48-698: [REDACTED] Look up Tengri in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tangri may refer to: Tangri (god) or Tengri a Turkic pagan celestial chief divinity who personifies Heaven Tengrism , the religion centred on the deity Tangri river , a seasonal river in Haryana, India Jyotica Tangri , Indian singer Nina Tangri , Indian-Canadian politician Roger Tangri (born 1941), British professor of political science Sandra Schwartz Tangri (1936–2003), American feminist psychologist Topics referred to by
96-559: A Mother Letter, and every word uttered by Him Who is the Well Spring of Divine Revelation is a Mother Word, and His Tablet a Mother Tablet." There is difference of opinion between the academic and the popular conception of the term Mother goddess . The popular view is mainly driven by the Goddess movement and reads that primitive societies initially were matriarchal , worshipping a sovereign, nurturing, motherly earth goddess . This
144-717: A chosen person to earth. It is also one of the terms used for the primary chief deity of the early Turkic and Mongolic peoples. Worship surrounding Tengri is called Tengrism . The core beings in Tengrism are the Sky Father (Tenger Etseg) and the Earth Mother ( Umay Ana ). It involves ancestor worship , as Tengri was thought to have been the ancestral progenitor of mankind in Turkic regions and Mongolia , shamanism , animism , and totemism . The oldest form of
192-408: A female-dominated one). That this form of society ever existed was supposedly supported by many figurines that were found. In academic circles, this prehistoric matriarchy is considered unlikely. Firstly, worshiping a mother goddess does not necessarily mean that women ruled society. In addition, the figurines can also portray ordinary women or goddesses, and it is unclear whether there really ever
240-590: A loan into Chinese from a prehistoric Central Asian language. However, this proposal is unlikely in light of recent reconstructions of the Old Chinese pronunciation of the character "天", such as * qʰl'iːn ( Zhengzhang ) or * l̥ˤi[n] ( Baxter-Sagart ), which propose for 天 a voiceless lateral onset, either a cluster or single consonant, respectively. Baxter & Sagart (2014:113-114) pointed to attested dialectal differences in Eastern Han Chinese ,
288-608: A loanword from Proto-Yeniseian *tɨŋgVr- "high". Amy Chua renders the name as "[T]he Eternal Blue Sky", likely because of the connotations of the name's usage. Tengri was the national god of the Göktürks , described as the "god of the Turks" ( Türük Tängrisi ). The Göktürk khans based their power on a mandate from Tengri. These rulers were generally accepted as the sons of Tengri who represented him on Earth. They wore titles such as tengrikut , kutluġ or kutalmysh , based on
336-755: A parallel in calling Mary "Our Mother" and the Almighty Yahweh as "Our Father". In contrast to the Pagan notion of a fertility goddess , Mary is both the Perpetual Virgin and the Mother of God at the same time, she is not considered the "Heavenly Mother" in reference to God the Father or the "Heavenly Father" as her consort . St Mary has never been referred to as a goddess in the Gospel 's accounts of
384-489: A part of the collective unconscious of all humans; various adherents of Jung, most notably Erich Neumann and Ernst Whitmont , have argued that such an archetype underpins many of its own mythologies and may even precede the image of the paternal "father." Such speculations help explain the universality of such mother goddess imagery around the world. The Upper Paleolithic Venus figurines have been sometimes explained as depictions of an Earth Goddess similar to Gaia. In
432-499: Is a major goddess characterized as a mother or progenitor, either as an embodiment of motherhood and fertility or fulfilling the cosmological role of a creator- and/or destroyer-figure, typically associated the Earth, sky, and/or the life-giving bounties thereof in a maternal relation with humanity or other gods. When equated in this lattermost function with the earth or the natural world, such goddesses are sometimes referred to as
480-420: Is considered to be the chief god who created all things. In addition to this celestial god, they also had minor divinities ( Alps ) that served the purposes of Tengri. As Gök Tanrı, he was the father of the sun ( Koyash ) and moon ( Ay Tanrı ) and also Umay , Erlik , and sometimes Ülgen . Tengri was the main god of the Turkic pantheon, controlling the celestial sphere. Tengri is considered to be similar to
