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51-416: Tambun is notable for its pomelo produce, which is sought after by locals and tourists alike. Many planters were Hakkas from southern China. The fruit was originally brought in from Southern China together with the travelling Chinese as a good source of Vitamin C on extended ship journeys. The plant adapted well to Tambun-Ampang-Piah region's dark and ferrous soil conditions. Most pomelo farms harvest twice

102-474: A citron fruit is its thick white rind, which adheres to the segments and cannot easily be separated from them. The citron gets halved and depulped, then its rind (the thicker the better) is cut into pieces. Those are cooked in sugar syrup and used as a spoon sweet known in Greek as "kítro glykó" (κίτρο γλυκό), or diced and candied with sugar and used as a confection in cakes. In Italy, a soft drink called "Cedrata"

153-423: A height of about 8 to 15 ft (2 to 5 m). It has irregular straggling branches and stiff twigs and long spines at the leaf axils . The evergreen leaves are green and lemon-scented with slightly serrate edges, ovate-lanceolate or ovate elliptic 2.5 to 7.0 inches long. Petioles are usually wingless or with minor wings. The clustered flowers of the acidic varieties are purplish tinted from outside, but

204-422: A leathery, dull green upper layer, and hairy under-leaf. The flowers — single or in clusters — are fragrant and yellow-white in color. The fruit is large, 15–25 cm (6–10 in) in diameter, usually weighing 1–2 kilograms (2–4 pounds). It has a thicker rind than a grapefruit, and is divided into 11 to 18 segments. The flesh tastes like mild grapefruit, with a little of its common bitterness (the grapefruit

255-600: A naturally occurring hybrid of the pomelo and the mandarin; however, genome analysis shows that it is actually a backcrossed hybrid between a pomelo and a sweet orange, which is why 63% of the grapefruit's genome comes from the pomelo. The bitter orange is a hybrid of wild type mandarin and pomelo; in turn, the lemon is a hybrid of bitter orange and citron , i.e. cultivated lemons have some pomelo ancestry. In addition, there has been repeated introgression of pomelo genes into both early cultivated hybrid mandarins and later mandarin varieties, these last also involving hybridization with

306-481: A small number of ancestral types: the citron, pomelo , mandarin and, to a lesser extent, papedas and kumquat . The citron is usually fertilized by self-pollination , which results in their displaying a high degree of genetic homozygosity . It is the male parent of any citrus hybrid rather than a female one. Archaeological evidence for citrus fruits has been limited, as neither seeds nor pollen are likely to be routinely recovered in archaeology. The citron

357-505: A sweet grapefruit, the pomelo is commonly eaten and used for festive occasions throughout Southeast and East Asia. As with the grapefruit, phytochemicals in the pomelo have the potential for drug interactions . The pomelo tree may be 5–15 meters (16–50 feet) tall, possibly with a crooked trunk 10–30 centimeters (4–12 inches) thick, and low-hanging, irregular branches. Their leaf petioles are distinctly winged, with alternate, ovate or elliptic shapes 5–20 cm (2–8 in) long, with

408-480: A weak stomach, but it is not easy to eat them except with vinegar . Ibn al-'Awwam 's 12th-century agricultural encyclopedia, Book on Agriculture , contains an article on citron tree cultivation in Spain . The citron fruit is usually ovate or oblong, narrowing towards the stylar end. However, the citron's fruit shape is highly variable, due to the large quantity of albedo , which forms independently according to

459-453: A wide variety of physical forms, they are all closely related genetically. It is used in Asian and Mediterranean cuisine, traditional medicines, perfume, and religious rituals and offerings. Hybrids of citrons with other citrus are commercially more prominent, notably lemons and many limes . The fruit's English name "citron" derives ultimately from Latin, citrus , which is also the origin of

