40-694: Talysh ( تؤلشه زوؤن , Tolışə Zıvon , Tолышә зывон ) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan by around 500,000-800,000 people. Talysh language is closely related to the Tati language . It includes many dialects usually divided into three main clusters: Northern (in Azerbaijan and Iran), Central (Iran) and Southern (Iran). Talysh
80-523: A subject–object–verb word order. In some situations the case marker, 'i' or 'e' attaches to the accusative noun phrase. There is no definite article, and the indefinite one is "i". The plural is marked by the suffixes "un", "ēn" and also "yēn" for nouns ending with vowels. In contrast to Persian, modifiers are preceded by nouns, for example: "maryami kitav" (Mary's book) and "kava daryâ" (livid sea). Like most other Iranian dialects there are two categories of inflexion, subject and object cases. The "present stem"
120-462: A low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki or Mazandarani , and so these dialects should probably be considered a third separate language group of the Caspian area. In Mazandaran , Gilaki is spoken in the city of Ramsar and Tonekabon . Although the dialect is influenced by Mazandarani , it is still considered a Gilaki dialect. Furthermore, the eastern Gilaki dialect is spoken throughout
160-558: A more useful dialectal distinction is one between the varieties spoken in the mountains and those spoken in the plains. The morphosyntax of Northern Talysh is characterized by a complicated split system which is based on the Northwest Iranian type of accusativity/ergativity dichotomy: it shows accusative features with present-stem-based transitive constructions, whereas past-stem-based constructions tend towards an ergative behavior. In distant regions like Lavandevil and Masuleh ,
200-787: A variety of reasons. An orthography based on Azeri Latin is used in Azerbaijan, and also in Iranian sources, for example on the IRIB 's ParsToday website. The Perso-Arabic script is also used in Iran, although publications in the language are rare and are mostly volumes of poetry. The following tables contain the vowels and consonants used in Talysh. The sounds of the letters on every row, pronounced in each language, may not correspond fully. The general phonological differences of some Talysh dialects with respect to standard Persian are as follows: Talysh has
240-517: Is Tati . The Tati group of dialects is spoken across the Talysh range in the southwest (Kajal and Shahrud) and south (Tarom). This Tatic family should not be confused with another Tat family which is more related to Persian. Talysh also shares many features and structures with Zazaki , now spoken in Turkey , and the Caspian languages and Semnani of Iran. The division of Talysh into three clusters
280-544: Is a boss' Az 1SG vıl flower Northwestern Iranian languages Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.151 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 944446247 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:03:51 GMT Gilaki language Gilaki ( گیلٚکي زٚوؤن romanized: Gilɵki Zɵvon )
320-511: Is an Iranian language belonging to the Caspian subgroup of the Northwestern branch , spoken in south of Caspian Sea by Gilak people . Gilaki is closely related to Mazandarani . The two languages of Gilaki and Mazandarani have similar vocabularies. The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages (specifically Kartvelian languages ), reflecting
360-457: Is based on lexical, phonological and grammatical factors. Northern Talysh distinguishes itself from Central and Southern Talysh not only geographically but culturally and linguistically as well. Speakers of Northern Talysh are found almost exclusively in the Republic of Azerbaijan but can also be found in the neighbouring regions of Iran, in the Province of Gilan. The varieties of Talysh spoken in
400-422: Is inflected by removing the infinitive marker (ē), however the present stem and jussive mood are not so simple in many cases and are irregular. For some verbs, present and past stems are identical. The "be" imperative marker is not added situationally. The following tables show the conjugations for first-person singular of "sew" in some dialects of the three dialectical categories: There are four "cases" in Talysh,
440-460: Is never prefixed onto the stem, and the negative prefix nV- can act like an infix -n- , coming between the prefix and the stem. So from fagiftən , "to get", we get present indicative fagirəm , but present subjunctive fágirəm , and the negative of both, faángirəm or fanígirəm . The same applies to the negative of the past tenses : fángiftəm or fanígiftəm . Gilaki employs a combination of quasi-case endings and postpositions to do
