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27-578: Before the establishment of the Ritsuryō system, the area was under control of the Tanba Kokuzō and included both the Tanba and Tango areas. The province of Tango was created in 713 during the reign of Empress Genmei by separating the northern five districts (Kasa District, Yoza District, Tamba District (later Naka District), Takeno District, and Kumano District) into "Tango", and the districts closer to

54-536: A "distributed field" ( 口分田 , kubunden ) , subject to taxation (approx. 3% of crops). The area of each field was 2 tan ( 段 ) for men (approx. 22 ares total), and two-thirds of this amount for women. (However, the Shinuhi and Kenin castes were only entitled to 1/3 of this area). The field was returned to the country at death. Land belonging to shrines and temples was exempt from taxation. Collection and redistribution of land took place every 6 years. The population

81-428: A natural cut-off point between the aristocrats (fifth-rank and above [貴族 kizoku ]) and the menials (sixth-rank and below [地下 jige ]). Additionally, income in the form of koku (石, 1 koku = about 150 kilograms), or bushels of rice from the provinces, increased dramatically as one advanced in rank. The average sixth-rank official might earn 22 koku of rice a year, but the fifth rank might earn 225 koku of rice, while

108-653: A provincial level by orders of the kokushi (国司), a corvée at the Capital (although the corvée at the capital could be replaced by goods sent) and military service. A criminal system was introduced, with five levels of punishment ( 五刑 , gokei ) . It defined eight heavy crimes ( 八虐 , hachigyaku ) that were exempt from amnesty. The code was based on the Ten Abominations of the Tang code, but two crimes related to family life—family discord and disruption of

135-419: A third rank official could earn as much as 6,957 a year. Registration of the citizens (戸籍 koseki ), updated every 6 years, and a yearly tax book (計帳 keichō ) were established. Based on the keichō , a tax system was established called (租庸調 So-yō-chō ). Tax was levied on rice crops but also on several local products (e.g. cotton, salt, tissue) sent to the capital. The system also established local corvée at

162-461: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Kyoto Prefecture location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ritsury%C5%8D Ritsuryō ( 律令 , Japanese: [ɾitsɯɾʲoː] ) is the historical legal system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism in Feudal Japan . The political system in accord to Ritsuryō

189-627: Is called "Ritsuryō-sei" (律令制). Kyaku (格) are amendments of Ritsuryō, Shiki (式) are enactments. Ritsuryō defines both a criminal code ( 律 , Ritsu ) and an administrative code ( 令 , Ryō ) . During the late Asuka period (late 6th century – 710) and Nara period (710–794), the Imperial Court in Kyoto , trying to replicate China 's rigorous political system from the Tang dynasty , created and enforced some collections of Ritsuryō. Over

216-457: Is not comprehensively possible to describe circuits in terms of prefectures. For example, present-day Hyōgo in its borders since 1876 extends into five provinces ( Harima , Tajima , Awaji , Settsu , Tamba ) and thus into three circuits (San'yō, San'in, Nankai) as well as the ancient capital region. A few Japanese regions, such as Hokuriku and San'yō , still retain their ancient Gokishichidō names. Other parts of Japan, namely Hokkaidō and

243-696: The Fujiwara clan , Minamoto clan , Taira clan and the Tachibana clan . Gokishichid%C5%8D Gokishichidō ( 五畿七道 , "five provinces and seven circuits ") was the name for ancient administrative units organized in Japan during the Asuka period (AD 538–710), as part of a legal and governmental system borrowed from the Chinese. Though these units did not survive as administrative structures beyond

270-649: The Muromachi period (1336–1573), they did remain important geographical entities until the 19th century. The Gokishichidō consisted of five provinces in the Kinai ( 畿内 ) or capital region, plus seven dō ( 道 ) or circuits , each of which contained provinces of its own. When Hokkaido was included as a circuit after the defeat of the Republic of Ezo in 1869, the system was briefly called Gokihachidō ( 五畿八道 , "five provinces and eight circuits") . The abolition of

297-735: The Tokugawa shogunate and who could be called upon when necessary for the defense of Kyoto and Osaka. Following the Meiji restoration , Tanba was divided into six districts. Per the early Meiji period Kyudaka kyuryo Torishirabe-chō ( 旧高旧領取調帳 ) , an official government assessment of the nation’s resources, the province had 970 villages with a total kokudaka of 331,954 koku . [REDACTED] Media related to Tamba Province at Wikimedia Commons 35°13′42″N 135°20′58″E  /  35.22833°N 135.34944°E  / 35.22833; 135.34944 This Hyōgo Prefecture location article

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324-453: The han system abolished the -han (early modern feudal domains) in 1871, -dō/circuits and provinces were per se not abolished by the abolition of domains; but the prefectures that sprang from the domains became the primary administrative division of the country and were soon merged and reorganized to territorially resemble provinces in many places. "Hokkai circuit" (Hokkai-dō) was the only -dō that would survive as administrative division, but it

351-580: The Kinai region in different directions. Running through each of the seven areas was an actual road of the same name, connecting the imperial capital with all of the provincial capitals along its route. The seven dō were: The Gokishichidō roads should not be confused with the Edo Five Routes (五街道 Gokaidō ), which were the five major roads leading to Edo during the Edo period (1603–1867). The Tōkaidō