510-471: A year in conjunction with Chinese New Year and Mid Autumn Festival. However, some enterprising farmers have managed to have a third crop squeezed to increase their yield. In the early years of the 20th century and the emergency period after the Second World War, most Tambun planters also increased yield by rearing pigs and chickens within their pomelo farms. This practiced continued until the turn of

561-472: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pomelo The pomelo ( / ˈ p ɒ m ɪ l oʊ , ˈ p ʌ m -/ POM -il-oh, PUM - ; Citrus maxima ), also known as a shaddock and from the family Rutaceae , is the largest citrus fruit . It is an ancestor of several cultivated citrus species, including the bitter orange and the grapefruit . It is a natural, non-hybrid, citrus fruit, native to Southeast Asia . Similar in taste to

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612-516: Is a fairly important article in international trade and is widely employed in the food industry as succade , as it is known when it is candied in sugar. The dozens of varieties of citron are collectively known as Lebu in Bangladesh, West Bengal , where it is the primary citrus fruit. In Iran the citron's thick white rind is used to make jam; in Pakistan the fruit is used to make jam but

663-428: Is a hybrid of the pomelo and the orange). The enveloping membranes around the segments are chewy and bitter, considered inedible, and usually discarded. There are at least sixty varieties. The fruit generally contains a few, relatively large seeds, but some varieties have numerous seeds. The physical and chemical characteristics of pomelo vary widely across South Asia. The pomelo is significant botanically as one of

714-420: Is a non-hybrid variety; Banpeiyu may be another. Citron The citron ( Citrus medica ), historically cedrate , is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind . It is said to resemble a 'huge, rough lemon'. It is one of the original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types developed through natural hybrid speciation or artificial hybridization . Though citron cultivars take on

765-589: Is also pickled; in South Indian cuisine , some varieties of citron (collectively referred to as "Narthangai" in Tamil and "Heralikayi" in Kannada ) are widely used in pickles and preserves. In Karnataka , heralikayi (citron) is used to make lemon rice. In Kutch , Gujarat, it is used to make pickle, wherein entire slices of fruits are salted, dried and mixed with jaggery and spices to make sweet spicy pickle. In

816-420: Is also useful to improve the breath , for if one boils the inner part of the fruit in a dish or squeezes it into the mouth in some other medium, it makes the breath more pleasant. The seed is removed from the fruit and sown in the spring in carefully tilled beds, and it is watered every fourth or fifth day. As soon the plant is strong it is transplanted , also in the spring, to a soft, well watered site, where

867-430: Is commonly called Buddha's hand . The color varies from green, when unripe, to a yellow-orange when overripe. The citron does not fall off the tree and can reach 8–10 pounds (4–5 kg) if not picked before fully mature. However, they should be picked before the winter, as the branches might bend or break to the ground, and may cause numerous fungal diseases for the tree. Despite the wide variety of forms taken on by

918-414: Is made from the fruit. In Samoa a refreshing drink called "vai tipolo" is made from squeezed juice. It is also added to a raw fish dish called "oka" and to a variation of palusami or luáu. Citron is a regularly used item in Asian cuisine. Today the citron is also used for the fragrance or zest of its flavedo , but the most important part is still the inner rind (known as pith or albedo ), which

969-602: Is native it is commonly eaten as a dessert, sprinkled with salt or dipped in a salt mixture, or made into salads. In the Philippines, a pink beverage is made from pomelo and pineapple juice . The fruit may have been introduced to China around 100 BCE. In East Asia, especially in Cantonese cuisine , braised pomelo pith is used to make dishes that are high in fibre and low in fat. The pomelo, while not itself toxic, can cause adverse interactions similar to those caused by

1020-494: Is removed by salt treatment before processing into confectionery. In Hebrew it is called an etrog ( אתרוג ); in Yiddish, it is pronounced "esrog" or " esreg ". The citron plays an important role in the harvest holiday of Sukkot paired with lulavim (fronds of the date palm ). The citron is an old and original citrus species. There is molecular evidence that most cultivated citrus species arose by hybridization of

