Misplaced Pages

#962037

113-629: In its original usage, Talibanization referred to groups who followed Taliban's practices such as: The term pre-dates the Islamic terrorist attacks of 9/11 . It was first used to describe areas or groups outside of Afghanistan which came under the influence of the Taliban, such as the areas of Waziristan in Pakistan , or situations analogous to the Taliban-Al-Qaeda relationship, such as

226-468: A neo-Marxist critique of Soviet communism as " bureaucratic collectivism ", a new form of class society that was more oppressive than any form of capitalism. Shachtman's theory was similar to that of many dissidents and refugees from Communism, such as the theory of the " new class " proposed by Yugoslavian dissident Milovan Djilas . Shachtman's ISL had attracted youth like Irving Howe , Michael Harrington , Tom Kahn , and Rachelle Horowitz. The YPSL

339-686: A Dream speech. Michael Harrington soon became the most visible socialist in the United States when his The Other America became a best seller, following a long and laudatory New Yorker review by Dwight Macdonald . Harrington and other socialists were called to Washington, D.C., to assist the Kennedy Administration and then the Johnson Administration 's war on poverty and Great Society . Shachtman, Harrington, Kahn, and Rustin argued advocated

452-605: A challenge for leadership of the AFL. The SPA had 5 English and 8 foreign-language daily newspapers, 262 English and 36 foreign-language weeklies, and 10 English and 2 foreign-language monthlies. American entry into the First World War in 1917 led to a patriotic hysteria aimed against Germans, immigrants, African Americans, class-conscious workers, and Socialists, and the ensuing Espionage Act and Sedition Act were used against them. The government harassed Socialist newspapers,

565-518: A convention in New York. The General Council of the International moved to New York with Sorge as General Secretary, but following internal conflict, it dissolved in 1876. A larger wave of German immigrants followed in the 1870s and 1880s, which included social democratic followers of Ferdinand Lassalle . Lasalle believed that state aid through political action was the road to revolution and

678-503: A convention of socialists, anarchists and trade unionists disenchanted with the bureaucracy and craft unionism of the AFL, founded the rival Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), led by such figures as William D. "Big Bill" Haywood , Helen Keller , De Leon and Debs. The organizers of the IWW disagreed on whether electoral politics could be employed to liberate the working class. Debs left

791-629: A feudal past was the reason for the American working class holding middle-class values. Writing at a time when American industry was developing quickly towards the mass-production system known as Fordism , Max Weber and Antonio Gramsci saw individualism and laissez-faire liberalism as core shared American beliefs. According to the historian David De Leon, American radicalism was rooted in libertarianism and syndicalism rather than communism, Fabianism and social democracy , being opposed to centralized power and collectivism. The character of

904-653: A growth of religiously motivated Islamic movements in the Middle East, supported by Saudi Arabia , which came into conflict with the predominant secular ( Nasserist and Ba'athist ) nationalist ideologies at the time. The book The Revolt by Menachem Begin , leader of the Irgun militia and future Israeli Prime Minister, influenced both Carlos Marighella 's urban guerrilla theory and Osama bin Laden 's Islamist al-Qaeda organization. Israeli journalist Ronen Bergman in

1017-503: A large number of those involved in terrorism do not practise their faith regularly. Many lack religious literacy and could actually be regarded as religious novices. Very few have been brought up in strongly religious households, and there is a higher than average proportion of converts. Some are involved in drug-taking, drinking alcohol and visiting prostitutes. MI5 says there is evidence that a well-established religious identity actually protects against violent radicalisation. However, while

1130-506: A political science professor at Gaza's al-Azhar University , "Ruling by itself, Hamas can stamp its ideas on everyone (...) Islamizing society has always been part of Hamas strategy." Palestinian researcher Dr. Khaled Al-Hroub has criticized what he called the "Taliban-like steps" which Hamas has taken. In an article titled "The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza", he wrote, "The Islamization that has been forced upon

1243-523: A political strategy called "realignment" that prioritized strengthening labor unions and other progressive organizations that were already active in the Democratic Party. Contributing to the day-to-day struggles of the civil rights movement and labor unions had gained socialists credibility and influence, and had helped to push politicians in the Democratic Party towards " social-liberal " or social-democratic positions, at least on civil rights and

SECTION 10

#1732786794963

1356-744: A religion-based model of governance which restricts women's freedom and advocates anti-Western sentiment and has been accused of practicing "Talibanization" by the Saudi-backed government. In addition, in Sunni-dominated southern Yemen, Salafist of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula has enforced the Sharia law in areas under its control. The Government of National Unity would instate a Taliban-like morality police to crack-down on "weird haricuts" and western practices. The term

1469-528: A struggle against "U.S./Western/Jewish aggression, oppression, and exploitation of Muslim lands and peoples". Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon , in their book, The Age of Sacred Terror , argue that Islamic terrorist attacks are motivated by religious fervor. They are seen as "a sacrament ... intended to restore to the universe a moral order that had been corrupted by the enemies of Islam." Their attacks are neither political nor strategic but an "act of redemption" meant to "humiliate and slaughter those who defied

1582-437: A way as to incur and benefit from Saudi largesse," and so propagate Wahhabi doctrines; The hundreds of Islamic colleges and Islamic centers, over a thousand mosques and schools for Muslim children, it financed often featured Wahhabi-friendly curriculum and religious materials such as textbooks explaining that all forms of Islam except Wahhabism were deviation, or the twelfth grade Saudi text that "instructs students that it

