126-513: Tanara is a district in the Banten province on the island of Java , Indonesia. The Ci Durian , a river, enters the Java Sea at Tanara. As of 2010 the district was divided into the following villages: Banten Banten ( Indonesian : Banten , Sundanese : ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪ , romanized: Banten ) is the westernmost province on the island of Java , Indonesia . Its capital city
252-603: A World Heritage Site . Among these Hindu kingdoms, Majapahit kingdom was the largest and the last significant Hindu kingdom in Indonesian history . Majapahit was based in East Java, from where it ruled a large part of what is now Indonesia. The remnants of the Majapahit kingdom shifted to Bali during the sixteenth century after a prolonged war by and territorial losses to Islamic sultanates. The heritage of Hinduism left
378-532: A federal state of the United States of Indonesia in 1949, and was incorporated into the Republic of Indonesia on 11 March 1950. After Indonesian independence, Banten became part of the province of West Java . Separatist sentiment led to the creation of the province of Banten in 2000. Banten lies between 5°7'50" and 7°1'11" south latitude and 105°1'11" and 106°7'12" east longitude. The province has
504-845: A residentie (residency) of the Dutch East Indies. Japan invaded the East Indies , expelling the Dutch, and occupied Banten in March 1942. During their three years of occupation , the Japanese built the Saketi–Bayah railway in southern Lebak to transport brown coal from the Bayah mines. The project involved a workforce of about 1,000 rōmusha (local forced labourers) and a few engineers and technicians (mainly Dutch), supervised by
630-623: A battle between the mythical characters Rangda the witch (representing adharma, something like disorder) and Barong the protective spirit represented with a lion mask (representing dharma ), in which performers fall into a trance, the good attempts to conquer evil, the dancers express the idea that good and evil exists within each individual, and that conquering evil implies ejecting evil from oneself. Balinese paintings are notable for their highly vigorous yet refined, intricate art that resembles baroque folk art with tropical themes. The dance-drama regularly ends undecided, neither side winning, because
756-778: A decline of their own unique ' Hindu Kaharingan ' traditions and renewed external domination. By contrast, most Javanese were slow to consider Hinduism at the time, lacking a distinct organization along ethnic lines and fearing retribution from locally powerful Islamic organizations like the Nahdatul Ulama (NU). Several native tribal peoples with beliefs such as Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan , Buginese Tolotang , Torajan Aluk Todolo , Tenggerese Budho, and Batak Malim , with their own unique syncretic faith, have declared themselves as Hindus in order to comply with Indonesian law, while preserving their distinct traditions with differences from mainstream Indonesian Hinduism dominated by
882-449: A dispute between them destroyed Kuffeler's forces; Surapati and his followers became fugitives from the VOC. Lampung was given to the VOC on 12 March 1682 by Sultan Haji as compensation for the company's support, and a 22 August 1682 letter gave the VOC the province's pepper monopoly. The sultanate also had to reimburse the VOC for losses caused by the war. After Sultan Haji's death in 1687,
1008-532: A diverse way of life. It includes many of the Indian spiritual ideas, cherishes legends and myths of Indian Puranas and Hindu Epics, as well as expresses its traditions through unique set of festivals and customs associated with a myriad of hyangs - the local and ancestral spirits, as well as forms of animal sacrifice that are not common in India. The Balinese temple is called Pura . These temples are designed on
1134-436: A family deity, called Kula dewa, who resides in the temple called the family temple that the individual and his family patronize. Balinese Hindu follow a 210-day calendar (based on rice crop and lunar cycles), and each temple celebrates its anniversary once every 210 days (the calendar is known as Pawukon calendar ). Unique rituals and festivals of Balinese Hindus , that are not found in India, include those related to death of
1260-563: A land area of 9,352.77 km (3,611.12 sq mi). It is near the Sunda Strait 's sea lanes, which link Australia and New Zealand with Southeast Asia . Banten also links Java and Sumatra. The region has a number of industries; its seaports handle overflow cargo from the seaport in Jakarta , and are intended to be an alternative to the Port of Singapore . Its location on
1386-626: A loved one followed by cremations, cockfights, tooth filings, Nyepi and Galungan. Each temple anniversary, as well as festivals and family events such as wedding include flowers, offerings, towering bamboos with decoration at the end and a procession. These are celebrated by the community with prayers and feast. Most festivals have a temple as venue, and they are often occasions for prayers, celebration of arts and community. Some traditions, in contrast, involve animist rituals such as caru (animal blood sacrifice) such as Tabuh Rah (lethal cockfighting) or killing of an animal to appease buta kala (spirits of
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#17327903211451512-588: A minority religion, the Hindu culture has influenced the way of life and day-to-day activities in Indonesia. Outside of Bali, many adherents of traditional indigenous religions identify as Hindus in order to gain official recognition. The indigenous peoples of the Indonesian Archipelago believed in animism and dynamism , practices commonly shared among many tribal peoples around the world. In
1638-630: A more pronounced history of resistance to Islamization in East Java , Hindu communities are also expanding in Central Java (Lyon 1980), for example in Klaten , near the ancient Hindu monuments of Prambanan . Today the Prambanan temple stages various annual Hindu ceremonies and festivals such as Galungan and Nyepi. In West Java , a Hindu temple Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta was built on
1764-519: A national rather than just a Balinese concern. While Hindus in Bali, with their large majority, developed and freely practiced their religion, in other islands of Indonesia they suffered discrimination and persecution by local officials as these Hindus were considered as those who had left Islam, the majority religion. However, the central government of Indonesia supported the Hindus. In the 1960s, Hinduism
1890-686: A pantheon of deities and that tradition of belief continues in practice; further, Hinduism in Indonesia granted freedom and flexibility to Hindus as to when, how and where to pray. However, officially, Indonesian government considers and advertises Indonesian Hinduism as a monotheistic religion with certain officially recognized beliefs that comply with its national ideology. Indonesian school text books describe Hinduism as having one supreme being, Hindus offering three daily mandatory prayers , and Hinduism as having certain common beliefs that in part parallel those of Islam. Scholars contest whether these Indonesian government recognized and assigned beliefs reflect