1071-404: Is thought to have been native to India , in valleys at the foothills of the eastern Himalayas . It is thought that by the 4th century BC, when Theophrastus mentions the "Median apple." Despite its scientific designation, which is an adaptation of the old name in classical Greek sources “Median pome”, this fruit was not indigenous to Media or ancient Media the citron was mostly cultivated in

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1122-526: Is used as an offering in Buddhist temples. In Nepal , the citron ( Nepali : बिमिरो , romanized:  bimiro ) is worshipped during the Bhai Tika ceremony during Tihar . The worship is thought to stem from the belief that it is a favorite of Yama , Hindu god of death, and his sister Yami . For many centuries, citron's fragrant essential oil ( oil of cedrate ) has been used in perfumery,

1173-415: Is very useful in repelling the attacks of noxious insects. The tree bears fruit at all seasons of the year; while some is falling off, other fruit is ripening, and other, again, just bursting into birth. Various nations have attempted to naturalize this tree among them, for the sake of its medica or Persian properties, by planting it in pots of clay, with holes drilled in them, for the purpose of introducing

1224-686: The Caspian Sea (north of Mazandarn and Gilan) on its way to the Mediterranean basin , where it was cultivated during the later centuries in different areas as described by Erich Isaac. Many mention the role of Alexander the Great and his armies as they attacked Iran and what is today Pakistan , as being responsible for the spread of the citron westward, reaching the European countries such as Greece and Italy . Leviticus mentions

1275-490: The Daily Value ), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table). The flesh and juice are edible, and the rind is used to make preserves , or may be candied. In Brazil, the outer part of the rind is used for making a sweet conserve , while the spongy pith of the rind is discarded. In Sri Lanka, it is often eaten as a dessert , sometimes sprinkled with sugar. In large parts of Southeast Asia where pomelo

1326-552: The Yemenite citron . There are also a number of citron hybrids ; for example, ponderosa lemon , the lumia and rhobs el Arsa are known citron hybrids. Some claim that even the Florentine citron is not pure citron, but a citron hybrid. While the lemon and orange are primarily peeled to consume their pulpy and juicy segments , the citron's pulp is dry, containing a small quantity of juice, if any. The main content of

1377-406: The firethorn ( Cotoneaster pyracantha Spach.), except that they are white, smooth, sharp and strong. The fruit is not eaten, but is very fragrant, as is also the leaf of the tree; and the fruit is put among clothes , it keeps them from being moth -eaten. It is also useful when one has drunk deadly poison, for when it is administered in wine ; it upsets the stomach and brings up the poison. It

1428-458: The "fruit of the beautiful ('hadar') tree" as being required for ritual use during the Feast of Tabernacles ( Lev. 23:40 ). According to Jewish Rabbinical tradition, the "fruit of the tree hadar" refers to the citron. Mishna Sukkah , c.  2nd century AD , deals with halakhic aspects of the citron. The Egyptologist and archaeologist Victor Loret said he had identified it depicted on

1479-543: The Assyrian, and by some the Median or Persian apple, is an antidote against poisons. The leaf is similar to that of the arbute , except that it has small prickles running across it. As to the fruit, it is never eaten, but it is remarkable for its extremely powerful smell, which is the case, also, with the leaves; indeed, the odour is so strong, that it will penetrate clothes, when they are once impregnated with it, and hence it

1530-645: The Scandinavian languages. In Italian it is known as cedro , the same name used also to indicate the coniferous tree cedar . Similarly, in Latin, citrus, or thyine wood referred to the wood of a North African cypress, Tetraclinis articulata . In Indo-Iranian languages , it is called turunj , as against naranj ('bitter orange'). Both names were borrowed into Arabic and introduced into Spain and Portugal after their occupation by Muslims in AD 711, whence