1695-535: Is a misnomer for what should be called " Islamist terrorism". George W. Bush and Tony Blair (US president and UK Prime Minister respectively at the time of the September 11 attacks ) repeatedly stated that the war against terrorism has nothing to do with Islam. Others inside and out of the Islamic world who oppose its use on the grounds there is no connection between Islam and terrorism include Imran Khan ,

1808-627: Is a recent phenomenon is disputed. Some maintain that there was no terrorism in Islam prior to late 20th and early 21st century, while others, such as Ibn Warraq , claim that from the beginning of Islam, "violent movements have arisen" such as the Kharijites , Sahl ibn Salama, Barbahari , Kadizadeli movement, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab , etc., "seeking to revive true Islam, which its members felt had been neglected in Muslim societies, who were not living up to

1921-649: Is a religious obligation to do 'battle' against infidels in order to spread the faith". Wahhabi-friendly works distributed for free "financed by petroleum royalties" included those of Ibn Taymiyyah (author of the fatwa mentioned above against rulers who do not rule by sharia law). Not least, the successful 1980–1990 jihad against Soviet occupation of Afghanistan—that inspired non-Afghan jihad veterans to continue jihad in their own country or other—benefited from billions of dollars in Saudi financing, as well as "weaponry and intelligence". The "root cause" of Muslim terrorism

2034-707: Is also used non-literally, and it is also applied to non-Islamic bodies and organizations by those who allege that they practice "repressive policies" which are based on their interpretation of their respective religions. In addition, some members of the American Left may use it to criticize the Republican Party and the Christian right in their allegations that the radical right wing is implementing policies which are based on Christian fundamentalism . Sometimes, different analogous neologisms are used by

2147-497: Is extremist ideology, according to Pakistani theologian Javed Ahmad Ghamidi , specifically the teachings that: Other authors have noted other elements of extremist Islamic ideology. Terror attacks requiring the death of the attacker are generally referred to as suicide attacks/bombings by the media, but when done by Islamists their perpetrators generally call such an attack Istishhad (or in English " martyrdom operation "), and

2260-562: Is known as Wahabism . Sponsored by oil exporting power Saudi Arabia , Wahabism is deeply conservative and anti-revolutionary (its founder taught that Muslims are obliged to give unquestioned allegiance to their ruler, however imperfect, so long as he leads the community according to the laws of God), Nonetheless, this ideology and its sponsors have been accused of assisting terrorism both Up until at least 2017 or so (when Saudi Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman declared Saudi Arabia

2373-630: Is known for paying the families of imprisoned terrorists and of suicide bombers . The Islamic Republic of Iran intends billions of US dollars annually for militia fighters and terrorists, exploiting the extreme economic difficulties faced by people in countries such as Yemen , Lebanon and Syria by offering them cash in exchange for terror activity. A 2015 "general portrait" of "the conditions and circumstances" under which people living in France become "Islamic radicals" (terrorists or would-be terrorists) by Olivier Roy (see above) found radicalisation

SECTION 20

#1732786794963

2486-488: Is not linked to Islam. According to journalist Graeme Wood "much of what" one major Islamic terror group -- ISIS -- "does looks nonsensical except in light of a sincere, carefully considered commitment to returning civilization to a seventh-century legal environment" of Muhammad and his companions, "and ultimately to bringing about the apocalypse" and Judgement day . ISIS group members insist "they will not—cannot—waver from governing precepts that were embedded in Islam by

2599-781: Is strongly associated with an increase in religious practice". (This is not the case in European "countries where Muslims are predominant"— Bosnia , Albania , etc. -- where the opposite seems to be true, i.e. the more importance respondents assigned to religion in their life, the less likely they were to "justifying political violence".) Most strains of thought/schools/sects/movements/ denominations /traditions of Islam do not support or otherwise associate themselves with terrorism. According to Mir Faizal, only three sects or movements of Islam—the Sunni sects of Salafi , Deobandi , and Barelvi . —have been associated with violence against civilians. Of

2712-685: Is to make sure that we do not lump these murderers into the billion Muslims that exist around the world ..." It has been argued that "Islamic terrorism" is a misnomer for what should be called " Islamist terrorism". In January 2008, the US Department of Homeland Security Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties issued a report titled "Terminology to Define the Terrorists: Recommendations from American Muslims", which opened with Words matter. The terminology that senior government officials use must accurately identify

2825-467: The 2000 presidential election , Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke received 2,882,000 votes or 2.74% of the popular vote on the Green Party ticket. Filmmaker Michael Moore directed a series of popular movies examining the United States and its government policy from a left-wing perspective, including Bowling for Columbine , Sicko , Capitalism: A Love Story and Fahrenheit 9/11 , which

2938-916: The American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886. Anarchists split from the Socialist Labor Party to form the Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1881. By 1885 they had 7,000 members, double the membership of the SLP. They were inspired by the International Anarchist Congress of 1881 in London. There were two federations in the United States that pledged adherence to the International. A convention of immigrant anarchists in Chicago formed

3051-478: The American political system is hostile toward third parties and has also been presented as a reason for the absence of a strong socialist party in the United States. Political repression has also contributed to the weakness of the left in the United States. Many cities had Red Squads to monitor and disrupt leftist groups in response to labor unrest such as the Haymarket Riot . During World War II,