2016-479: A population of over 11.9 million in the 2020 census , up from about 10.6 million in 2010 . The estimated mid-2023 population was 12.308 million. Formerly part of the province of West Java , Banten was split off to become a province on 17 October 2000. The northern half (particularly the eastern areas near Jakarta and the Java Sea coast) has recently experienced rapid rises in population and urbanization , and
2142-800: A religion to gain full Indonesian citizenship rights, and officially Indonesia did not recognize Hindus. It considered Hindus as orang yang belum beragama (people without religion), and as those who must be converted. In 1952, the Indonesian Ministry of Religion declared Bali and other islands with Hindus as needing a systematic campaign of proselytization to accept Islam. The local government of Bali, shocked by this official national policy, declared itself an autonomous religious area in 1953. The Balinese government also reached out to India and former Dutch colonial officials for diplomatic and human rights support. A series of student and cultural exchange initiatives between Bali and India helped formulate
2268-576: A significant impact and imprint in Javanese and Sundanese art and culture. The wayang puppet performance as well as wayang wong dance and other Javanese and Sundanese classical dances are derived from episodes of Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata . Although the vast majority of Javanese and Sundanese now identify as Muslim, these art forms still survive. Hinduism has survived in varying degrees and forms on Java. Certain ethnic groups in Java, such as
2394-409: A site with minor archaeological remnants attributed to the kingdom of Blambangan , the last Hindu polity on Java. A further important site is Pura Loka Moksa Jayabaya (in the village of Menang near Kediri), where the Hindu king and prophet Jayabaya is said to have achieved spiritual liberation ( moksa ). A further Hindu movement in the earliest stages of development was observed in the vicinity of
2520-1075: A square Hindu temple plan, as an open air worship place within enclosed walls, connected with series of intricately decorated gates to reach its compounds. Each of these temples has a more or less fixed membership; every Balinese belongs to a temple by virtue of descent, residence, or affiliation. Some house temples are associated with the family house compound (also called banjar in Bali), others are associated with rice fields, and still others with key geographic sites. In rural highlands of Bali, banua (or wanwa , forest domain) temples in each desa (village) are common. The island of Bali has over 20,000 temples, or about one temple for every 100 to 200 people. Temples are dedicated to local spirits as well as to deities found in India; for example, Saraswati, Ganesha, Wisnu, Siwa, Parvati, Arjuna, and others. The temple design similarly amalgamate architectural principles in Hindu temples of India and regional ideas. Each individual has
2646-622: A state academy for teachers of Hindu religion in 1993, before being converted into the Hindu Religion State College in 1999, and then into the Hindu Dharma State Institute in 2004. The general beliefs and practices of Agama Hindu Dharma are a mixture of ancient traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian laws that permit only monotheist belief under the national ideology of panca sila . Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia had
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#17327903211452772-417: A stone which became known as watu gilang . The stone glowed, and was presented to the king of Surasowan. Surasowan was reportedly surrounded by a clear, star-like river, and was described as a ring covered with diamonds ( Sundanese : ban inten ). This evolved into "banten". Another possibility is that "Banten" comes from the Indonesian word bantahan (rebuttal), because the local Bantenese people resisted
2898-576: Is Serang and its largest city is Tangerang . The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta on the east, the Java Sea on the north, the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Sunda Strait (which separates Java from the neighbouring island of Sumatra ) on the west and shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. The province covers an area of 9,352.77 km (3,611.12 sq mi). It had
3024-566: Is Sundanese . Its indigenous people speak a dialect derived from archaic Sundanese, classified as informal in modern Sundanese. The Mataram Sultanate tried to control West Java, including Banten; the Sultanate of Banten defended its territory except for Banten. In the mountains and most of present-day Banten, the "loma" version of the Sundanese language is dominant; this version is considered "harsh" by people from Parahyangan. Bantenese
3150-650: Is a Bantenese martial art which was developed during the 16th century. Banten is in western Java . In 2006, 249.246 km (155 mi) of its national roads were in good condition; 214.314 km (133 mi) were in fair condition, and 26.840 km (16.7 mi) were in poor condition. At the end of that year, 203.67 km (127 mi) of Banten's 889.01 km (552 mi) provincial road network were in good condition; 380.02 km (236 mi) were in fair condition, and 305.320 km (190 mi) were in poor condition. The province's national roads are congested; provincial roads have less traffic, and congestion
3276-501: Is a collection of ancient tales, arts and crafts of Indonesia, extensively uses Sanskrit words, Indian deity names and religious concepts. Similarly ancient Chandis (temples) excavated in Java and western Indonesian islands, as well as ancient inscriptions such as the 8th century Canggal inscription discovered in Indonesia, confirm widespread adoption of Shiva lingam iconography, his companion goddess Parvati , Ganesha , Vishnu , Brahma , Arjuna , and other Hindu deities by about
3402-419: Is a fusion of Hinduism and Buddhism with animism; it is considered Buddhist by the government. In parts of Samarinda and Lombok especially Cakranegara , Nyepi is celebrated. A majority of the population on the small island of Tanimbar Kei practices a variant of the Hindu religion, which involves a form of ancestral worship. The island of Tanimbar Kei is not part of Tanimbar, as the name might suggest, but
3528-803: Is also found in Torue (41%) and Sausu (30%) districts in Parigi Moutong; Tomoni Timur (35%), Angkona (27%), Simbuang (36%) and Tellulimpo E (40%) districts in South Sulawesi ; and Cakranegara district (39%) in Mataram (14%) in Lombok . According to the 2018 civil registration, there were a total of 4,646,357 Hindus in Indonesia, compared to the 4,012,116 Hindus in 2010 census. The percentages of Hinduism in Indonesia increased from 1.69% in 2010 to 1.74% in 2018 in 8 years respectively. According to
3654-410: Is another word for "Vishnu". Early translators of Kavi manuscripts misunderstood the "being a son of" and assumed that Vishnu actually had human offspring and so on. Here however we must conclude a belonging to a religious school of thought, Vaisnavism . Therefore, early Hinduism on Java, Bali, and Sumatra consisted of both main schools of Hinduism. Thus, historical evidence is not entirely unclear about
3780-602: Is commonly spoken, especially in the southern Pandeglang and Lebak Regencies . Near Serang and Cilegon, the Javanese Banyumasan dialect is spoken by about 500,000 people. In northern Tangerang, Betawi is spoken by Betawi immigrants. Indonesian is also widely spoken, especially by urban migrants from other parts of Indonesia. The Baduy people speak the Baduy language , also an archaic form of Sundanese. Most residents are Muslims (94.85% of population), and