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#1732781031528480-409: Is one of the six main dialects of Persian. It is used in the Talysh khanate and is probably the homeland of that language. Due to its grammatical and lexicographic forms, this language is noticeably different from other dialects. Except for the addition of the plural suffix "un", it is peculiar and is not derived from any Pahlavi or any other language. This language puts all relative pronouns before
520-578: Is partially, but not fully, intelligible with Persian . Talysh is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO 's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger . The origin of the name Talysh is not clear but is likely to be quite old. The name of the people appears in early Arabic sources as Al-Taylasân and in Persian as Tâlišân and Tavâliš, which are plural forms of Tâliš. Northern Talysh (in the Republic of Azerbaijan)
560-408: Is spoken exclusively are the townships of Masal and Masuleh. In other cities, in addition to Talysh, people speak Gilaki and Azerbaijani . In Azerbaijan there are eight cities where Talysh is spoken: Astara (98%), Lerik (90%), Lenkoran (90%), Masalli (36%). Talysh has been under the influence of Gilaki , Azeri Turkic, and Persian. In the south (Taleshdula, Masal, Shanderman, and Fumanat)
600-474: Is spoken in different regions with different dialects and accents. The number of Gilaki speakers is estimated at 3 to 4 million. Ethnologue reports that the use of Gilaki is decreasing as the speaker population is decreasing. Gilaki has the same consonants as Persian, but different vowels. Here is a table of correspondences for the Western Gilaki of Rasht , which will be the variety used in
640-473: Is the past stem. Talysh is a null-subject language , so nominal pronouns (e.g. I, he, she) are optional. For first person singular , both "az" and "men" are used. Person suffixes are not added to stems for "men". Examples: There are three prefixes in Talysh and Tati added to normal forms making possessive pronouns. They are: "če / ča" and "eš / še". The following Person Suffixes are used in different dialects and for different verbs. The past stem
680-463: Is used for the imperfect and the "past stem" for the present in the verbal system. That differentiates Talysh from most other Western Iranian dialects. In the present tense, verbal affixes cause a rearranging of the elements of conjugation in some dialects like Tâlešdulâbi, e.g. for expressing the negation of b-a-dašt-im (I sew), "ni" is used in the following form: ni-m-a-dašt (I don't sew)."m" is first person singular marker, "a" denotes duration and "dašt"
720-428: The Republic of Azerbaijan are best described as speech varieties rather than dialects. Four speech varieties are generally identified on the basis of phonetic and lexical differences. These are labeled according to the four major political districts in the Talysh region: Astara , Lankaran , Lerik , and Masalli . The differences between the varieties are minimal at the phonetic and lexical level. Mamedov (1971) suggests
760-483: The Talysh and Gilaks live side by side; however, there is less evidence that a Talysh family replaces Gilaki with its own language. In this region, the relation is more of a contribution to each other's language. In the north of Gilan, on the other hand, Azeri Turkic has replaced Talysh in cities like Astara after the migration of Turkic speakers to the region decades ago. However, the people around Lavandvil and its mountainous regions have retained Talysh. Behzad Behzadi,
800-557: The Talysh language, as the verb's news form is usually confused almost all the time, i.e. instead of the aorist preterit, the future time in the present tense, etc. is used. " Going even further, he writes: "In the Talysh language, the verb is the most difficult, the most confusing and the most dubious part." In the north of Iran, there are six cities where Talysh is spoken: Masal , Rezvanshar , Talesh , Fuman , Shaft , and Masuleh (in these cities some people speak Gilaki and Turkish as well). The only towns where Talysh
