scientists have hypothesised that the development of monothecate anthers and larger flowers (compared with those of

10080-462: The liberation of the city and withdrew into the mountainous jungle. They were caught two years later; only 38 survived, by cannibalizing the Higaonon tribal people. At least 70 people were eaten. A Cagayanon, the physician Antonio Julian Montalvan , was a member of an espionage team working for the return of Gen. Douglas MacArthur to the Philippines. Later, he became part of a Manila spy network. He

10200-464: The martyrs and heroes who resisted the authoritarian regime. Cagayan de Oro did not take these human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship lightly, and the city came to have a reputation as one of the centers of political opposition in the Philippines. Cagayan de Oro was declared a highly urbanized city by the Ministry of Local Government on November 22, 1983. In 1986, the city participated in

10320-538: The men of the settlement as being tattooed like other Visayans and the women as being ornamented with intricate jewelry, some of which were golden. They also identified them as animists , practicing traditional anitism , though they paid tribute to Muhammad Kudarat , the sultan of the Islamized Sultanate of Maguindanao to the south. In 1626, Fray Agustín de San Pedro persuaded the chief of Himologan, Datu Salangsang, to transfer his settlement down

10440-521: The most recent, well-supported circumscription of Durioneae is based) therefore refutes Corner's Durian Theory. Since the early 1990s, the domestic and international demand for durian in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) region has increased significantly. In the early 2020s a durian craze in China led to a large increase in international trade of the fruit. A common local belief

10560-456: The odour of organosulfur compounds – may be primarily responsible for the distinct odour. Hundreds of phytochemicals responsible for durian flavour and aroma include diverse volatile compounds, such as esters , ketones , alcohols (primarily ethanol ), and organosulfur compounds , with various thiols . Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate had the highest content among esters in a study of several varieties. Sugar content, primarily sucrose , has

10680-510: The overwhelming and the better supplied Japanese, the allied forces retreated to more defensible positions outside the city. The Japanese burned most of the city and took up residence at the Ateneo de Cagayan University , now Xavier University Grade School and used the ferry crossing near San Agustin Church. In addition, the Japanese also established at least three (likely more) "comfort stations" in

10800-577: The peace treaty in Tikalaan, the Spaniards came to Cagayan de Oro to establish their seat of government. Likewise, they came to Tikalaan where they gave the reigning datu a Spanish flag and a cabo negro cane. The Spaniards were known to be suppressive to people who try to thwart their imperial rule. However the inhabitants were subservient to foreign domination, hence, there was no known occurrence of any serious trouble between them. Sometime in 1902,

10920-525: The positions of the 1st Company of El Mindanao Battalon in Agusan Hill was attacked by a military unit under Col. Walter Elliot, with 38 members including their commander, Capt. Vicente Roa, killed. On June 4, the said battalion, under Col. Apolinar Velez and Lt. Cruz Taal, repulsed the U.S. 35th Regiment during the Battle of Makahambus Hill ; marking the Americans' first defeat in the war. After

11040-416: The region was part of the ancient maritime trading network of Southeast Asia . Skulls recovered from the sites show that native Kagay-anons practiced artificial cranial deformation since childhood as a mark of social status, similar to skulls from archeological sites in neighboring Butuan . The Huluga Open Site was extensively damaged in 2001 to give way to a bridge project by the local administration. It

11160-710: The remaining genera in Durioneae) in the clade consisting of Durio , Boschia , and Cullenia was in conjunction with a transition from beetle pollination to vertebrate pollination. Over the centuries, numerous durian cultivars , propagated by vegetative clones , have arisen in Southeast Asia. They used to be grown, with mixed results, from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit, but now are propagated by layering , marcotting , or more commonly, grafting , including bud, veneer, wedge, whip and U-grafting, onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks . Different cultivars may be distinguished to some extent by variations in

11280-572: The river. On May 10, 1945, the beaches of Agusan and Bugo were the landing sites of the soldiers of the United States Army 's 40th Division , which joined with that of the 31st Division in Bukidnon where they finally defeated the Japanese in a battle. Iponan (spelled "Yponan" in Spanish colonial records), originally called Kalumpang , was the place where there were streams meeting at one point to form Iponan River which, according to

11400-693: The seeds are sliced thin and cooked with sugar as a confection. Uncooked seeds are potentially toxic due to cyclopropene fatty acids. Durian fruit is used to flavour a wide variety of sweet edibles such as traditional Malay candy, ice kacang , dodol , lempuk , rose biscuits, ice cream , milkshakes , mooncakes , Yule logs , and cappuccino . Es durian (durian ice cream) is a popular dessert in Indonesia, sold at street side stall in Indonesian cities, especially in Java. Pulut Durian or ketan durian

11520-545: The soursop is durian Belanda , meaning Dutch durian . In the 18th century, Johann Anton Weinmann considered the durian to belong to Castaneae as its fruit was similar to the horse chestnut. D. zibethinus was introduced into Ceylon by the Portuguese in the 16th century and was reintroduced many times later. It has been planted in the Americas but confined to botanical gardens . The first seedlings were sent from