3906-451: Is generally localized. Rail transport is declining; 48 percent of Banten's 305.9 km (190.1 mi) rail network was operational in 2005, with an average of 22 passenger trains and 16 freight trains per day. Most lines were single-track , and the main line was the 141.6 km (88.0 mi) Merak - Tanah Abang , Tangerang-Duri, Cilegon-Cigading line, and Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link serving Manggarai - Soetta Airport along with
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4032-849: Is one of the Kai Islands . As of 2014, it is inhabited by ca. 600 people. The 2018 civil registration recorded the number of Hindus at 4,646,357 with some 90% of them residing in the Hindu heartland of Bali. Outside Bali , Hindus form a majority in Tosari district (66.3%) in Pasuruan Regency in Java , Balinggi district (77.3%) of Parigi Moutong Regency in Central Sulawesi , Mappak (50%) in Tana Toraja Regency in South Sulawesi . Significant Hindu population
4158-538: Is primarily lowland (below 50 metres above sea level) in Cilegon , Tangerang , Pandeglang Regency , and most of Serang Regency . The central Lebak and Pandeglang Regencies range from 201 to 2,000 m (659 to 6,562 ft), and the eastern Lebak Regency ranges in altitude from 501 to 2,000 m (1,644 to 6,562 ft) at the summit of Mount Halimun . Banten's geomorphology generally consists of lowlands and sloping and steep hills. The lowlands are generally in
4284-427: Is that they tend to rally around recently built temples (pura) or around archaeological temple sites (candi) which are being reclaimed as places of Hindu worship. The Parisada Hindu Dharma changed its name to Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia in 1984, in recognition of its national influence spearheaded by Gedong Bagus . One of several new Hindu temples in eastern Java is Pura Mandaragiri Sumeru Agung, located on
4410-684: Is the essence of the all prevading, infinite, undivided one. The petition's focus on the "undivided one" was to satisfy the constitutional requirement that Indonesian citizens have a monotheistic belief in one God. The petitioners identified Ida Sanghyang Widhi Wasa as the undivided one. In the Balinese language this term has two meanings: the Divine ruler of the Universe and the Divine Absolute Cosmic Law. This creative phrase met
4536-488: The Babad Banten , Sunan Gunung Jati and Maulana Hasanuddin spread Islam extensively in the region. Maulana Yusuf reportedly engaged in da'wah in the interior, and conquered Pakuan Pajajaran . The sultan of Banten's genealogy reportedly traced back to Muhammad , and the ulamas were influential. Tariqa Sufism developed in the region. Banten's culture is based on Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. It includes
4662-712: The Baduy people (Kanekes) are essentially a subdivision of the Sundanese people which occupies the former region of the Banten Sultanate (region of Bantam Residency after the abolishment and annexation by the Dutch East Indies ). Only after the formation of the Banten Province did people began to regard the Bantenese as a group of people with a culture and language of their own. Most of
4788-511: The Balinese , and the Hindus celebrate ceremonies like Nyepi. Just like the Balinese people , the Osing people also share the puputan tradition. The Osing people differs from the Balinese people in terms of social stratification. Unlike the Balinese, the Osing people do not practice the caste system , even though they are Hindus. Among the non-Balinese communities considered to be Hindu by
4914-616: The Bantenese people , who were animists before adopting Buddhism and Hinduism . After Islam began to spread in Banten, the community began to recognize and embrace Islam. The spread of Islam in Banten is described as being "struck down by diamonds". Another origin story is that the Indonesian Hindu god Batara Guru traveled from east to west, arriving at Surasowan (present-day Serang ). When he arrived, Batara Guru sat on
5040-527: The Dutch colonial government . The word "Banten" appeared before the establishment of the Banten Sultanate as the name of a river . The high plains on its banks were called Cibanten Girang , shortened to Banten Girang (Upper Banten). Based on research in Banten Girang, the area has been settled since the 11th and 12th centuries. During the 16th century, the region developed rapidly towards Serang and
5166-698: The Indian Ocean south of the Indian subcontinent ) joined by winds from Northern Asia crossing the South China Sea . The dry season is dominated by an east wind which gives Banten severe droughts, especially on the northern coast during El Niño. Temperatures on the coast and in the hills range from 22 to 32 °C (72 to 90 °F), and temperatures in the mountains from 400 to 1,350 m (1,310 to 4,430 ft) above sea level range from 18 to 29 °C (64 to 84 °F). The heaviest rainfall ranges from 2,712 to 3,670 mm (106.8 to 144.5 in) during
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5292-632: The Indian subcontinent . The earliest evidences of Hindu influences in Java can be found in 4th century Tarumanagara inscriptions scattered around modern Jakarta and Bogor . In the sixth and seventh centuries many maritime kingdoms arose in Sumatra and Java which controlled the waters in the Straits of Malacca and flourished with the increasing sea trade between China and India and beyond. During this time, scholars from India and China visited these kingdoms to translate literary and religious texts. From
5418-736: The Indonesian archipelago . Sunni Muslim traders of the Shafi'i fiqh , as well as Sufi Muslim traders from India, Oman and Yemen brought Islam to Indonesia. The earliest known mention of a small Islamic community midst the Hindus of Indonesia is credited to Marco Polo , about 1297 AD, whom he referred to as a new community of Moorish traders in Perlak . Four diverse and contentious Islamic Sultanates emerged in north Sumatra ( Aceh ), south Sumatra, west and central Java, and in southern Borneo ( Kalimantan ). These Sultanates declared Islam as their state religion and fought against each other as well as
5544-603: The Itihasa (mainly Ramayana and the Mahabharata ). The epics Mahabharata and Ramayana became enduring traditions among Indonesian believers, expressed in shadow puppet ( wayang ) and dance performances. As in India, Indonesian Hinduism recognizes four paths of spirituality, calling it Catur Marga . These are bhakti mārga (path of devotion to deities), jnana mārga (path of knowledge), karma mārga (path of works) and raja mārga (path of meditation). Bhakti marga has
5670-577: The Javanese language , and expressed in art form. Rishi Agastya , for example, is described as the principal figure in the 11th century Javanese text Agastya parva ; the text includes puranas , and a mixture of ideas from the Samkhya and Vedanta schools of Hinduism. The Hindu-Buddhist ideas reached the peak of their influence in the 14th century. The last and largest among the Hindu-Buddhist Javanese empires, Majapahit , influenced