3164-919: The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The right-wing of this party broke away in 1944 to form the Liberal Party of New York . In the 1936, 1940 and 1944 elections the ALP received 274,000, 417,000, and 496,000 votes in New York State, while the Liberals received 329,000 votes in 1944. In 1958, the Socialist Party welcomed former members of the Independent Socialist League , which before its 1956 dissolution had been led by Max Shachtman . Shachtman had developed

3277-682: The International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). In 1973, Michael Harrington resigned from SDUSA and founded the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC), which attracted many of his followers from the former Socialist Party. The same year, David McReynolds and others from the pacifist and immediate-withdrawal wing of the former Socialist Party formed the Socialist Party USA . When

3390-652: The Islamic Courts Union (ICU) in Somalia and its harboring of Al Qaeda members, or similar harboring of Islamic extremists in Iran, Nigeria ( north ), Malaysia, or Indian-administered Kashmir and elsewhere around the world. It has been used to describe the influence of Islamist fundamentalist parties in Bangladesh. The term was used in a Boston Globe editorial published on November 6, 1999, warning of

3503-553: The NY-14 U.S. House primary and went on to win her general election. She is the youngest woman ever elected to Congress and ran on a progressive platform. The DSA has seen a huge resurgence in growth with Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign and continues to grow despite having had a membership of around 5,000 members only a decade ago. Unlike other parts of the modern left like the Socialist Equality Party ,

Talibanization - Misplaced Pages Continue

3616-659: The National Endowment for Democracy (NED), whose first President was Carl Gershman . The NED publicly allocated $ 4 million of public aid to Solidarity through 1989. The Democratic Socialists of America was founded in 1982 with the goal of running candidates in Democratic primaries and winning. In the 1990s, anarchists attempted to organize across North America around Love and Rage , which drew several hundred activists. By 1997 anarchist organizations began to proliferate. One successful anarchist movement

3729-575: The Occupy movement . Kshama Sawant was elected to the Seattle City Council as an openly socialist candidate in 2013. She was re-elected in 2015. Bernie Sanders , a self-described democratic socialist who runs as an independent , won his first election as mayor of Burlington, Vermont in 1981 and was re-elected for three additional terms. He then represented Vermont in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1991 until 2007, and

3842-534: The Quran , the hadith , and sharia law . These include retribution by armed jihad for the perceived injustices of unbelievers against Muslims; the belief that many self-proclaimed Muslims have violated Islamic law and are disbelievers ( takfir ); the perceived necessity of restoring Islam by establishing sharia law , including by reestablishing the Caliphate as a pan-Islamic state (e.g. ISIS );

3955-611: The Revolutions of 1848 , also known as Forty-Eighters . Joseph Weydemeyer , a German colleague of Karl Marx who sought refuge in New York in 1851 following the 1848 revolutions, established the first Marxist journal in the U.S., called Die Revolution , but It folded after two issues. In 1852 he established the Proletarierbund , which would become the American Workers' League, the first Marxist organization in

4068-568: The Smith Act made membership in revolutionary groups illegal. After the war, Senator Joseph McCarthy used the Smith Act to launch a crusade ( McCarthyism ) to purge alleged communists from government and the media. In the 1960s, the FBI 's COINTELPRO program monitored, infiltrated, disrupted and discredited radical groups in the United States. In 2008, Maryland police were revealed to have added

4181-478: The Taliban , and al-Qaeda – were responsible for 74% of all deaths from terrorism . In some of the worst-affected Muslim-majority regions, these terrorists have been met by armed, independent resistance groups. Islamist terrorism has also been roundly condemned by prominent Islamic figures and groups. Justifications given for attacks on civilians by Islamic extremist groups come from their interpretations of

4294-777: The Trotskyist Communist League of America , and recruited members from the CPUSA. The League then merged with A. J. Muste 's American Workers Party in 1934, forming the Workers Party . New members included James Burnham and Sidney Hook . By the 1930s the Socialist Party was deeply divided between an Old Guard, led by Hillquit, and younger Militants, who were more sympathetic to the Soviet Union, led by Norman Thomas . The Old Guard left

4407-409: The far-left Naxalite terrorists beheaded Police inspector Francis Induwar in the state of Jharkhand in 2009. The action has been compared to the tactics of the Taliban, and fears exist that the leftists in these areas are "Talibanizing". Like any highly politicized term, it may also be used hyperbolically or in an alarmist manner, to make a slippery slope argument, such as in the invocation of

4520-593: The 1901 assassination of the American president, William McKinley , by a professed anarchist led to the ending of political asylum for anarchists in 1903. In 1919, following the Palmer Raids , anarchists were imprisoned and many, including Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman , were deported. Yet anarchism again reached great public notice with the trial of the anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti , who would be executed in 1927. Daniel De Leon , who became leader of

4633-550: The 1990s, Islamist terrorist incidents have occurred around the world and targeted both Muslims and non-Muslims. Most attacks have been concentrated in Muslim-majority countries , with studies finding 80-90% of terrorist victims to be Muslim. The annual number of fatalities from terrorist attacks grew sharply from 2011 to 2014 when it reached a peak of 33,438, before declining to 13,826 in 2019. As of 2015, four Islamic extremist groups – Islamic State , Boko Haram ,

Talibanization - Misplaced Pages Continue

4746-553: The Book but infidels/kafir waging " war on Islam ". (These ideas are often related and overlapping.) Qutbism is named after Egyptian Islamist theoretician Sayyid Qutb , who wrote a manifesto (known as Milestones ), while in prison. Qutb is said to have laid out the ideological foundation of Salafi jihadism (according to Bruce Livesey); his ideas are said to have formed "the modern Islamist movement" (according to Gilles Kepel); which along with other "violent Islamic thought", became