840-774: The antecedent of both Talysh and Tati . Miller's (1953) hypothesis that the Âzari of Ardabil , as appears in the quatrains of Shaikh Safi , was a form of Talysh was confirmed by Henning (1954). In western literature the people and the language are sometimes referred to as Talishi, Taleshi or Tolashi. Generally speaking, written documents about Taleshi are rare. The first information about the Talysh language in Russian can be found in Volume X of Strachevsky's "Encyclopedic Dictionary" ("Справочный энциклопедический словарь"), published in St. Petersburg in 1848. The work says: "The Talysh dialect
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#1732781031528880-459: The author of "Azerbaijani Persian Dictionary" remarks that: "The inhabitants of Astara are Talyshis and in fifty years ago (about 1953) that I remember the elders of our family spoke in that language and the great majority of dwellers also conversed in Talyshi. In the surrounding villages, a few were familiar with Turkic". From around Lisar up to Hashtpar , Azeri and Talysh live side by side, with
920-540: The case of Masali The following is the Northern Talysh dialect: The vowel system in Talysh is more extended than in standard Persian. The prominent differences are the front vowel ü in central and northern dialects and the central vowel ə. In 1929, a Latin-based alphabet was created for Talysh in the Soviet Union . However, in 1938 it was changed to Cyrillic-based , but it did not gain extensive usage for
960-436: The case of vowel stems). From the infinitive dín , "to see", we get present stem din- . The present indicative is formed by adding the personal endings to this stem: The present subjunctive is formed with the prefix bí- , bú- , or bə- (depending on the vowel in the stem) added to the indicative forms. Final /e/ neutralizes to /ə/ in the 3rd singular and the plural invariably lacks final /i/. The negative of both
1000-561: The dialects differ to such a degree that conversations begin to be difficult. In Iran, the northern dialect is in danger of extinction . The northern dialect has some salient differences from the central and southern dialects, e.g.: Alignment variation The durative marker "ba" in Taleshdulaei changes to "da" in Lankarani and shifts in between the stem and person suffixes: Such a diversification exists in each dialect too, as in
1040-462: The first work of Russian Iranians in the field of Iranian dialectology. He used the "Talysh" songs given in A. Khodzko's work. IN Berezin's work consists of two parts - a grammatical essay and songs from A. Khodzko's work. IN Berezin writes that he conducted his research on Iranian dialects on the basis of materials he personally collected and studied, but does not write anywhere with whom, when and in what area he collected them. In
1080-719: The history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the Caucasus region and Caucasian peoples of the Gilak people and Mazandarani people . The language is divided into three dialects: Western Gilaki , Eastern Gilaki and Galeshi/Deylami . The western and eastern dialects are separated by the Sefid River , while Galeshi is spoken in the mountains of eastern Gilan and western Mazandaran . There are three main dialects but larger cities in Gilan have slight variations to
1120-403: The indicative and the subjunctive is formed in the same way, with n- instead of the b- of the subjunctive. From xurdən , "to eat", we get the perfect stem xurd . To this are added unaccented personal endings and the unaccented b- prefix (or accented n- for the negative): The imperfect is formed with what was originally a suffix -i : The pluperfect is paraphrastically formed with
1160-576: The latter mostly spoken in small villages. To the south of Asalem , the influence of Azeri is negligible and the tendency is towards Persian along with Talysh in cities. In the Azerbaijan republic, Talysh is less under the influence of Azeri and Russian than Talysh in Iran is affected by Persian. Central Talysh has been considered the purest of all Talysh dialects. Talysh belongs to the Northwestern Iranian branch of Indo-European languages . The living language most closely related to Talysh
1200-780: The nominative (unmarked), the genitive, the (definite) accusative and ergative. The nominative case (characterized by null morpheme on nouns) encodes the subject; the predicate; the indefinite direct object in a nominative clause; definite direct object in an ergative clause; the vowel-final main noun in a noun phrase with another noun modifying it; and, finally, the nominal element in an adpositional phrases with certain adpositions. The examples below are from Pirejko 1976 PRST:present stem REFL:reflexive pronoun Nənə mother ıştə REFL zoə son pe-də love. VN - LOC Nənə ıştə zoə pe-də mother REFL son love.VN-LOC 'The mother loves her son' Əv 3SG rəis-e boss- PRED Əv rəis-e 3SG boss-PRED 'S/he