5796-568: The Majapahit era. For the Tengger, Mount Bromo ( Brahma ) is believed to be a holy mountain. Every year the Tengger hold a ritual known as Yadnya Kasada . In spite of the Dutch attempts to propagate Islam and Christianity among the Osings , some of them still follow their old beliefs. Today Hinduism still exists among the Osing population. The Osings share a similar culture and spirit with
5922-638: The Skytrain . Then Jakarta MRT Phase 3 with Balaraja to Cikarang, will be construction in 2024. Hinduism in Indonesia Hinduism is the third-largest religion in Indonesia , based on civil registration data in 2023 from Ministry of Home Affairs , is practised by about 1.68% of the total population, and almost 87% of the population in Bali . Hinduism was the dominant religion in
6048-456: The Srivijaya and Majapahit empires . About 1400 CE, these kingdoms were introduced to Islam from coast-based Muslim traders, and thereafter Hinduism, which was previously the dominant religion in the region, mostly vanished from many of the islands of Indonesia. Indonesia has the fourth-largest population of Hindus in the world , after India , Nepal and Bangladesh . Though being
6174-621: The Sunda Kingdom . In the Chinese Chu-fan-chi , written around 1225, Chou Ju-kua wrote that Srivijaya ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java during the early 13th century. Chu-fan-chi identified the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, with pepper from Sunda among the highest quality. The population were made up of farmers, and their houses were built on wooden poles ( rumah panggung ). Robbery, however,
6300-607: The Tenggerese and Osing , are also associated with Hindu religious traditions. The Tengger community follows a Hindu tradition stretching back to the Majapahit Empire . There are strong similarities between the Hinduism in Bali and the Tengger variety; both are called Hindu Dharma . However, the Tengger variety does not have a caste system and the Tengger people's traditions are based on those originating from
6426-536: The Toraja people of Sulawesi were the first to realize this opportunity by seeking shelter for their indigenous ancestor religion under the broad umbrella of 'Hinduism', followed by the Karo Batak of Sumatra in 1977. In central and southern Kalimantan, a large Hindu movement has grown among the local indigenous Dayak population which lead to a mass declaration of 'Hinduism' on this island in 1980. However, this
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#17327903211456552-462: The kujang , kris , spear, sledgehammer, machete, sword and bow and arrow. Traditional housing in Banten has thatched roofing, with floors made of split and pounded bamboo . This type of traditional house is still widely found in areas inhabited by the Kanekes and Baduy peoples. Bantenese men traditionally wear closed-neck shirts and trousers belted with batik , perhaps with a golok tucked into
6678-428: The pencak silat martial arts, the Saman dance , and Palingtung [ id ] . Religious sites include the Great Mosque of Banten and the Keramat Panjang Tomb. The Baduy people live in central and southern Banten. The Inner Baduy tribes are native Sundanese who are opposed to modernization in dress and lifestyle, and the Outer Baduy tribes are more open to modernization. The Baduy-Rawayan tribe lives in
6804-433: The 2010 Census, there were a total of 4,012,116 Hindus in Indonesia, compared to 3,527,758 Hindus in 2000 Census. While the absolute number of Hindus increased, the relative percentage of Hindus in Indonesia decreased from 2000 to 2010 because of lower birth rates among the Hindu population compared to the Muslim population. The average number of births per Hindu woman varied between 1.8 and 2.0 among various islands, while for
6930-435: The 4th century, the kingdom of Kutai in East Kalimantan , Tarumanagara in West Java , and Holing ( Kalingga ) in Central Java , were among the early Hindu states established in the region. Excavations between 1950 and 2005, particularly at the Cibuaya and Batujaya sites, suggests that Tarumanagara revered deity Wisnu ( Vishnu ) of Hinduism. Ancient Hindu kingdoms of Java built many square temples, named rivers on
7056-475: The 4th to the 15th century, Java had many Hindu kingdoms, such as Tarumanagara, Kalingga , Mataram , Kediri , Sunda , Singhasari and Majapahit . This era is popularly known as the Javanese Classical Era, during which Hindu-Buddhist literature, art and architecture flourished and were incorporated into local culture under royal patronage. During this time, many Hindu temples were built, including 9th century Prambanan near Yogyakarta , which has been designated
7182-439: The Balinese. These factors and political activity has led to a certain resurgence of Hinduism outside of its Balinese stronghold. In February 2020, President Joko Widodo issued a presidential regulation elevating the status of Hindu Dharma State Institute in Denpasar, Bali into the country's first Hindu state university, named I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa State Hindu University. This institution of Hindu higher study started out as
7308-445: The Banten Sultanate was one of the largest Islamic kingdoms on the island of Java . The province also has other ethnicities and religions, including the Benteng Chinese community in Tangerang and the Baduy people who practice Sunda Wiwitan in Kanekes, Leuwidamar, Lebak Regency . Based on archaeological data, early Banten society was influenced by the Hindu - Buddhist Tarumanagara , Sriwijaya and Sunda Kingdoms . According to
7434-420: The Banten Sultanate. On 22 November 1808, Dutch Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels declared that the Sultanate of Banten had been absorbed into the Dutch East Indies . This began the Bantam Residency , 150 years of direct Dutch rule. In March 1942, the Japanese invaded the Indies and occupied the region for three years before their August 1945 surrender . The region was returned to Dutch control for
7560-421: The Dutch East Indies declared independence as the Republic of Indonesia. This was opposed by the returning Dutch, resulting in the Indonesian war of independence . During the war, Banten remained under Indonesian control. On 26 February 1948, the State of West Java ( Indonesian : Negara Jawa Barat , Sundanese : Negara Jawa Kulon ) was established; on 24 April 1948, it was renamed Pasundan . Pasundan became
7686-512: The Dutch emerged victorious. The Portuguese left Banten in 1601 after their fleet was destroyed by the Dutch off the coast during the Dutch–Portuguese War . In 16th century, Chinese junk ships regularly traded with Jambi, Patani, Siam and Cambodia. Local Muslim women who dealt in the cloth trade willingly married Han Chinese men in Palembang and Jambi and also local Muslim women in Banten married Han Chinese men. The Han Chinese men usually converted to Islam to please their Muslim wives. Although
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#17327903211457812-431: The Dutch won the war, they preserved the Banten Sultanate . The maritime sultanate relied on trade, and the pepper monopoly in Lampung made the Banten authorities intermediaries. The sultanate grew rapidly, becoming a commercial center. As sea trade increased throughout the archipelago, Banten became a multi-ethnic region. Assisted by the British, Danish and Chinese, Banten traded with Persia , India , Siam , Vietnam ,