4859-950: The Communist Party. These two groups would be combined as the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). The Communists organized the Trade Union Unity League to compete with the AFL and claimed to represent 50,000 workers. In 1928, following divisions inside the Soviet Union, Jay Lovestone , who had replaced Ruthenberg as general secretary of the CPUSA following his death, joined with William Z. Foster to expel Foster's former allies, James P. Cannon and Max Shachtman , who were followers of Leon Trotsky . Following another Soviet factional dispute, Lovestone and Gitlow were expelled, and Earl Browder became party leader. Cannon, Shachtman, and Martin Abern then set up

4972-904: The DSA is not a political party and its affiliated candidates usually run on a Democratic or independent ticket. Anarchism in the United States first emerged from individualistic , free-thinking , and utopian socialism as typified by the work of thinkers such as Josiah Warren and Henry David Thoreau . This was overshadowed by a mass, cosmopolitan, and working-class movement between the 1880s and 1940s, whose members were mostly recent immigrants, including those of German, Italian, Jewish, Mexican, and Russian descent. Prominent figures of this period include Albert Parsons and Lucy Parsons , Emma Goldman , Carlo Tresca , and Ricardo Flores Magón . The anarchist movement achieved notoriety due to violent clashes with police , assassinations , and sensational Red Scare propaganda, but most anarchist activity took place in

5085-514: The Eastern states and occasionally accepted violence as part of industrial action. The SPA was divided between reformers who believed that socialism could be achieved through gradual reform of capitalism and revolutionaries who thought that socialism could only develop after capitalism was overthrown, but the party steered a center path between the two. The SPA achieved the peak of its success by 1912 when its presidential candidate received 5.9% of

5198-644: The Gaza Strip – the suppression of social, cultural, and press freedoms that do not suit Hamas's view[s] – is an egregious deed that must be opposed. It is the reenactment, under a religious guise, of the experience of [other] totalitarian regimes and dictatorships. Since the outbreak of the Yemeni civil war , the Zaidist -led Houthi movement have controlled most of the densely populated areas. The Houthi-led Supreme Political Council , an organization which promotes

5311-779: The Global Terrorism Index, deaths from terrorism peaked in 2014 and have fallen each year since then until 2019 (the last year the study had numbers for), making a decline of more than half (59% or 13,826 deaths) from their peak. The five countries "hardest hit" by terrorism continue to be Muslims countries—Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Syria and Somalia. The motivation of Islamic terrorists has been disputed. Some (such as Maajid Nawaz , Graeme Wood , and Ibn Warraq ) attribute it to extremist interpretations of Islam; others (Mehdi Hasan) to some combination of political grievance and social-psychological maladjustment; and still others (such as James L. Payne and Michael Scheuer ) to

5424-499: The IWW in 1906, and De Leon was expelled in 1908, forming a rival "Chicago IWW" that was closely linked to the SLP. The (Minneapolis) IWW's ideology evolved into anarcho-syndicalism , or "revolutionary industrial unionism", and avoided electoral political activity altogether. It was successful organizing unskilled migratory workers in the lumber, agriculture, and construction trades in the Western states and immigrant textile workers in

5537-652: The International Working People's Association (Black International), while a group of Native Americans in San Francisco formed the International Workingmen's Association (Red International). Following a violent demonstration at Haymarket in Chicago in 1886, public opinion turned against anarchism. While very little violence could be attributed to anarchists, the attempted murder of a financier by an anarchist in 1892 and

5650-422: The Islamist organization imposed strict rules on women, discouraged activities commonly associated with Western or Christian culture, oppressed non-Muslim minorities, imposed sharia law, and deployed religious police to enforce these laws. In 2009, Arab-Israeli journalist Khaled Abu Toameh wrote that "Hamas is gradually turning the Gaza Strip into a Taliban -style Islamic entity." According to Mkhaimar Abusada,

5763-475: The Lebanese how effective a car bomb could be. Everything that we saw later with Hezbollah sprang from what they saw had happened after these operations." The year 1979 is widely considered a turning point in the rise of religiously motivated radicalism in the Muslim world. Several events are thought to be crucial for the proliferation of Islamist terrorism in the next decade, such as the Soviet-Afghan War and unprecedented support from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and

SECTION 50

#1732786794963

5876-448: The Muslim world had become apostate or jahiliyah , he did not specifically takfir or call for the execution of any apostates, even those governing non-sharia governments Qutb did however emphasize that "the organizations and authorities" of the putatively Muslim countries were irredeemably corrupt and evil and would have to be abolished by "physical power and Jihad", by a "vanguard" movement of true Muslims. One who did argue this

5989-430: The Pakistani-supported Taliban militia in Afghanistan has gained several characteristics traditionally associated with state-sponsors of terrorism , providing logistical support, travel documentation, and training facilities. Since 1989 the increasing willingness of religious extremists to strike targets outside immediate country or regional areas highlights the global nature of contemporary terrorism. The 1993 bombing of

6102-433: The Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers". Shmuel Bar argues that while the importance of political and socioeconomic factors in Islamist terrorism is not in doubt, "In order to comprehend the motivation for these acts and to draw up an effective strategy for a war against terrorism, it is necessary to understand the religious-ideological factors — which are deeply embedded in Islam." Examining Europe, two studies of