528-616: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tengri Tengri ( Old Turkic : 𐰚𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 , romanized: Kök Teŋri/Teŋiri , lit. 'Blue Heaven'; Old Uyghur : [REDACTED] tängri ; Middle Turkic : تآنغرِ ; Ottoman Turkish : تڭری ; Kyrgyz : Теңир ; Kazakh : Тәңір ; Turkish : Tanrı ; Azerbaijani : Tanrı ; Bulgarian : Тангра ; Proto-Turkic : * teŋri / * taŋrɨ ; Mongolian script : ᠲᠩᠷᠢ , T'ngri ; Mongolian : Тэнгэр , Tenger ; Uyghur : تەڭرى , tengri )
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#1732797803674576-458: Is highly unlikely that such a civilization ever existed. For a long time, feminist authors claimed that these peaceful, matriarchal agrarian societies were exterminated or subjugated by nomadic, patriarchal warrior tribes. An important contribution to this was that of archaeologist Marija Gimbutas . Her work in this field has been questioned. Among feminist archaeologists this vision is nowadays also considered highly controversial. Since
624-510: Is not as pure or as white as Tengri and together they set up the world. Er Kishi becomes a demonic character and strives to mislead people and draw them into its darkness. Tengri assumes the name Tengri Ülgen and withdraws into Heaven from which he tries to provide people with guidance through sacred animals that he sends among them. The Ak Tengris occupy the fifth level of Heaven. Shaman priests who want to reach Tengri Ülgen never get further than this level, where they convey their wishes to
672-502: Is sometimes called "Mother" because she bore stars and Sun god . Nut was thought to draw the dead into her star-filled sky, and refresh them with food and wine. In Kongo religion , the Sky Mother , Nzambici , was the female counterpart of the Sky Father and Solar god , Nzambi Mpungu . Originally, they were seen as one spirit with one half male and the other half female. After the introduction of Christianity to Central Africa ,
720-550: Is the all-encompassing God of Heaven in the traditional Turkic , Yeniseian , Mongolic , and various other nomadic religious beliefs. Tengri is not considered a deity in the usual sense, but a personification of the universe. However, some qualities associated with Tengri as the judge and source of life, and being eternal and supreme, led European and Muslim writers to identify Tengri as a deity of Turkic and Mongolic peoples. According to Mongolian belief, Tengri's will ( jayayan ) may break its own usual laws and intervene by sending
768-473: Is the divine ground of all being, the "world soul". This masculine potential is actualized by feminine dynamism, embodied in multitudinous goddesses who are ultimately all manifestations of the one great mother. Shakti, herself, can free the individual from demons of ego, ignorance, and desire that bind the soul in maya (illusion) . Practitioners of the Tantric tradition focus on Shakti to free themselves from
816-787: The Annunciation , Wedding at Cana , or the Magnificat . Since the Apostolic age the church has believed that Mary entered heaven alive after her death and subsequent resurrection , known as the Assumption in the west and the Dormition in the east. As the foremost saint , some Christians believe she continues to supernaturally intervene in the world through Marian apparitions ( Our Lady of Velankanni ), Marian shrines ( Our Lady of Zeitoun ) and Marian devotions ( Our Lady of
864-621: The Baháʼí Faith , Baha'u'llah uses the Mother as an attribute of God: "And when He Who is well-grounded in all knowledge, He Who is the Mother, the Soul, the Secret, and the Essence thereof, revealeth that which is the least contrary to their desire, they bitterly oppose Him and shamelessly deny Him.". Baha'u'llah further writes that "Every single letter proceeding out of the mouth of God is indeed
912-716: The Latter Day Saint denomination . Some believe in multiple Heavenly Mothers married to one Heavenly Father in a polygynous relationship. Zahng Gil-jah is a South Korean woman, by the World Mission Society Church of God believed to be “God the Mother” ( Korean : 어머니 하나님 ; RR : Eomeoni Hananim ; Korean pronunciation: [ʌmʌɲi hanaɲim] ). Church members may also call her “ New Jerusalem Mother”, “Mother Jerusalem”, or “Heavenly Mother”. In Theosophy ,