11640-636: The species name, zibethinus refers to the Indian civet, Viverra zibetha . There is disagreement over whether this name, bestowed by Linnaeus , alludes to civets being so fond of the durian that the fruit was used as bait to entrap them, or to the durian's smelling like the civet. Durian flowers are large and feathery, with copious nectar , and give off a heavy, sour, buttery odour. These features are typical of flowers pollinated by certain species of bats that eat nectar and pollen . Durians can be pollinated by bats (the cave nectar bat Eonycteris spelaea ,

11760-472: The species, cultivars, and localities. A typical durian tree can bear fruit after four or five years. The durian fruit can hang from any branch, and matures roughly three months after pollination . The fruit can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) in diameter, and typically weighs 1 to 3 kilograms (2–7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on

11880-524: The species. Among the thirty known species of Durio , nine produce edible fruits: D. zibethinus , D. dulcis , D. grandiflorus , D. graveolens , D. kutejensis , D. lowianus , D. macrantha , D. oxleyanus and D. testudinarius . D. zibethinus is the only species commercially cultivated on a large scale and available outside its native region. Since this species is open-pollinated, it shows considerable diversity in fruit colour and odour, size of flesh and seed, and tree phenology . In

12000-401: The species. The leaves are evergreen , elliptic to oblong and 10–18 centimetres (4–7 inches) long. The flowers are produced in three to thirty clusters together on large branches and directly on the trunk, with each flower having a calyx ( sepals ) and five (rarely four or six) petals . Durian trees have one or two flowering and fruiting periods per year, although the timing varies depending on

12120-478: The status of a chartered city to the Municipality of Cagayan de Misamis. This was made possible through the efforts of then Cagayan de Oro Congressman Emmanuel Pelaez . Suniel was the last municipal mayor of Cagayan de Misamis and the first city mayor of Cagayan de Oro. During the martial law era, Cagayan de Oro was not spared from military bombings and the usage of brutal mechanisms against dissenters of

12240-581: The supposed lecherous quality of this fruit soon spread to the West – the Swedenborgian philosopher Herman Vetterling commented on so-called "erotic properties" of the durian in the early 20th century. The high demand for durians in China has prompted a shift in Malaysia from small-scale durian orchards to large-scale industrial operations. Forests are cleared to make way for large durian plantations, compounding an existing deforestation problem caused by

12360-561: The sweet-like scent of its ketones and esters from rotten or putrescine odours which are from volatile amines and fatty acids . Some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious, whereas others find it pleasant and appealing. This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is highly appetising to diverse animals, including squirrels , mouse deer , pigs, sun bear , orangutan , elephants , and even carnivorous tigers . While some of these animals eat

12480-490: The tail-end of a cold front . The heavy rain inundated many streets, stranding many commuters. At the University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines (USTP) , about 900–1,000 students were trapped as most of their campus was flooded. The students were forced to climb to the upper floors of the school's buildings and wait until rescue arrived. The city's shopping malls on Claro M. Recto Avenue were also severely affected, with Limketkai Center completely inundated by

12600-587: The town of El Salvador. In 1949, a delegation headed by Cagayan de Misamis mayor Maximo Y. Suniel travelled to Manila to persuade the Philippine Congress to enact a legislative act supporting the creation of the City of Cagayan. In 1950, the barrios of Opol, Igpit, and Lower Iponan (now Barangay Barra) were separated from Cagayan de Oro to form the town of Opol . On June 15, 1950, President Elpidio Quirino signed Republic Act No. 521, which granted

12720-448: The towns of Iponan, Opol, Salvador, and Alubijid, joined with Cagayan; while the rest of Agusan joined with Tagoloan . Agusan, later a barrio , along with Bogo and Alae, were transferred from Tagoloan to the newly-converted Cagayan de Oro City in 1950. In 1948, the barrios of El Salvador and Molugan with their sitios known as Sala, Sambulawan, Sinaloc, Lagtang, Talaba, Kalabaylabay and Hinigdaan were separated from Cagayan de Oro to form

12840-427: The treaty was specific – to achieve peace for them to live in an atmosphere of justice and tranquility. Transgressors were dealt with accordingly. Further, intermarriages between their people were encouraged. To mark this momentous event in history, a durian tree ( Durio zibethinus – Bombacaceae ) which has until very recently succumbed to old age and a species of rattan were planted and a gold cross, porcelain jars,

12960-569: The troubled years, peace finally brought back the economic activities to normality under the guidance of the United States. Consequently, from a purely farming-fishing area, Cagayan de Oro emerged into a booming commerce and trade center, attracting migrants from Luzon and Visayas to settle in the area. Americans gave the Philippines its independence on July 4, 1946. On May 3, 1942, American and Philippine forces fought heroically against invading Japanese forces from Panay. Unable to resist