6215-416: The RAND Corporation , in 1980, 2 out of 64 terrorist groups were categorized as having religious motivation while in 1995, almost half (26 out of 56) were religiously motivated with the majority having Islam as their guiding force. The Soviet–Afghan War and the subsequent anti-Soviet mujahedin war, lasting from 1979 to 1989, started the rise and expansion of terrorist groups. Since their beginning in 1994,

6328-414: The SLP in 1890, took it in a Marxist direction. Eugene V. Debs , who had been an organizer for the American Railway Union formed the rival Social Democratic Party of America in 1898. Members of the SLP, led by Morris Hillquit and opposed to the De Leon's domineering personal rule and his anti-AFL trade union policy joined with the Social Democrats to form the Socialist Party of America (SPA). In 1905,

6441-474: The SPA became SDUSA, the majority had 22 of 33 votes on the (January 1973) national committee of SDUSA. Two minority caucuses of SDUSA became associated with two other socialist organizations, each of which was founded later in 1973. Many members of Michael Harrington's ("Coalition") caucus, with 8 of 33 seats on the 1973 SDUSA national committee, joined Harrington's DSOC. Many members of the Debs caucus, with 2 of 33 seats on SDUSA's 1973 national committee, joined

6554-404: The SWP in 1940 over their position on the Soviet Union and set up the Workers Party . Within months many members of the new party, including Burnham, had left. The Workers Party was renamed the Independent Socialist League (ISL) in 1949 and ceased being a political party. Some members of the Socialist Party's Old Guard formed the American Labor Party (ALP) in New York State, with support from

6667-406: The Socialist Party of the United States (SPUSA). From 1979 to 1989, SDUSA members like Tom Kahn organized the AFL-CIO 's fundraising of $ 300,000, which bought printing presses and other supplies requested by Solidarnosc (Solidarity), the independent labor-union of Poland . SDUSA members helped form a bipartisan coalition (of the Democratic and Republican parties) to support the founding of

6780-414: The U.S., but it too was short-lived, having failed to attract a native English-speaking membership. In 1866, William H. Sylvis formed the National Labor Union (NLU). Frederich Albert Sorge, a German who had found refuge in New York following the 1848 revolutions, took Local No. 5 of the NLU into the First International as Section One in the U.S. By 1872, there were 22 sections, which were able to hold

6893-421: The US for anti-Soviet jihadists ; the Iranian Revolution and subsequent Iran-Iraq War as well as Khomeini 's active support for Shia groups fighting the Israeli occupation of Lebanon ; the Grand Mosque seizure in Mecca and subsequent Wahhabization of the Saudi government; and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty that was highly unpopular in some sections of the Muslim world. According to Bruce Hoffman of

SECTION 60

#1732786794963

7006-473: The United States as a sub-category of the broader intentional community movement, some of which were based on utopian socialist ideals. The left has been involved in both the Democratic and Republican parties at different times, having originated in the Democratic-Republican Party as opposed to the Federalist Party . Although left-wing politics came to the United States in the 19th century, there are currently no major left-wing political parties in

7119-479: The World Trade Center , and the 11 September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, are representative of this trend. According to research by the German newspaper Welt am Sonntag , between 11 September 2001 and 21 April 2019, there were 31,221 Islamist terrorism attacks, in which at least 146,811 people were killed. Many of the victims were Muslims, including most of the victims who were killed in attacks involving 12 or more deaths. According to

7232-448: The accusers, such as allegations of " saffronization " which are used to describe or critique right-wing policies which are related to Hindu nationalism or as a slur used by far left and anti-Hindu groups. Radicalized Muslims often exploit the resonance with this term to attack Hindu nationalists as kafirs ( infidels ) and "Hindu Talibs". In India, the term has also been used to denote Sikh Extremism ( Khalistan supporters), and

7345-450: The archetype of Muslim violence – not just to Westerners but also to Muslims themselves. American Left [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The American left refers to the groups or ideas on the left of the political spectrum in the United States of America . It is occasionally used as a shorthand for groups aligned with the Democratic Party . At other times, it refers to groups that have sought egalitarian changes in

7458-401: The background of Muslim terrorists—one of the UK and one of France—found little connection between terrorist acts performed in the name of Islam and the religious piety of the operatives. A "restricted" 2008 UK report of hundreds of case studies by the domestic counter-intelligence agency MI5 found that there was no "typical profile" of a terrorist, and that [f]ar from being religious zealots,

7571-433: The book Rise and Kill First asserted that Hezbollah 's 1983 campaign of coordinated terrorist attacks against American, French and Israeli military installations in Beirut drew inspiration from and directly mirrored the Haganah 's and Irgun 's 1946 bombing campaign against the British: both succeeded in creating an atmosphere of widespread fear which eventually forced the enemy to withdraw. Bergman further asserts that

7684-446: The country. Despite existing left-wing factions within the Democratic Party , as well as minor third parties such as the Green Party , Communist Party , Party for Socialism and Liberation , Workers World Party , Socialist Party , and American Solidarity Party (a Christian democratic party leaning left on economics), there have been few representatives of left-leaning third parties in Congress. Academic scholars have long studied

7797-403: The early 20th century criticized the way capitalism had developed but were essentially middle class and reformist; however, both populism and progressivism steered some people to left-wing politics and many popular writers of the progressive period were left-wing. Even the New Left relied on radical democratic traditions rather than left-wing ideology. Friedrich Engels thought that the lack of