1581-533: The United States, citron is an important ingredient in holiday fruitcakes . From ancient through medieval times, the citron was used mainly for supposed medical purposes to combat seasickness , scurvy and other disorders. The essential oil of the flavedo (the outermost, pigmented layer of rind) was also regarded as an antibiotic . The juice of the citron has a high content of vitamin C and dietary fiber ( pectin ) which can be extracted from

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1632-456: The acidic varieties, and colorless for the sweet ones. Some citron varieties have persistent styles which do not fall off after fecundation. Those are usually preferred for ritual etrog use in Judaism . Some citrons have medium-sized oil bubbles at the outer surface, medially distant to each other. Some varieties are ribbed and faintly warted on the outer surface. A fingered citron variety

1683-581: The air to the roots; and I would here remark, once for all, that it is as well to remember that the best plan is to pack all slips of trees that have to be carried to any distance, as close together as they can possibly be placed. It has been found, however, that this tree will grow nowhere except in Persia. It is this fruit, the pips of which, as we have already mentioned, the Parthian grandees employ in seasoning their ragouts , as being peculiarly conducive to

1734-402: The century when Japanese encephalitis struck the district. In Tambun, animal droppings are used as fertilisers. Within the district were Sikh cow farm which supplement their income by selling cow-dungs - a favoured source of fertilisers the pomelo orchards. 4°37′N 101°08′E  /  4.617°N 101.133°E  / 4.617; 101.133 This Perak location article

1785-527: The fruit, citrons are all closely related genetically, representing a single species. Genetic analysis divides the known cultivars into three clusters: a Mediterranean cluster thought to have originated in India, and two clusters predominantly found in China, one representing the fingered citrons, and another consisting of non-fingered varieties. Citrus medica is a slow-growing shrub or small tree that reaches

1836-458: The fruits' position on the tree, twig orientation, and many other factors. The rind is leathery, furrowed, and adherent. The inner portion is thick, white and hard; the outer is uniformly thin and very fragrant. The pulp is usually acidic, but also can be sweet, and some varieties are entirely pulpless. Most citron varieties contain a large number of monoembryonic seeds. The seeds are white with dark inner coats and red-purplish chalazal spots for

1887-624: The genus name. A source of confusion is that 'citron ' in French and English are false friends , as the French word 'citron' refers to what in English is a lemon ; whereas the French word for the citron is 'cédrat' . Indeed, into the 16th century, the English term citron included the lemon and perhaps the lime as well. Other languages that use variants of citron to refer to the lemon include Armenian, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, German, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Esperanto, Polish and

1938-455: The grapefruit with a wide range of prescription drugs . These occur by the inhibition of cytochrome P450 -mediated metabolism of prescription drugs including for example some anti-hypertensives , some anticoagulants , some anticancer agents , some anti-infective agents , some statins , and some immunosuppressants . The seeds of the pomelo are monoembryonic , producing seedlings with genes from both parents, but they are usually similar to

1989-519: The island in the late 1640s). From there the name spread to Jamaica in 1696. The fruit is called jambola in varieties of English spoken in South Asia , and jabong in Hawai'i. Raw pomelo flesh is 89% water, 10% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and contains negligible fat . A 100-gram reference amount provides 159 kilojoules (38 kilocalories) of food energy , and is rich in vitamin C (68% of

2040-548: The latter became the source of the name orange through rebracketing (and the former of 'toronja' and 'toranja', which today describe the grapefruit in Spanish and Portuguese respectively). Dutch merchants seasonally import Sukade for baked goods; a thick, light green colored commercially candied half peeling from Indonesia and other countries ( sukade – Indonesian word for love, Citrus médica variety 'Macrocárpa'), which can reach 2.5 kilograms mass. A bitter taste

2091-600: The same meaning. An alternative possibility is that the Dutch name derives from Portuguese pomos limões 'citrus fruit'. The specific name maxima is the female form of the Latin for 'biggest'. One theory for the alternative English name 'shaddock' is that it was adopted after the plant's introduction into Barbados by a 'Captain Shaddock' of the East India Company (apparently Philip Chaddock, who visited