7938-400: The Hindus and other non-Muslims. In some regions, Indonesian people continued their old beliefs and adopted a syncretic version of Islam. In other cases, Hindus and Buddhists left and concentrated as communities in islands that they could defend. Hindus of eastern Java, for example, moved to Bali and neighboring small islands. While this era of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare
8064-420: The Japanese. The rōmusha working in the mines were taken from Central and East Java , the railway rōmusha were primarily from Banten. The construction took 12 million human days over 14 months. Working conditions were harsh due to food shortages, lack of medical care, and the tropical climate. Casualties are estimated at 20,000 to 60,000, not including mine workers. After Japan surrendered in August 1945,
8190-442: The Java island. The two major theories for the arrival of Hinduism in Indonesia include that South Indian sea traders brought Hinduism with them, and second being that Indonesian royalty welcomed Indian religions and culture, and it is they who first adopted these spiritual ideas followed by the masses. Indonesian islands adopted both Hindu and Buddhist ideas, fusing them with pre-existing native folk religion and Animist beliefs. In
8316-470: The Kendeng Cultural Heritage Mountains, an area of 5,101.85 ha (19.70 sq mi) spanning the Kanekes area, Leuwidamar District, Lebak Regency . Baduy villages are generally located on the Ciujung River in the Kendeng Mountains. The golok , similar to a machete , is Banten's traditional weapon. Formerly a self-defence weapon, it is now a martial-arts tool. The Baduy people use goloks for farming and forest hunting. Other traditional weapons include
8442-905: The Konstituante and weakening the impact of communist movement in Indonesia along with political Islam. Nevertheless, officially identifying their religion as Hinduism was not a legal possibility for Indonesians until 1962, when it became the fifth state-recognized religion. This recognition was initially sought by Balinese religious organizations and granted for the sake of Bali, where the majority were Hindu. Between 1966 and 1980, along with Balinese Hindus, large numbers of Indonesians in western Java, as well as parts of South Sulawesi , North Sumatra, Central and South Kalimantan officially declared themselves to be Hindus. They politically organized themselves to press and preserve their rights. The largest of these organizations, Parisada Hindu Dharma Bali, changed its name to Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI) in 1986, reflecting subsequent efforts to define Hinduism as
8568-431: The Law No. 32 of 2007, Serang was incorporated as a city on 14 August 2007 from the Serang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Ciruas. Under the Law No. 51 of 2008, South Tangerang (formerly Cipasera) was incorporated as a city on 26 November 2008 from the Tangerang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Tigaraksa. The 2006 population of Banten
8694-644: The Muslim population it varied between 2.1 and 3.2 per woman. According to the 2000 census, Hindus made up 1.79% of the total Indonesian population. Bali had the highest concentration of Hindus with 88.05% of its population professing Hinduism agama. The percentage of Hindus in the total population declined from the 1990 census, and this is largely attributed to lower birth rates and immigration of Muslims from Java into provinces with high Hindu populations. In Central Kalimantan there has been progressive settlement of Madurese from Madura. The details are given below: A common feature among new Hindu communities in Java
8820-426: The People's Representative Council. Under the Law No. 2 of 1993, Tangerang was incorporated as a city on 27 February 1993 from the Tangerang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Cipasera. Under the Law No. 15 of 1999, Cilegon was incorporated as a city on 20 April 1999 from the Serang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Serang. Under
8946-464: The Philippines , China and Japan . The reign of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa was the sultanate's height. Under his reign, Banten had one of the strongest navies in the region, built to European standards with help from European shipbuilders and attracted Europeans to the sultanate. To secure its shipping lanes, Banten sent its fleet to Sukadana (the present-day Ketapang Regency in West Kalimantan ) and conquered it in 1661. Banten also tried to escape
9072-559: The VOC sent Lieutenant Untung Surapati and his Balinese troops, joining forces led by VOC Lieutenant Johannes Maurits van Happel to subdue the Pamotan [ id ] and Dayeuhluhur regions; on 14 December 1683, they captured Sheikh Yusuf. Heavily outnumbered, Prince Purbaya surrendered. Surapati was ordered by Captain Johan Ruisj to pick up Purbaya and bring him to Batavia. They met with VOC forces led by Willem Kuffeler, but
9198-531: The VOC's influence in the sultanate began to increase; the appointment of a new sultan required the approval of the governor-general in Batavia. Sultan Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya ruled for about three years before he was replaced by his brother, Pangeran Adipati (Sultan Abul Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin). The civil war in Banten left instability for the next government, due to dissatisfaction with
9324-587: The VOC's interference in local affairs. Popular resistance peaked again at the end of the reign of Sultan Abul Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin. The sultan sought VOC assistance against the rebellion, and Banten became a vassal state of the company in 1752. In 1808, at the peak of the Napoleonic Wars , Governor-general Herman Willem Daendels ordered the construction of the Great Post Road to defend Java from British attack. Daendels ordered
9450-663: The afterlife. Scholars dispute the degree and nature of social stratification in medieval and contemporary Balinese Hindu society. The social structure consisted of catur wangsa (four varnas) - brahmana (priests), satriya or "Deva" (warriors), waisya (merchants), and sudra (farmers, artisans, commoners). There is no historical or contemporary cultural record of untouchables in Balinese Hindu society. The wangsa - termed castes by some accounts, classes by other accounts - were functional, not hierarchical nor segregated in Hindu society of Bali or Java. Further, there
9576-424: The ancient Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese as " hyang ", which can mean either “ divine ” or “ ancestral ”. In modern Indonesian , "hyang" tends to be associated with the notion of God . Hindu influences reached the Indonesian Archipelago as early as the first century. In tales like the "Kidung Harṣa Wijaya" one reads that "rata bhaṭṭāra Narasingha" supposedly was a scion in the lineage of Hari, and that Hari
9702-641: The arrival of Islam and later Dutch colonialism. It integrates many of the core beliefs of Hinduism with arts and rituals of Balinese people. In contemporary times, Hinduism in Bali is officially referred by Indonesian Ministry of Religion as Agama Hindu Dharma , but traditionally the religion was called by many names such as Tirta, Trimurti, Hindu, Agama Tirta, Siwa, Buda, and Siwa-Buda. The terms Tirta and Trimurti emanate from Indian Hinduism, corresponding to Tirtha (pilgrimage to spirituality near holy waters) and Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva) respectively. As in India, Hinduism in Bali grew with flexibility, featuring