960-595: The Mother Earth or Earth Mother , deity in various animistic or pantheistic religions. The earth goddess is archetypally the wife or feminine counterpart of the Sky Father or Father Heaven , particularly in theologies derived from the Proto-Indo-European sphere (i.e. from Dheghom and Dyeus ). In some polytheistic cultures, such as the Ancient Egyptian religion which narrates
1008-528: The Stanford Figurines Project that examined the figurines of Çatalhöyük. This team came to different conclusions than Gimbutas and Mellaart. Only a few of the figurines were identified as female and these figurines were found not so much in sacred spaces, but seemed to have been discarded randomly, sometimes in garbage heaps. This rendered a cult of the mother goddess in this location as unlikely. In Egyptian mythology , sky goddess Nut
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#17327978036741056-678: The cosmic egg myth, the sky is instead seen as the Heavenly Mother or Sky Mother as in Nut and Hathor , and the earth god is regarded as the male, paternal, and terrestrial partner, as in Osiris or Geb who hatched out of the maternal cosmic egg . Between 1961 and 1965 James Mellaart led a series of excavations at Çatalhöyük , north of the Taurus Mountains in a fertile agricultural region of South- Anatolia . Striking were
1104-407: The cosmos . The Shakti sect is strongly associated with Samkhya , and Tantra Hindu philosophies and ultimately, is monist . The primordial feminine creative-preservative-destructive energy, Shakti , is considered to be the motive force behind all action and existence in the phenomenal cosmos. The cosmos itself is purusha , the unchanging, infinite, immanent, and transcendent reality that
1152-409: The 1960s, especially in popular culture , the alleged worship of the mother goddess and the social position that women in prehistoric societies supposedly assumed, were linked. This made the debate a political one. According to the goddess movement, the current male-dominated society should return to the egalitarian matriarchy of earlier times (though a matriarchy is not an egalitarian society, but
1200-582: The Collyridians as heretics, holding that Mary was only to be honoured, and not to be worshipped like the God-man of Christianity . In the Latter Day Saint movement , particularly the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , many adherents believe in a Heavenly Mother as the wife of God the Father. They are collectively referred to as Heavenly Parents . The theology varies, however, according to
1248-657: The Creatress of all life. She is associated with the full moon and stars, the Earth , and the sea. In Wicca , the Earth Goddess is sometimes called Gaia . The name of the mother goddess varies depending on the Wiccan tradition. English historian Ronald Hutton, however, has forcefully stated that any use of the term "Mother-Goddess" can be accounted for, and disregarded, as the scholars and mythographers' own projection of
1296-428: The Earth goddess is called the " Planetary Logos of Earth ". The Mother Goddess, or Great Goddess , is a composite of various feminine deities from past and present world cultures, worshiped by modern Wicca and others broadly known as Neopagans. She is considered sometimes identified as a Triple Goddess , who takes the form of Maiden, Mother, and Crone archetypes . She is described as Mother Earth, Mother Nature, or
1344-936: The Ecumenical Council of Ephesus in 431 AD, and disregard Protestant objections to Marian devotion . She is regarded as "Our Mother", the Blessed Mother , or the Holy Mother as she gave birth to Jesus Christ , since Christians alike refer to themselves as " Brothers and Sisters in Christ ". There is a Pater Noster but no equivalent Mater Nostra , however the Hail Mary and the Sub Tuum Praesidium have been popular forms of prayer and praise to Virgin Mary for many centuries. Some may perceive
1392-549: The Indo-European sky god, *Dyeus , and the structure of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion is closer to that of the early Turks than to the religion of any people of Near Eastern or Mediterranean antiquity. In Christian Turkish usage Tengri is used for the father of Jesus, who is referred to as "Tengri Oghli" (Son of God) and "Mshikha Tengri" (Messiah God). Tengri is also compared to Allah and Khuda. Apart from foreign religious influences, as far as known today,