7910-426: The economic center, tapping Rahm Emanuel as his chief of staff and allowing fiscal moderates like Timothy Geithner and Larry Summers to steer the recovery from the economic crash." In 2011, Occupy Wall Street protests demanding accountability for the 2007–2008 financial crisis and against inequality started in Manhattan , New York and soon spread to other cities around the country, becoming known more broadly as

8023-526: The economic, political, and cultural institutions of the United States. Various subgroups with a national scope are active. Liberals and progressives believe that equality can be accommodated into existing capitalist structures, but they differ in their criticism of capitalism and on the extent of reform and the welfare state . Anarchists , communists , and socialists with international imperatives are also present within this macro-movement. Many communes and egalitarian communities have existed in

8136-471: The emerging threat of the Taliban regime almost two years before the attacks of September 11, 2001. The influence of Islamic groups in the Gaza Strip has grown since the 1980s, especially because poverty has risen since fighting with Israel began in 2000. The efforts to impose Islamic law and traditions continued when Hamas forcefully seized control of the area in June 2007 and displaced security forces loyal to

8249-574: The era of the anti-colonial struggle in North Africa and the Middle East , coinciding with the creation of Israel in 1948, a series of Marxist-Leninist and anti-imperialist movements swept throughout the Arab and Islamic world. These movements were nationalist and revolutionary, but not Islamic. However, their view that terrorism could be effective in reaching their political goals generated

8362-429: The experts they consulted, [t]here was a consensus that the [US Government] should avoid unintentionally portraying terrorists, who lack moral and religious legitimacy, as brave fighters, legitimate soldiers, or spokesmen for ordinary Muslims. Therefore, the experts counseled caution in using terms such as, "jihadist," "Islamic terrorist," "Islamist," and "holy warrior" as grandiose descriptions. Whether Islamic terrorism

8475-584: The first phase of modern international terrorism. In the late 1960s, Palestinian secular movements such as Al Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) began to target civilians outside the immediate arena of conflict. Following Israel's victory over Arab forces in 1967, Palestinian leaders began to realize that the Arab world was unable to defeat Israel in the battlefield. At

8588-450: The glory and heavenly rewards of martyrdom ; and the belief in the supremacy of Islam over all other religions . The use of the phrase "Islamic terrorism" is disputed. In Western political speech, it has variously been called "counter-productive", "highly politicized, intellectually contestable" and "damaging to community relations", by those who disapprove of the characterization 'Islamic'. It has been argued that "Islamic terrorism"

8701-475: The hegemony of God". According to Indonesian Islamic leader Yahya Cholil Staquf in a 2017 Time interview, within the classical Islamic tradition the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims is assumed to be one of segregation and enmity. In his view extremism and terrorism are linked with "the basic assumptions of Islamic orthodoxy" and that radical Islamic movements are nothing new. He also added that Western politicians should stop pretending that extremism

8814-473: The ideals of the earliest Muslims". The 7th century Kharijites , according to some, started from an essentially political position but developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. The group was particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfir , whereby they declared Muslim opponents to be unbelievers and therefore worthy of death, and also by their strong resemblance to contemporary ISIL. During

8927-423: The ideology behind Islamic terrorist groups, but Al Qaeda and other terrorists are more commonly described as following a fusion of Qutbism and Wahhabism . Outside of these sects or religious movements, the religious ideology of Qutbism has influenced Islamic terrorism, along with religious themes and trends including Takfir , suicide attacks , and the belief that Jews and Christians are not People of

9040-503: The ideology known as " Qutbism that is the "center of gravity" of al-Qaeda and related groups (according to U.S. Army Colonel Dale C. Eikmeier). Qutb is thought to be a major influence on Al-Qaeda #2 leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri . In his manifesto (called "one of the most influential works in Arabic of the last half century"), Qutb preached: Eikmeier summarizes the tenets of Qutbism as being: While Sayyid Qutb preached that all of

9153-536: The influence of Israeli-sponsored terrorist operations on the emerging Islamists was also of operational nature: the Israeli proxy Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners had carried out multiple deadly truck bombings in Lebanon long before the emergence of Hezbollah. An Israeli Mossad agent told Bergman: "I saw from a distance one of the cars blowing up and demolishing an entire street. We were teaching

9266-449: The labor movement while promoting students as agents of social change. LID and SDS split in 1965, when SDS voted to remove from its constitution the " exclusion clause " that prohibited membership by communists: The SDS exclusion clause had barred "advocates of or apologists for" "totalitarianism". The clause's removal effectively invited "disciplined cadre" to attempt to "take over or paralyze" SDS, as had occurred to mass organizations in

9379-508: The leader of the American Federation of Labor , thought that workers must rely on themselves because any rights provided by government could be revoked. Economic unrest in the 1890s was represented by populism and the People's Party . Although using anti-capitalist rhetoric, it represented the views of small farmers who wanted to protect their own private property , not a call for communism , collectivism , or socialism . Progressives in

9492-510: The members of their tribes. The first European socialists to arrive in North America were a Christian sect known as Labadists , who founded the commune of Bohemia Manor in 1683, about 60 miles (97 km) west of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Their communal way of life was based on the communal practices of the apostles and early Christians. The first secular American socialists were German Marxist immigrants who arrived following

9605-582: The most advanced industrial country would provide a model for the future of less developed nations. If socialism represented the future, then it should be strongest in the United States. While branches of the Working Men's Party were founded in the 1820s and 1830s in the United States, they advocated land reform , universal education and improved working conditions in the form of labor rights , not collective ownership , disappearing after their goals were taken up by Jacksonian democracy . Samuel Gompers ,