9828-447: The belt. Bantenese women traditionally wear a kebaya , decorated with a hand-crafted brooch at the waist. Hair is tied into a bun, and decorated with a flower. Three-level mosque architecture is symbolic of tariqa ihsan (beauty) and sharia (law). Pencak silat is a group of martial arts, rooted in Indonesian culture , which reportedly existed throughout the archipelago since the seventh century. It began to be recorded when it
9954-413: The case of the first Indonesians, they especially venerated and revered ancestral spirits ; they developed a belief that certain individuals’ spiritual energy may inhabit (or be reincarnated in) various natural objects, beings and places, such as animals, insects, trees, plants, stones, forests, mountains, or any place deemed sacred. This unseen spiritual entity and supernatural knowledge is identified by
10080-405: The center of the town; a small tributary extended to the town's edge. The present-day river is smaller, and only navigable by small boats. A fortress near the town had brick walls seven palms thick. Armed, wooden defence buildings were two stories high. The town square was used for military activities and folk art, with a market in the morning. The palace was on the south side of the square. Next to
10206-639: The cities of Cilegon and Tangerang. The lowest dry-season rainfall, 360 to 486 mm (14.2 to 19.1 in) from June to September, covers half of the southern Tangerang Regency and 15 percent of southeastern Serang Regency. Banten consists of four regencies ( kabupaten ) and four autonomous cities ( kota ), listed below with their populations in the 2010 and 2020 censuses and in official mid-2023 estimates. The cities and regencies are subdivided into 155 districts ( kecamatan ) as at 2023, in turn sub-divided into 314 urban villages ( kelurahan ) and 1,238 rural villages ( desa ). Over half (54.48% in mid 2023) of
10332-456: The core principles behind Balinese Hinduism ( Catur Veda , Upanishad , Puranas , Itihasa ). In particular, the political self-determination movement in Bali in mid 1950s led to a non-violent passive resistance movement and the joint petition of 1958 which demanded Indonesian government recognize Hindu Dharma. This joint petition quoted the following Sanskrit mantra from Hindu scriptures, Om tat sat ekam eva advitiyam Translation: Om, thus
10458-509: The country before the arrival of Islam and is one of the six official religions of Indonesia today. Hinduism came to Indonesia in the 1st-century through Indian traders, sailors, scholars and priests. A syncretic fusion of pre-existing Javanese folk religion , culture and Hindu ideas, that from the 6th-century also synthesized Buddhist ideas as well, evolved as the Indonesian version of Hinduism. These ideas continued to develop during
10584-473: The diffusion process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to 78 CE . Stories from the Mahabharata Epic have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century; whose versions mirror those found in southeast Indian peninsular region (now Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh ). The Javanese prose work Tantu Pagelaran of the 14th century, which
10710-402: The earth) - however, the animal sacrifices are conducted outside the premises of a temple. Dance, music, colorful ceremonial dresses and other arts are a notable feature of religious expression among Balinese Hindus. As in India, these expressions celebrate various mudra to express ideas, grace, decorum and culture. Dance-drama is common. Various stories are expressed. For example, one involves
10836-531: The ensuing war, Ageng withdrew from his palace to Tirtayasa (present-day Tangerang ); on 28 December 1682, the region was seized by Haji with Dutch assistance. Ageng and his other sons, Pangeran Purbaya and Syekh Yusuf from Makassar , retreated to the southern Sunda interior. On 14 March 1683, Sultan Ageng was captured and imprisoned in Batavia . The VOC continued to pursue and suppress Sultan Ageng's followers, led by Prince Purbaya and Sheikh Yusuf. On 5 May 1683,
10962-405: The famous Sundanese king, Prabu Siliwangi , the site has gained popularity among locals who wish to reconnect their ties with their ancestors. The predominantly Hindu island of Bali is the largest tourist draw in Indonesia. Next to natural beauty, the temple architecture, the elaborate Hindu festivals, rich culture, colorful art and vivid dances are the main attractions of Balinese tourism . As
11088-618: The fifth century, Banten was part of the kingdom of Tarumanagara . The fourth-century Lebak inscription , discovered in 1947 in a lowland village on the Cidanghiyang River in Munjul, Pandeglang [ id ] , contains two lines of Sanskrit poetry in the Pallawa script which describes life in the kingdom under the reign of Purnawarman . The kingdom collapsed after an attack by Srivijaya , and western Java became part of
11214-780: The government are, for example, the Dayak adherents of the Kaharingan religion in Kalimantan Tengah , where government statistics counted Hindus as 15.8% of the population as of 1995 . Many Manusela and Nuaulu people of Seram follow Naurus , a syncretism of Hinduism with animist and Protestant elements. Similarly, the Bugis and Torajans of Sulawesi have identified their animistic religions Tolotang and Aluk To Dolo (Hindu Alukta) as Hindu. The Batak of Sumatra have identified their animist traditions with Hinduism. Among
11340-490: The island as Gomati and Ganges, and completed major irrigation and infrastructure projects. Several notable ancient Indonesian Hindu kingdoms were Mataram , famous for the construction of one of the world's largest Hindu temple complexes - the Prambanan temple, followed by Kediri and Singhasari . Hinduism along with Buddhism spread across the archipelago. Numerous sastras and sutras of Hinduism were translated into
11466-496: The largest following in Bali. Similarly, like Hindus in India, Balinese Hindus believe that there are four proper goals of human life, calling it Catur Purusartha - dharma (pursuit of moral and ethical living), artha (pursuit of wealth and creative activity), kama (pursuit of joy and love) and moksha (pursuit of self-knowledge and liberation). Balinese Hinduism is an amalgamation of Indian religions and indigenous animist customs that existed in Indonesian archipelago before
11592-457: The middle to late 1st millennium AD. Ancient Chinese records of Fa Hien on his return voyage from Ceylon to China in 414 AD mention two schools of Hinduism in Java, while Chinese documents from 8th century refer to the Hindu kingdom of King Sanjaya as Holing , calling it "exceedingly wealthy," and that it coexisted peacefully with Buddhist people and Sailendra ruler in Kedu Plain of
11718-705: The minority Indian ethnic group, Tamils , Malayalis and Telugus in Medan, North Sumatra and the Sindhis and Gujaratis in Jakarta practice their own form of Hinduism which is similar to the Indian Hinduism, the Indians celebrating Hindu holidays more commonly found in India, such as Deepavali , Holi and Thaipusam . The Bodha sect of Sasak people on the island of Lombok are non-Muslim; their religion
