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99-577: The terms tengkolok , Tanjak , and setanjak are synonyms; the word "tengkolok" also refers to "headgear or headcover worn by women", but the definition of women's headgear is rarely used today. However, some people say that tengkolok , tanjak , and destar are different in terms of cloth type or tying even though the purpose is the same, which the tengkolok is a headgear made from cloth of good quality and its tying has many layers and tapers to tip; destar has low tying and its tying layers are fewer than tengkolok ; tanjak has tying much like tengkolok ,

198-434: A constitutional crisis . Most constitutional monarchies employ a system that includes the principle of responsible government . In such an order, the reserve powers are thought to be the means by which the monarch and his or her viceregal representatives can legitimately exist as "constitutional guardians" or "umpires", tasked with guaranteeing that Cabinet and parliament adhere to the fundamental constitutional principles of

297-475: A de facto established rotation order. Minors are automatically disqualified from nomination and holding the office. The Conference of Rulers has met regularly since 1985. The four governors ( Yang di-Pertua Negeri ; the heads of states without hereditary rulers) also attend the Conference, but only rulers are allowed to vote and stand for election for the office of king. The Constitution provides that

396-553: A reserve power , also known as discretionary power , is a power that may be exercised by the head of state (or their representative) without the approval of another branch or part of the government. Unlike in a presidential system of government, the head of state (or their representative) is generally constrained by the cabinet or the legislature in a parliamentary system, and most reserve powers are usable only in certain exceptional circumstances. In monarchies with either an uncodified or partly unwritten constitution (such as

495-403: A veto of a bill, while to reserve royal assent, in effect, amounts to a decision to neither grant nor refuse assent, but to delay taking a decision for an undetermined period). There are usually strict constitutional conventions concerning when these powers may be used, and these conventions are enforced by public pressure. Using these powers in contravention of tradition would generally provoke

594-422: A candidate) according to the cycle, irrespective of whether they are currently the most senior. Since independence from British colonial rule , this has been the order of elected kings. However, the order is not a precedent and the election to the position and office of the king is at the pleasure of the Conference of Rulers. As an elective monarchy, there is no line of succession to the throne of Malaysia. Four of

693-659: A crucial by-election , which gave the Opposition a majority of one in Parliament. The Opposition immediately called for the government to reconvene Parliament, so that a motion of no confidence could be introduced, and a new government formed. Prime Minister Telavi responded that, under the Constitution, he was only required to convene Parliament once a year (for a vote on the budget), and was thus under no obligation to summon it until December. The Opposition turned to

792-510: A defeated prime minister refuses to do either of these two things, the governor-general could use the reserve powers to either dismiss the prime minister (see above), or dissolve Parliament without the prime minister's advice. Likewise, if the prime minister tenders their resignation, the governor-general could theoretically refuse to accept it, and dissolve Parliament against the Prime Minister's advice. A governor-general can also refuse

891-500: A dissolution in those circumstances. A governor-general could also legally refuse a request for a snap election from a prime minister in whom the House has confidence, but such a refusal would be extremely unlikely. The power to withhold royal assent to Bills is controversial. Many constitutional commentators believe that the governor-general (or the sovereign ) no longer has the power to refuse royal assent to any bill properly passed by

990-415: A period when Queensland had a "Premier who is not leader" and the governing party had a "Leader who is not Premier", there was speculation on the potential exercise of vice-regal reserve power by Campbell, in dismissing the premier in the absence of a parliamentary motion of no confidence . Ultimately, Campbell was praised for his handling of the undesirable situation. These are among several exercises of

1089-463: A prime minister loses the confidence of Parliament and resigns instead of advising a dissolution of Parliament; the last such occasion was in 1911 . Finally, it may happen if a Prime Minister is maneuvered out of their position by their own party, retires or resigns for personal reasons, or dies in office. Though the power of appointment is listed among the reserve powers, in fact the governor-general abides by strict conventions, and has always appointed

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1188-479: A prime minister died, became incapacitated, or resigned unexpectedly, a governor-general might be able to choose a temporary prime minister from among several senior ministers, while the governing party decided on a new leader who would then be duly appointed prime minister. Today, however, the practice of appointing – on prime-ministerial advice – a permanent deputy prime minister, who becomes acting prime minister when needed, has largely removed even this discretion from

1287-476: A prime minister's request to dissolve Parliament and hold elections. If a prime minister has been defeated by a vote of no confidence, a refusal by the governor-general to dissolve Parliament would, in effect, force the prime minister to resign and make way for a successor. See the Lascelles Principles for factors which might guide the governor-general in making a decision on whether or not to grant

1386-465: A ruler is charged with an offence in the Special Court, he is required to stop exercising the functions of a ruler. In the event of a ruler being sentenced to imprisonment for more than one day, he will be forced to abdicate from his duties as a ruler unless a free pardon is granted. The king or any ruler cannot pardon himself or his immediate family. In such case, they may request clemency from