1240-533: The noun, and the pronouns themselves are original in it. The second information about the Talysh language is provided by Ilya Berezin, a professor at Kazan University, in Russian, but not in Russian, but in French. In 1853, Berezin's book on Persian grammar was published in Kazan. In the same year, his book "Recherches sur les dialectes persans" was published in Kazan. Experts still refer to this work as
Talysh language - Misplaced Pages Continue
1280-461: The protasis and apodosis of unreal conditions, e.g., mən agə Əkbəra bidé bim, xušhal bubosti bim, "If I were to see/saw/had seen Akbar, I would be happy". There are two very common paraphrastic constructions for the present and past progressives . From the infinitive šon , "to go", we get: There are many compound verbs in Gilaki, whose forms differ slightly from simple verbs. Most notably, bV-
1320-418: The remainder of the article: There are nine vowel phonemes in the Gilaki language: The consonants are: The verb system of Gilaki is very similar to that of Persian. All infinitives end in -tən/-dən , or in -V:n , where V: is a long vowel (from contraction of an original *-Vdən ). The present stem is usually related to the infinitive, and the past stem is just the infinitive without -ən or -n (in
1360-604: The valley of the Chalus river. In Qazvin province , Gilaki is spoken in northern parts of the province, in Alamut . Gilaki, is an inflected and genderless language. It is considered SVO , although in sentences employing certain tenses the order may be SOV . Gilaki is the language of the majority of people in Gilan province and also a native and well-known language in Mazandaran , Qazvin and Alborz provinces. Gilaki
1400-402: The verb bon , "to be", and the past participle , which is in turn formed with the perfect stem+ə (which can assimilate to become i or u ). The accent can fall on the last syllable of the participle or on the stem itself: A curious innovation of Western Gilaki is the past subjunctive , which is formed with the (artificial) imperfect of bon +past participle : This form is often found in
1440-399: The way they speak. These "sub-dialects" are Rashti, Rudbari, Some’e Sarai, Lahijani, Langerudi, Rudesari, Bandar Anzali, Fumani, Alamouti and Taleghani. Progressing to the east, Gilaki gradually blends into Mazandarani . The intermediate dialects of the area between Tonokābon and Kalārdašt serve as a transition between Gilaki and Mazandarani . The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to
1480-415: The word "per", father, we have: The genitive can change to -i , especially before some postpositions. The 1st and 2nd person pronouns have special forms: The 3rd person (demonstrative) pronouns are regular: /un/, /u.ˈʃan/, /i.ˈʃan/ With the genitive can be combined many postpositions . Examples: The personal pronouns have special forms with "-re": mere, tere, etc. Gilaki adjectives come before
1520-554: The work of many particles and prepositions in English and Persian. There are essentially three "cases" in Gilaki, the nominative (or, better, unmarked, as it can serve other grammatical functions), the genitive , and the (definite) accusative . The accusative form is often used to express the simple indirect object in addition to the direct object. A noun in the genitive comes before the word it modifies. These "cases" are in origin actually just particles, similar to Persian ra . For
1560-481: The work, Talysh words are distorted. IN Berezin writes about the quartets taken from the work of A. Khodzko: "Here I present to the reader a new translation of the Talysh, Gilan and Mazandaran songs and accompany them with critical notes; the Talysh texts, if not in Khodzko, were restored by me on the basis of his transcription." However, the author writes that "grammatical rules are not strictly observed in
1600-401: Was historically known as Tâlish-i Guštâsbi . Talysh has always been mentioned with Gilan or Muqan . Writing in the 1330s AD, Hamdallah Mostowfi calls the language of Gushtaspi (covering the Caspian border region between Gilan to Shirvan ) a Pahlavi language connected to the language of Gilan. Although there are no confirmed records, the language called in Iranian linguistics as Azari can be
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