1440-586: The Rosary ). According to Mariology and Scholasticism branches of study, though Mary is venerated as the foremost saint, she is still a creature and never viewed as an equal of the Triune God who is the Creator . In pre-Islamic Arabia , Collyridians were an unorthodox Christian denomination who reportedly worshipped Virgin Mary by making burnt offerings of dough to her. Ancient Christians viewed
1488-460: The Virgin Mary onto the evidence and source data. More recently Hutton was criticized in a review for ignoring the evidence of numerous goddesses identified as either mothers or both virgin and mother in pre-Christian antiquity, in addition to providing no evidence or secondary citations with which to substantiate his own position. Carl Gustav Jung suggested that the archetypal mother was
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1536-401: The belief that they attained kut , some sort of heavenly and spiritual force granted to these rulers by Tengri. Prior to foreign influences, the Turkic conception of tengri was regarded as the heaven or the will controlling heaven, probably some sort of force. Out of this, the concept of a personal being developed. First, when Turkic people took over other religions, the term tengri became
1584-588: The cycle of karma . The worship of the mother deity can be traced back to early Vedic culture. The Rigveda calls the divine female power Mahimata (R.V. 1.164.33) which means "great mother". Although no Mother Goddess exists in Christianity, both the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church revere Virgin Mary as the Mother of God, a rendering of Theotokos and Deipara since
1632-695: The derived word " Tanrı " is used as the generic word for "god", or for the Abrahamic God , and is used today by Turkish people to refer to any god. The supreme deity of the traditional religion of the Chuvash is Tură . Other reflexes of the name in modern languages include Mongolian : Тэнгэр ("sky"), Bulgarian : Тангра , Azerbaijani : Tanrı . Earlier, the Chinese word for "sky" 天 ( Mandarin : tiān < Old Chinese * thīn or * thîn ) had been suggested to be related to Tengri , possibly
1680-522: The description of Nzambi changed to Creator God and Nzambici to his wife, "God the essence, the god on earth, the great princess, the mother of all the animals, and the mystery of the Earth." In Hinduism , Saraswati , Lakshmi , Radha , Parvati , Durga and other goddesses represents both the feminine aspect and the shakti (power) of the supreme being known as the Brahman . The divine mother goddess, manifests herself in various forms, representing
1728-549: The divine guides. Returns to earth or to the human level take place in a goose-shaped vessel. Güngör, Harun (Winter 2013). "Tengrism as a religious and political phenomenon in Turkish World: Tengriyanstvo" (PDF) . KARADENİZ – BLACK SEA – ЧЕРНОЕ МОРЕ . 19 (Winter 2013). Erdoğan Altinkaynak: 189–195. ISSN 1308-6200 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Earth Mother A mother goddess
1776-487: The god's divinity rather than his domain over the sky. It is generally assumed the term tengri originally meant "sky". Andrey Kononov suggested that the term is formed by the words tän (morning) and injir (evening) into tänri , referring to the sky as whole. The Turkic form, Tengri , is attested in the 8th century Orkhon inscriptions as the Old Turkic form 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 Teŋri . In modern Turkish ,
1824-625: The imagination. There was also a large number of sexless figurines, which Mellaart regarded as typical for a society dominated by women: Emphasis on sex in art is invariably connected with male impulse and desire. The idea that there could have been a matriarchy and a cult of the mother goddess was supported by archaeologist Marija Gimbutas . This gave rise to a modern cult of the Mother Goddess with annual pilgrimages being organized at Çatalhöyük. Since 1993, excavations were resumed, now headed by Ian Hodder with Lynn Meskell as head of
1872-460: The many statues found here, which Mellaart suggested represented a Great goddess, who headed the pantheon of an essentially matriarchal culture. A seated female figure, flanked by what Mellaart describes as lionesses , was found in a grain-bin; she may have intended to protect the harvest and grain. He considered the sites as shrines , with especially the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük capturing