378-640: The Naito clan. During the late Sengoku period , the province was conquered by Akechi Mitsuhide , and after his defeat by Toyotomi Hideyoshi at the Battle of Yamasaki in the aftermath of the assassination of Oda Nobunaga , it was governed by a succession of relatives of the Toyotomi clan . In the Edo Period , Tanba was governed by a mosaic of mostly fudai daimyō domains, who were considered more reliable by

405-490: The appearance of large private lands, the first shōens . Strict application of the Handen-Shūju system decayed in the 8th and 9th century. In an attempt to maintain the system, the period between each collection/distribution was extended to 12 years under Emperor Kanmu . At the beginning of Heian period , the system was almost not enforced. The last collection/distribution took place between 902 and 903. The caste system

432-468: The capital as "Tanba". The Tanba area is rugged, and can be roughly divided into several river basins separated by mountains. For this reason, historically the province has been difficult to govern as a whole. On the other hand, its proximity to the capital gave it a strategic importance. During the Muromachi period , the Hosokawa clan were the shugo of the province, but governed through their proxies,

459-505: The course of centuries, the ritsuryō state produced more and more information which was carefully archived; however, with the passage of time in the Heian period, ritsuryō institutions evolved into a political and cultural system without feedback. In 645, the Taika reforms were the first signs of implementation of the system. Major re-statements of Ritsuryō included the following: In

486-506: The emperor at its head. Two departments were set up: Posts of those public Departments were all divided into four ranks ( shitō ): kami (長官), suke (次官), jō (判官) and sakan (主典). This ubiquitous pattern would be replicated consistently, even amongst members of the court whose functions had little to do with those kinds of powers and responsibilities which are conventionally associated with governing – for example: A global system of ranking for all public posts (官 kan , 官職 kanshoku )

513-575: The family (through incest, adultery, etc.) —were removed. In accordance with Chinese legal codes, land as well as citizens were to be "public property" (公地公民). One of the major pillars of the Ritsuryō was the introduction of the Handen-Shūju (班田収受制) system, similar to the equal-field system in China. The Handen-Shūju regulated land ownership. Based on the registration, each citizen over 6 was entitled to

540-503: The later half of the seventh century, the Kokugunri system ( 国郡里制 , kokugunri-sei ) was introduced, dividing the regions of Japan into several administrative divisions. In 715 CE, the Gōri system ( 郷里制 , gōri-sei ) was introduced, resulting in the following. This system was abandoned in 740 CE. The ritsuryō system also established a central administrative government, with

567-494: The ranks obtained by the children. The highest rank in the system was the first rank (一位 ichi-i ), proceeding downwards to the eighth rank (八位 hachi-i ), held by menials in the court. Below this, an initial rank called so-i (初位) existed, but offered few rights. The top six ranks were considered true aristocracy (貴 ki ), and were subdivided into "senior" (正 shō ) and "junior" (従 ju ) ranks (e.g. senior third-rank [正三位 shō san-mi ], junior second-rank [従二位 ju ni-i ]). Below

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594-461: The third rank, a further subdivision between "upper" (上 jō ) and "lower" (下 ge ) existed, allowing for ranks such as “junior fourth rank lower” (従四位下 ju shi-i no ge ) or “senior sixth rank upper” (正六位上 shō roku-i no jō ). Promotion in ranks was often a very gradual, bureaucratic process, and in the early days of the Codes, one could not advance beyond sixth rank except by rare exception, thus causing

621-554: Was divided in two castes, Ryōmin (良民) (furthermore divided into 4 sub-castes ) and Senmin (賤民) (divided into 5 sub-castes), the latter being close to slaves. Citizens wore different colors according to their caste. Several modifications were added over time. In order to promote cultivation, a law allowing the ownership for three generations of newly arable fields was promulgated in 723 (三世一身の法, Sanze-isshin Law ) and then without limits in 743 (墾田永年私財法, Konden Einen Shizai Law ). This led to

648-463: Was introduced with over 30 ranks (位 i , 位階 ikai ), regulating strictly which posts could be accessed by which rank. Ranking was supposed to be mostly merit-based, the children of high-ranking public officials were nonetheless granted a minimal rank. This provision (蔭位の制 on'i no sei ) existed in the Tang law, however under the Japanese ritsuryo ranks for which it was applied were higher as well as

675-481: Was later increasingly treated as "Hokkai prefecture" (Hokkai-dō); finally after WWII, the -dō was fully regarded as a prefecture: from 1946, the prefectures (until then only -fu/-ken) were legally referred to as -dō/-fu/-ken, from 1947 as -to/-dō/-fu/-ken. The five Kinai provinces were local areas in and around the imperial capital (first Heijō-kyō at Nara , then Heian-kyō at Kyōto ). They were: The seven dō or circuits were administrative areas stretching away from

702-415: Was less and less strictly enforced. Some Ryōmin would wed Senmin to avoid taxation, and Senmin/Ryōmin children would become Ryōmin. At the end of the 9th century / beginning of the 10th, the caste system was practically void of its substance. Hereditary high-ranks for public posts led to the monopoly of occupation of the most important posts by a limited number of families, in effect a nobility, amongst which

729-525: Was one of the five routes, but the others were not. Many prefectures were merged and reorganized in the 1870s and 1880s to resemble provinces, so many modern prefectures can be assigned to an ancient circuit. For example, the Western provinces of the Tōkai circuit (Tōkai-dō) are now part of prefectures that are often grouped together as the Tōkai region (Tōkai-chihō) . But there are still deviations, so that it

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