13080-465: The value of imported fresh durian became the highest of all fresh fruits imported to China, which was previously cherries . In 2021, China purchased at least US$ 3.4 billion worth or 90 percent of Thailand's fresh durian exports in that year. Overall Chinese imports grew to $ 4 billion in 2022, when the Philippines and Vietnam gained permission to export fresh durians to China, and $ 6.7 billion in 2023 when 1.4 million tonnes were imported. Durian has become

13200-403: The western side, and the towns of Tagoloan , Villanueva , Jasaan , Claveria and Balingasag at the eastern side. Cagayan de Oro is located along the north central coast of Mindanao island facing Macajalar Bay and is bordered by the municipalities of Opol to the west, Tagoloan to the east, and the provinces of Bukidnon and Lanao del Norte to the south of the city. Cagayan de Oro

13320-451: Was again appointed Mayor and was in office until 1910. In 1910, Jose Levanta, son of Man Sayagnon, was elected Mayor and was in office until 1918. It was Jose Levanta, who transferred the seat of government from Patpat to the present site of the municipal government of Talakag. In World War II, Talakag appeared to have been occupied for virtually the entire war by guerrillas opposing the Japanese occupation of Mindanao. From June 8 to 29, 1944,

13440-399: Was another settlement further down south called “Dagundalahon”. At first, tribes of both settlements were very friendly and cordial to each other. They would hold social gatherings, "Kaamulan" and 'Kaliga" and other forms of intimate social merry-makings to satisfy their whims and caprices often with paganic undertones. This relationship did not last long. A serious breakdown developed and as

13560-536: Was captured, tortured and decapitated by the Japanese. Iponan, Gusa and Agusan, the city's oldest barangays , were once municipalities during the colonial period. Iponan and Agusan, along with Bayug, Gompot (Balingasag), and Tagoloan, were among the visitas established by the Recollect missionaries in Cagaiang (city's former name) in 1674. The two were under Partido de Cagayan as the then-undivided Misamis

13680-532: Was continuously inhabited by Late Neolithic to Iron Age Austronesian cultures. The oldest human remains discovered was from the Huluga Caves , once used as a burial place by the natives. A skullcap sent to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1977 was dated to be from between 350 and 377 AD. The caves have yielded numerous artifacts, but most areas have been badly damaged by guano collectors and amateur treasure hunters . Associated with

13800-628: Was made by cultural experts, but nothing happened with their plea. In 2003, the Heritage Conservation Advocates (HCA) went to the open area of Huluga for a scientific surface investigation and managed to find earthenware, Chinese pottery sherds, obsidian flakes, animal bones, an ancient Spanish coin, and a whale harpoon similar to those being used in Lomblen Island, Indonesia. The newly discovered artifacts proved that there are still many artifacts that can be found in

13920-453: Was named after its place of origin. The variety has bright yellow flesh and is like a more potent or enhanced version of the D24. It is the preferred cultivar in Singapore and Vietnam. Other popular cultivars in Malaysia include "Tekka", with a distinctive yellowish core in the inner stem; "D168" (IOI), which is round, of medium size, green and yellow outer skin, and easily dislodged flesh which

14040-420: Was partitioned into four partidos in 1818. Iponan was made into a separate parish in 1833. The three became visitas of then Cagayan de Misamis, which became the new provincial capital in 1871. Gusa was established as a barrio in 1771, and shortly, became a municipality. Original settlers were Bukidnons , as well as few Manobos and Moros , who came from barrio Lapasan and town of Cagayan; but

14160-600: Was ruled by Datu Labawan, who was also called Maganuna; Macahambus which was ruled by Datu Manpaklawan; and Tumalaung, which was ruled by Datu Mambalintas and Datu Manbalagon. Datu Man-utob was such a respected ruler that all the datus under him were all in awe of him. Even the Datus of Cagayhaan (now Cagayan de Oro) ruled by Datus Abaga, Binandina and Ganza, Datus Tombalan, Mansingkatol, Manimohod, Mansihabo, Tingkayogan, Yagoma and Magoliok, all of Tagoloan and of Maguindanao and Ditsaan (now Lanao del Sur) respected and feared him. He

14280-417: Was so well known that even Sultan Kabungsuan (also known as Sharif Kabunsuan, the youngest brother of Sharif Alawi) and other Muslim leaders visited him at Tikalaan several times to establish good relationship during the propagation of Islam. During this time Mindanao, tribal wars were prevalent. The inhabitants in the coastal areas could not go up to the mountains for fear of ambush and killings; neither could

14400-484: Was the source of controversy when a team from the University of the Philippines -Archaeological Studies Program dismissed the archeological importance of the site by declaring it as a "camp-like area" and not a settlement and thus not worthy of heritage protection under the laws. It was alleged by local conservationists that the UP-ASP team were influenced by the local government so the bridge project could continue. The site

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