9718-557: The motivation of the individuals directly involved in carrying out the terror attacks are not necessarily religious and may stem from other reasons, religiously motivated organizations and governments are very often behind such attacks. Fundamentalist organizations and governments often encourage, fund, assist, incentivize or reward the actions of individuals they recognize as susceptible to be coerced into committing terror attacks, thus using people who are not always religiously motivated themselves to achieve religious ends. Hamas , for example,

9831-826: The names and personal information of anti-war protesters and death penalty opponents to a database which was intended to be used for tracking terrorists. Terry Turchie, a former deputy assistant director of the FBI Counterterrorism Division , admitted that "one of the missions of the FBI in its counterintelligence efforts was to try to keep these people (progressives and self-described socialists) out of office." Progressive Era Repression and persecution Anti-war and civil rights movements Contemporary Many indigenous tribes in North America practiced what Marxists would later call primitive communism , meaning they practiced economic cooperation among

9944-411: The nature of the challenges that face our generation. [...] At the same time, the terminology should also be strategic – it should avoid helping the terrorists by inflating the religious bases and glamorous appeal of their ideology. The office "consulted with some of the leading U.S.-based scholars and commentators on Islam to discuss the best terminology to use when describing the terrorist threat." Among

10057-828: The party to form the Social Democratic Federation . Following talks between the Workers Party and the Socialists, members of the Workers Party joined the Socialists in 1936. Once inside they operated as a separate faction. The Trotskyists were expelled from the Socialist Party the following year and set up the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and the youth wing of the Socialists, the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL) joined them. Shachtman and others were expelled from

10170-565: The perpetrators and the targets are orthodox Sunni Muslims. Not long ago, a bombing in Lashkar Gah, the capital of Helmand Province , killed Muslims, including women, who were applying to go on pilgrimage to Mecca . Overall, the trend is definitively in the direction of Muslim-on-Muslim violence. By a conservative accounting, more than three times as many Iraqis have been killed by suicide bombings in just three year (2003–6) as have Israelis in ten (from 1996–2006). Suicide bombing has become

10283-725: The phrase "Talibanization of Bradford " to discuss a gamut of common racial problems and tensions which fall far short of the imposition of sharia law and terrorist attacks. It may also be applied unfairly by those who do not understand Islamic culture and the basis of sharia law, or who fail to distinguish between moderate Islamic and extremist Islamist states, or misapplied to perceived threats which are not true or have yet to be proven. Islamic terrorist Islamic terrorism (also known as Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism or Jihadi terrorism ) refers to terrorist acts carried out by fundamentalist militant Islamists and Islamic extremists . Since at least

10396-402: The popular vote. The first Socialist congressman, Victor L. Berger , had been elected in 1910. By the beginning of 1912, there were 1,039 Socialist officeholders, including 56 mayors, 305 aldermen and councilmen, 22 police officials, and some state legislators. Milwaukee, Berkeley, Butte, Schenectady, and Flint were run by Socialists. A Socialist challenger to Gompers took one-third of the vote in

10509-580: The post office denied the SP use of the mails, and antiwar militants were arrested. Soon Debs and more than sixty IWW leaders were charged under the acts. Active Defunct Journals TV channels Websites Other In 1919, John Reed , Benjamin Gitlow and other Socialists formed the Communist Labor Party of America , while Socialist foreign sections led by C. E. Ruthenberg formed

10622-472: The prime minister of Pakistan, and academic Bruce Lawrence . Former US president Barack Obama explained why he used the term "terrorism" rather than "Islamic terrorism" in a 2016 townhall meeting saying, "There is no doubt, ... terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda or ISIL – They have perverted and distorted and tried to claim the mantle of Islam for an excuse for basically barbarism and death ... But what I have been careful about when I describe these issues

10735-502: The reasons why no viable socialist parties have emerged in the United States. Some writers ascribe this to the failures of socialist organization and leadership, some to the incompatibility of socialism with American values , and others to the limitations imposed by the United States Constitution . Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky were particularly concerned because it challenged orthodox Marxist beliefs that

10848-953: The same time, lessons drawn from the Jewish struggle against the British in Palestine and revolutionary movements across Latin America, North Africa and Southeast Asia, motivated the Palestinians to turn away from guerrilla warfare towards urban terrorism. These movements were secular in nature, though their international reach served to spread terrorist tactics worldwide. Moreover, the Arab Cold War between mostly US-aligned conservative Islamic monarchies (Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Jordan) and Soviet-aligned secular national-revolutionary governments (Egypt, Syria, Algeria, Libya, Iraq) inspired

10961-466: The secular President Mahmoud Abbas . After the civil war ended, Hamas declared the "end of secularism and heresy in the Gaza Strip." For the first time since the Sudanese coup of 1989 that brought Omar al-Bashir to power, a Muslim Brotherhood group ruled a significant geographic territory. Gaza human rights groups accuse Hamas of restricting many freedoms in the course of these attempts. Following

11074-497: The suicide attacker shahid (pl. shuhada , literally 'witness' and usually translated as 'martyr'). The idea being that the attacker died in order to testify his faith in God, for example while waging jihad bis saif ( jihad by the sword). The term "suicide" is never used because Islam has strong strictures against taking one's own life. According to author Sadakat Kadri, "the very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God

11187-418: The tactic has spread through the Muslim world "with astonishing speed and on a surprising course". First the targets were American soldiers, then mostly Israelis, including women and children. From Lebanon and Israel, the technique of suicide bombing moved to Iraq, where the targets have included mosques and shrines, and the intended victims have mostly been Shiite Iraqis . ... [In] Afghanistan , ... both