11844-692: The monotheistic requirement of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion in the former sense, while the latter sense of its meaning preserved the central ideas of dharma in ancient scripts of Hinduism. In 1959, Indonesian President Sukarno supported the petition and a Hindu-Balinese Affairs section was officially established in the Ministry of Religious Affairs under the Djuanda Cabinet . Indonesian politics and religious affairs went through turmoil from 1959 to 1962, with Sukarno dissolving
11970-476: The newly completed Pura Pucak Raung (in the Eastern Javanese district of Glenmore ), which is mentioned in Balinese literature as the place where the Hindu saint Maharishi Markandeya gathered followers for an expedition to Bali, whereby he is said to have brought Hinduism to the island in the fifth century AD. An example of resurgence around major archaeological remains of ancient Hindu temple sites
12096-412: The next five years before the Dutch left and it was ruled by the Indonesian government . Banten became part of the province of West Java, but separatist efforts led to the creation of the separate province of Banten in 2000. The name "Banten" has several possible origins. The first is from the Sundanese phrase katiban inten, which means "struck down by diamonds". The phrase comes from the history of
12222-580: The north Banten population is Javanese . Most of the Javanese are migrants from central and eastern Java. The Betawi people live in greater Jakarta , including Tangerang . Chinese Indonesians may also be found in urban areas, also primarily in the greater Jakarta area. The Benteng Chinese (a subgroup of Chinese Indonesians) lives in Tangerang and the surrounding area, and are distinct from other Chinese Indonesians. The province's dominant language
12348-619: The north and south. The sloping hills have a minimum height of 50 m (160 ft) above sea level. Mount Gede, north of Cilegon, has an altitude of 553 m (1,814 ft) above sea level; there are also hills in the southern Serang Regency, in the Mancak and Waringin Kurung Districts. The southern Pandeglang Regency is also hilly. In eastern Lebak Regency, bordering Bogor Regency and Sukabumi Regency in West Java , most of
12474-586: The northern coast. The coastal area later became the Sultanate of Banten, founded by Sunan Gunung Jati , which controlled almost all of the former Sunda Kingdom in West Java. Sunda Kelapa ( Batavia ) was captured by the Dutch, and Cirebon and the Parahiyangan region were captured by the Mataram Sultanate . The Banten Sultanate was later converted into a residency by the Dutch. During
12600-586: The palace is a tall, flat-roofed building known as Srimanganti, which was used by the king to meet his subjects. West of the square is the Great Mosque of Banten . When the Dutch arrived in Indonesia, the Portuguese had long been in Banten. The English established a factory in Banten, followed by the Dutch. The French and the Danish also came to trade in Banten. In the competition among European traders,
12726-476: The population lives in the northeast corner of the province on just 14.6% of its land area. This corner, which comprises Tangerang Regency, Tangerang City and South Tangerang City, is part of the Jakarta metropolitan area ( Jabodetabek ). The province comprises three of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The Banten I Electoral District consists of
12852-491: The port of Banten and the surrounding area from the Sundanese and established the Sultanate of Banten . According to Portuguese historian João de Barros , Banten was the center of the sultanate and a major Southeast Asian port (rivaling Malacca and Makassar ). The town of Banten was in the middle of the bay, about 3 mi (4.8 km) across. It was 850 fathoms in length. A river, navigable by junks , flowed through
12978-589: The pressure of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which had blockaded incoming merchant ships. A power struggle developed around 1680 between Ageng Tirtayasa and his son, Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar (also known as Sultan Haji). The disagreement was exploited by the VOC, who supported Haji and causing a civil war. Strengthening his position, Haji sent two envoys to meet King Charles II of England in London in 1682 to obtain support and weapons. In
13104-547: The primary purpose is to restore balance and recognize that the battle between dharma and adharma (good and evil) is within each person and a never ending one. Barong , or dharma , is a major symbolic and ritual paradigm found in various festivities, dances, arts and temples. Rituals of the life cycle are also important occasions for religious expression and artistic display. Ceremonies at puberty, marriage, and, most notably, cremation at death provide opportunities for Balinese to communicate their ideas about community, status, and
13230-428: The rainy season from September to May, covering half of the western Pandeglang Regency . Rainfall from 335 to 453 mm (13.2 to 17.8 in) covers half of Tangerang Regency , the northern Serang Regency , and the cities of Cilegon and Tangerang . In the dry season (from April to December), the peak rainfall of 615 to 833 mm (24.2 to 32.8 in) covers half of the northern Serang and Tangerang Regencies and
13356-490: The regencies of Pandeglang and Lebak, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The Banten II Electoral District consists of the regency of Serang, together with the cities of Ciligon and Serang, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The Banten III Electoral District consists of the regency of Tangerang, together with the cities of Tangerang and South Tangerang, and elects 10 members to
13482-538: The region began in the 15th century; by the late 16th century, Islam had replaced Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in the province, with the establishment of the Banten Sultanate . European traders began arriving in the region – first the Portuguese , followed by the British and the Dutch . The Dutch East India Company (VOC) finally controlled the regional economy, gradually weakening
13608-463: The region consists of steep hills of old sedimentary rock interspersed with igneous rocks such as granite , granodiorite , diorite and andesite . It also contains valuable tin and copper deposits. Banten's climate is influenced by the South and East Asian Monsoons and the alternating La Niña or El Niño . During the rainy season, the weather is dominated by a west wind (from Sumatra and
13734-514: The renovated 14th-century Cetho temple on the slope of Mount Lawu has become the center of Javanese Hinduism and gain patronage of Balinese temples and royal houses. A new temple is being built East of Solo ( Surakarta ). It is a Hindu temple that has miniatures of 50 sacred sites around the world. It is also an active kundalini yoga meditation center teaching the sacred Javanese tradition of sun and water meditation. There are many westerners as well as Javanese joining in. Although there has been
13860-531: The slope of Mount Salak near the historic site of ancient Sunda Kingdom capital, Pakuan Pajajaran in modern Bogor . The temple, dubbed as the largest Balinese Hindu temple ever built outside Bali, was meant as the main temple for the Balinese Hindu population in the Greater Jakarta region. However, because the temple stands in a Sundanese sacred place, and also hosts a shrine dedicated to