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2142-553: The soil is not very fine, for it prefers such places. And it bears its fruit at all seasons , for when some have gathered, the flower of the others is on the tree and is ripening others. Of the flowers I have said those that have a sort of distaff [meaning the pistil ] projecting from the middle are fertile, while those that do not have this are sterile. It is also sown, like date palms , in pots punctured with holes. This tree, as has been remarked, grows in Media and Persia. Citron

2193-622: The sweet ones are white-yellowish. The citron tree is very vigorous with almost no dormancy, blooming several times a year, and is therefore fragile and extremely sensitive to frost. The acidic varieties include the Florentine and Diamante citron from Italy , the Greek citron and the Balady citron from Israel . The sweet varieties include the Corsican and Moroccan citrons . The pulpless varieties also include some fingered varieties and

2244-533: The sweet orange. Pomelo genes are thus included in many types of cultivated Citrus . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the etymology of the word 'pomelo' is uncertain. It may be derived from Dutch pompelmoes . The Dutch name in turn has uncertain etymology, but is possibly derived from Dutch pompel 'swollen' or pompoen 'pumpkin', combined with limoes 'lemon, citrus fruit', influenced by Portuguese limões with

2295-437: The sweetening of the breath. We find no other tree very highly commended that is produced in Media. Citrons, either the pulp of them or the pips, are taken in wine as an antidote to poisons. A decoction of citrons, or the juice extracted from them, is used as a gargle to impart sweetness to the breath. The pips of this fruit are recommended for pregnant women to chew when affected with qualmishness . Citrons are good, also, for

2346-525: The thick albedo of the citron. The citron (the word for which in Hebrew is etrog ) is used by Jews for a religious ritual during the Jewish harvest holiday of Sukkot , the Feast of Tabernacles ; therefore, it is considered to be a Jewish symbol, one found on various Hebrew antiques and archaeological findings. A variety of citron native to China has sections that separate into finger-like parts and

2397-408: The three major wild ancestors of several cultivated hybrid Citrus species, including the bitter orange and the grapefruit ; and less directly also of the lemon , the sweet orange , and some types of mandarin . The sweet orange is a naturally occurring hybrid between the pomelo and the mandarin , with the pomelo the larger and firmer of the two. The grapefruit was originally presumed to be

2448-483: The tree they grow from and therefore pomelo are typically grown from seeds in Asia. Seeds can be stored for 80 days at a temperature of 5 °C (41 °F) with moderate relative humidity. Citrus maxima is usually grafted onto other citrus rootstocks outside Asia to produce trees that are identical to the parent; high-quality varieties are propagated by air-layering or by budding onto favored rootstocks. Dangyuja

2499-680: The walls of the botanical garden at the Karnak Temple , which dates back to the time of Thutmosis III , approximately 3,500 years ago. Citron was also cultivated in Sumer as early as the 3rd millennium BC. The citron has been cultivated since ancient times, predating the cultivation of other citrus species . The following description on citron was given by Theophrastus In the east and south there are special plants ... i.e. in Media(Perhaps they mistakenly called it Mad because it

2550-536: Was also described by Pliny the Elder , who called it nata Assyria malus . The following is from his book Natural History : There is another tree also with the same name of "citrus", and bears a fruit that is held by some persons in particular dislike for its smell and remarkable bitterness; while, on the other hand, there are some who esteem it very highly. This tree is used as an ornament to houses; it requires, however, no further description. The citron tree, called

2601-437: Was located in the east of Parthia and south and the tree grows in the question of Caspian sea, Mazandaran, Gilan , not Mad ) and Persia there are many types of fruit, between them there is a fruit called Median or Persian Apple. The tree has a leaf similar to and almost identical with that of the andrachn ( Arbutus andrachne L.), but has thorns like those of the apios (the wild pear , Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.) or

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