1920-940: The mythological origins of the Turks. The inscription dedicated to Kul Tigin includes the passages (in the translation provided by the Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan ): "When the blue sky [Tengri] above and the brown earth below were created, between them a human being was created. Over the human beings, my ancestors Bumin Kagan and Istemi Kagan ruled. They ruled people by Turkish laws, they led them and succeeded" (face 1, line 1); "Tengri creates death. Human beings have all been created in order to die" ( Old Turkic : Öd Teŋri yasar kisi oγlu qop ölgeli törürmis ), (face 2, line 9); "You passed away (lit.: 'went flying') until Tengri gives you life again" (face 2, line 14). Khagans ruled by
1968-471: The name is recorded in Chinese annals from the 4th century BC, describing the beliefs of the Xiongnu . It takes the form 撑犁/ Cheng-li , which is hypothesized to be a Chinese transcription of Tängri . (The Proto-Turkic form of the word has been reconstructed as *Teŋri or, the back-ablauted variant *Taŋrï .) Alternatively, a reconstructed Altaic etymology from *T`aŋgiri ("oath" or "god") would emphasize
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2016-599: The name of a (personal) god or "higher being". Tengri was the chief deity worshipped by the ruling class of the Central Asian steppe peoples in 6th to 9th centuries ( Turkic peoples , Mongols and Hungarians ). It lost its importance when the Uighuric kagans proclaimed Manichaeism the state religion in the 8th century. The worship of Tengri was brought into Eastern Europe by the Huns and early Bulgars . Tengri
2064-487: The original Turkish concept of Tengri was that of "heaven" or a spirit ruling in heaven. This spirit was probably imagined as some sort of force, corresponding to "mana" in modern ethnology. The most important contemporary testimony of Tengri worship is found in the Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions , dated to the early 8th century. Written in the so-called Orkhon script , these inscriptions record an account of
2112-463: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tangri . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangri&oldid=1167730214 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
2160-453: The universal creative force . She becomes Mother Nature (Mula Prakriti), who gives birth to all life forms and nourishes them through her body. Ultimately she re-absorbs all life forms back into herself, or "devours" them to sustain herself as the power of death feeding on life to produce new life. She also gives rise to Maya (the illusory world) and to prakriti , the force that galvanizes the divine ground of existence into self-projection as
2208-433: The use of 天 as a phonetic component in phono-semantic compound Chinese characters , and the choice of 天 to transcribe foreign syllables, all of which prompted them to conclude that, around 200 CE, 天's onset had two pronunciations: coronal * tʰ & dorsal * x , both of which likely originated from an earlier voiceless lateral * l̥ˤ . Linguist Stefan Georg has proposed that the Turkic word ultimately originates as
2256-639: The will of Tengri thought the ancient Turkic people and preserved these thoughts in the texts of the Orkhon inscriptions in the following way: "I, Tengri-like and Tengri-born Turk Bilge Kaghan , succeeded to the throne at this time" ( Old Turkic : Teŋiriteg Teŋiride bolmuš Türük Bilge Qaγan bü ödüke olurtum ). In one Turkic myth , Tengri is a pure, white goose that flies constantly over an endless expanse of water, which represents time. Beneath this water, Ak Ana ("White Mother") calls out to him saying "Create". To overcome his loneliness, Tengri creates Er Kishi , who
2304-460: Was based upon the nineteenth-century ideas of unilineal evolution of Johann Jakob Bachofen . According to the academic view, however, both Bachofen and the modern Goddess theories are a projection of contemporary world views on ancient myths, rather than attempting to understand the mentalité of that time. Often this is accompanied by a desire for a lost civilization from a bygone era that would have been just, peaceful, and wise. However, it
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