11300-440: The takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, Hamas has attempted to implement Islamic law in the Gaza Strip, mainly in schools, institutions and courts, by imposing the Islamic dress code or the wearing of the hijab on women. While Ismael Haniyeh officially denied that Hamas intended to establish an Islamic state , in the fourteen years since the 2007 coup, the Gaza Strip has exhibited the characteristics of Talibanization, whereby

11413-539: The thirties. Afterwards, Marxism–Leninism , particularly the Progressive Labor Party , helped to write "the death sentence" for SDS, which nonetheless had over 100 thousand members at its peak. In 1972, the Socialist Party voted to rename itself as Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA) by a vote of 73 to 34 at its December Convention; its National Chairmen were Bayard Rustin , a peace and civil-rights leader, and Charles S. Zimmerman , an officer of

11526-629: The three, only Salafi Islam—specifically Salafi jihadism Islam—can be called involved in global terrorism, as it is connected with Al-Qaeda , ISIS , Boko Haram and other groups. (Terrorism among some members of the Barelvi sect is limited to attacks on alleged blasphemers in Pakistan, and the terrorism among Deobandi groups has "almost no" influence beyond Afghanistan, Pakistan and Indian.) Another sect/movement known as Wahhabism (intertwined with non -jihadist Salafism ) has been accused of being

11639-541: The war on poverty. Harrington, Kahn, and Horowitz were officers and staff-persons of the League for Industrial Democracy (LID), which helped to start the New Left Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). The three LID officers clashed with the less experienced activists of SDS, like Tom Hayden , when the latter's Port Huron Statement criticized socialist and liberal opposition to communism and criticized

11752-614: Was Food Not Bombs , that distributed free vegetarian meals. Anarchists received significant media coverage for their disruption of the 1999 World Trade Organization conference, called the Battle in Seattle , where the Direct Action Network was organized. Most organizations were short-lived and anarchism went into decline following a reaction by the authorities that was increased after the September 11 attacks in 2001. In

11865-542: Was Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj , the main theoretician of the Islamist group that assassinated Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . who in his book Al-Farida al-gha'iba (The Neglected Duty), cited a fatwa issued in 1303 CE by the celebrated strict medieval jurist Ibn Taymiyyah . He had ruled that fighting and killing of the Mongol invaders who were invading Syria was not only permitted but obligatory according to Sharia. This

11978-507: Was because the Mongols did not follow sharia law, and so even though they had converted to Islam (Ibn Taymiyyah argued) they were not really Muslims. Faraj preached that rulers such as Anwar Sadat were "rebels against the Laws of God [the shari'ah]", and "apostates from Islam" who have preserved nothing of Islam except its name. Another Islamic movement accused of being involved in terrorism

12091-563: Was dissolved, but the party formed a new youth group under the same name. Kahn and Horowitz, along with Norman Hill , helped Bayard Rustin with the civil rights movement . Rustin had helped to spread pacificism and nonviolence to leaders of the civil rights movement, like Martin Luther King Jr. Rustin's circle and A. Philip Randolph organized the 1963 March on Washington , where Martin Luther King delivered his I Have

12204-491: Was not an "uprising of a Muslim community that is victim to poverty and racism: only young people join, including converts". Roy believes terrorism/radicalism is "expressed in religious terms" because Somewhat in contradiction to this, a study surveying Muslims in Europe to examine how much Islamist ideology increases support for terrorism, found that "in Western countries affected by homegrown terrorism ... justifying terrorism

12317-871: Was opposed to trade unionism which he saw as futile, believing that according to the iron law of wages employers would only pay subsistence wages. The Lassalleans formed the Social Democratic Party of North America in 1874 and both Marxists and Lassalleans formed the Workingmen's Party of the United States in 1876. When the Lassalleans gained control in 1877, they changed the name to the Socialist Labor Party of North America (SLP). However, many socialists abandoned political action altogether and moved to trade unionism. Two former socialists, Adolph Strasser and Samuel Gompers , formed

12430-493: Was returning to "moderate Islam"), Saudi Arabia spent many billions, not only through the Saudi government but through Islamic organizations, religious charities, and private sources, on dawah wahhabiya , i.e. spreading the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, This funding incentivized Muslim "schools, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, or even governments" around the world to "shape their behavior, speech, and thought in such

12543-522: Was subsequently elected U.S. Senator for Vermont in 2007, a position which he still holds. Although he did not win the 2016 Democratic Party presidential nomination , Sanders won the fifth highest number of primary votes of any candidate in a nomination race, Democratic or Republican, and had caused an upset in Michigan and many other states. Democratic Socialists of America member Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez defeated ten-term incumbent Joe Crowley in

12656-424: Was the top grossing documentary film of all time. According to The New Republic , Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 United States presidential election "would thrill and then embitter a generation of leftists." with "Millennials curious about socialism [being] drawn to" Obama, "especially as he successfully repelled the avatar of the Democratic establishment, Hillary Clinton. In office, however, Obama veered to

12769-519: Was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on a battlefield." After 1983 the process was limited among Muslims to Hezbollah and other Lebanese Shi'a factions for more than a decade. Since then, the "vocabulary of martyrdom and sacrifice", videotaped pre-confession of faith by attackers have become part of "Islamic cultural consciousness", "instantly recognizable" to Muslims (according to Noah Feldman ), while

#962037