13986-541: The slope of Mt. Semeru , Java's highest mountain. When the temple was completed in July 1992, with the generous aid of wealthy donors from Bali, only a few local families formally confessed to Hinduism. A pilot study in December 1999 revealed that the local Hindu community now has grown to more than 5000 households. Similar mass conversions have occurred in the region around Pura Agung Blambangan, another new temple, built on
14112-557: The southern half (especially the region facing the Indian Ocean ) has a more traditional character but an equally fast-rising population. Present-day Banten was part of the Sundanese Tarumanagara kingdom from the fourth to the seventh centuries AD. After the fall of Tarumanegara, it was controlled by Hindu - Buddhist kingdoms such as the Srivijaya Empire and the Sunda Kingdom . The spread of Islam in
14238-590: The sultan of Banten to move his capital to Anyer and provide labor to build a port in Ujung Kulon . The sultan defied Daendels' order, and Daendels ordered an attack on Banten and the destruction of Surosowan Palace. The sultan and his family were held in the palace before their imprisonment in Fort Speelwijk. Sultan Abul Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin was then exiled to Batavia. On 22 November 1808, Daendels announced from his Serang headquarters that
14364-623: The sultanate had been absorbed into the Dutch East Indies . The sultanate was abolished in 1813 by the British after the invasion of Java . That year, Sultan Muhammad bin Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin was disarmed and forced to abdicate by Thomas Stamford Raffles ; this ended the sultanate. After the British returned Java to the Dutch in 1814 as part of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 , Banten became
14490-479: The total population. They mostly inhabit the central and southern part of the province. The origins of the Bantenese people; which are closely related to the Banten Sultanate , are different from the Cirebonese people whom are not part of the Sundanese people nor the Javanese people (unless it is from the result of a mixture of two major cultures, namely Sundanese and Javanese). The Bantenese people along with
14616-599: The traditional beliefs and practices of Hindus in Indonesia before Indonesia gained independence from Dutch colonial rule. Some of these officially recognized Hindu beliefs include: The sacred texts found in Agama Hindu Dharma are the Vedas and Upanishads . They are the basis of Indian and Balinese Hinduism. Other sources of religious information include the Universal Hindu Puranas and
14742-895: The western tip of Java makes Banten the gateway to Java, Sumatra and the adjacent areas of Jakarta, Indonesia's capital. Bordering the Java Sea on the north, the Sunda Strait on the west and the Indian Ocean on the south, the province has abundant marine resources. The land area includes some 81 offshore islands (large enough to have names) of which 50 are in Pandeglang Regency, 4 in Lebak Regency, 9 in Serang Regency, 5 in Cilegon City and 11 in Tangerang Regency. The province ranges in altitude from sea level to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Banten
14868-408: Was 9,351,470, with 3,370,182 children (36.04 percent), 240,742 elderly people (2.57 percent), and the remaining 5,740,546 people aged between 15 and 64. It was Indonesia's fifth-most-populous province, after West Java , East Java , Central Java and North Sumatra . By mid-2022, the estimated total had risen to 12,251,985. The Bantenese people are the largest group in the province, forming 47% of
14994-404: Was an umbrella also used by Indonesians whose faith was Buddhism and Confucianism, but when neither of these two were officially recognized. Furthermore, Hindu political activists of Indonesia worked to protect people of those faiths under rights they had gained at the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. To gain official acceptance and their rights in a Muslim-dominated country, Hinduism in Indonesia
15120-530: Was common. According to Portuguese explorer Tome Pires , Bantam ( Banten ) was an important early-16th-century port in the Kingdom of Sunda along with the ports of Pontang , Cheguide (Cigede), Tangaram ( Tangerang ), Calapa ( Sunda Kelapa ) and Chimanuk (on the Cimanuk river estuary). In 1527, as the Portuguese fleet arrived off the coast, newly-converted Javanese Muslims under Sunan Gunungjati captured
15246-499: Was different from the Javanese case, in that conversions followed a clear ethnic division. Indigenous Dayak were confronted with a mostly population of government-sponsored (and predominantly Madurese) migrants and officials, and deeply resentful at the dispossession of their land and its natural resources. Compared to their counterparts among Javanese Hindus , many Dayak leaders were also more deeply concerned about Balinese efforts to standardize Hindu ritual practice nationally; fearing
15372-471: Was influenced by the ulamas during the spread of Islam in the 15th century. At that time, martial arts were taught with religious studies in pesantren (Islamic boarding schools). Religion and pencak silat became intertwined. Silat evolved from folk dancing, becoming part of the region's defense against invaders. Banten is known for its warriors, who are proficient in the martial arts. Debus (from Arabic : دَبُّوس , romanized : dabbūs )
15498-518: Was observed in Trowulan near Mojokerto. The site may be the location of the capital of the Hindu empire Majapahit . A local Hindu movement is struggling to gain control of a newly excavated temple building which they wish to see restored as a site of active Hindu worship. The temple is to be dedicated to Gajah Mada , the man attributed with transforming the small Hindu kingdom of Majapahit into an empire. In Karanganyar region in Central Java,
15624-401: Was politically forced to adapt. Currently Hindu Dharma is one of the five officially recognized monotheistic religions in Indonesia. Folk religions and animists with a deep concern for the preservation of their traditional ancestor religions declared their religion to be Hinduism, considering it a more flexible option than Islam or Christianity, in the outer islands. In the early seventies,
15750-506: Was social mobility - people could change their occupation and caste if they wished to. Among the interior highlands of Bali, the desa (villages) have had no wangsa, the social status and profession of a person has been mutable, and marriages not endogamous. Historical inscriptions suggest Balinese Hindu kings and village chiefs have come from all sections of its society - priests, warriors, merchants and artisans. Both Java and Sumatra were subject to considerable cultural influence from
15876-670: Was unfolding, and new power centers were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European colonialism arrived. The Indonesian archipelago was soon dominated by the Dutch colonial empire . The Dutch colonial empire helped prevent inter-religious conflict, and it slowly began the process of excavating, understanding and preserving Indonesia's ancient Hindu-Buddhist cultural foundations, particularly in Java and western islands of Indonesia. After Indonesia gained its independence from Dutch colonial rule, it officially recognized only monotheistic religions under pressure from political Islam. Further, Indonesia required an individual to have
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