1485-473: A ruler is not eligible for election as king if: The election is carried out by a secret ballot. The ballot papers used are not numbered, but marked with the same pen and ink, and are inserted into a ballot box. Only the royal rulers of the states participate in the election. A ruler may appoint another ruler as his proxy to vote on his behalf if he is unable to attend the Election Meeting. During

1584-456: A written constitution. Others, such as Herbert Evatt , believe or believed that reserve powers are vestigial and potentially open to abuse. Evatt felt that the reserve powers could be codified and still serve their intended function in a responsible government system, as they do in Ireland, Japan, and Sweden. In Belgium a constitutional provision explicitly states that no act of the monarch

1683-403: Is bicolored, yellow at the top and light blue at the bottom, with the coat of arms at the centre (without the paddy) and below that is the office bearer's title in a gold scroll. The Deputy King of Malaysia (Malay: Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong ) is elected by the same process immediately after the king has been elected by the Conference of Rules. The office is usually (but not always) held by

1782-432: Is completed only after a ruler has accepted the offer of the office of King by the presiding ruler. The Conference declares the elected ruler to be the new king to hold office for a term of five years. The ballot papers are destroyed in the presence of the rulers as soon as the result of the election is announced. On taking office as king months after election, he appoints a regent for the duration of his five-year term for

1881-516: Is formally elected to a five-year term by and from the nine rulers of the Malay states (the nine states of Malaysia that have hereditary royal rulers), who form the Conference of Rulers . After a ruler has served his term as king, he may not stand for election until all rulers of the other states have also stood for election to the office and have served their office. In the event of a vacancy of

1980-683: Is incumbent upon the King : Once a General Election has been announced by the monarch, political parties nominate their candidates to stand for the presidency of the government. Following the General Election of the Cortes Generales ( Cortes ), and other circumstances provided for in the Constitution, the monarch meets with and interviews the political party leaders represented in the Congress of Deputies, and then consults with

2079-609: Is made Lord ' Jawi : يڠ دڤرتوان اݢوڠ‎ ), is the constitutional monarch and head of state of Malaysia . The office was established in 1957, when the Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia) gained independence from the United Kingdom . The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers , comprising the nine rulers of the Malay states , with the office de facto rotated between them, making Malaysia one of

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2178-508: Is that of a constitutional monarch. The Federal Constitution of Malaysia and Acts of Parliament made in accordance with it define the extent of his powers as the head of state . These are divided into two categories: powers exercised on the advice of the Cabinet or of a minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet, the Conference of Rulers, or some other officer or institution, and discretionary powers . The Constitution vests

2277-651: Is that the King should stay away from anything which could reasonably be interpreted as partisan politics or criticism of the Government in office . Reserve powers can also be written into a republican constitution that separates the offices of head of state and head of government . This was the case in Germany under the Weimar Republic and is still the case in the French Fifth Republic ,

2376-505: Is the ability to refuse to make Orders and regulations advised by the Government or by individual Ministers. There have been a handful of occasions when reserve powers were used, or at least considered. In the 1890s, Premier John Ballance advised the Governor to make several new appointments to the (since abolished) Legislative Council . Two successive Governors, the Earl of Onslow and

2475-430: Is valid without the signature of a member or members of the government, which thereby becomes solely responsible, hence excluding any reserve power for the crown. In legal terminology, a competence vested in 'the King' thus very often means the government, as opposed to formal laws which require a (sometimes qualified) parliamentary majority. Constitutional precedence has even established the unwritten but binding rule that

2574-493: The Pakatan Harapan coalition took office. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong renews the appointment of a prime minister after every general election until the minister decides to step down. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong has discretionary powers to choose who he wants as the prime minister if no party has won a majority vote and is not bound by the decision of the outgoing prime minister (Article 40). It, however, does not afford him

2673-586: The 1974 Instrument of Government , the supreme executive authority is the Government (composed of the Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers), which is responsible to the Riksdag . The King, however, is not subordinate to the Government and thus could play an independent role as moral authority, but the prevailing convention, expressed in the preparatory works of the 1974 Instrument of Government,

2772-530: The Italian republic, and the Republic of Ireland . Reserve powers may include, for instance, the right to issue emergency legislation or regulation bypassing the normal processes. In most states, the head of state's ability to exercise reserve powers is explicitly defined and regulated by the text of the constitution. The President of Bangladesh must consult with the Prime Minister for all decisions except

2871-535: The Prime Minister , whom he has no power to dismiss. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 does not specifically grant emergency powers to the government, though does state in Article 56 that the monarch "arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions", and invests the monarch with the responsibility of overseeing that the forms of the constitution are observed. It is through this constitutional language that wider "reserve powers" are granted to

2970-665: The Speaker of the Congress of Deputies (officially, Presidente de Congreso de los Diputados de España , who, in this instance, represents the whole Cortes Generales) before nominating his candidate for the presidency, according to Section 99 of Title IV. Often minor parties form part of a larger major party, and through that membership it can be said that the monarch fulfills the constitutional mandate of consulting with party representatives with Congressional representation. Title IV Government and Administration Section 99(1) & (2) The Spanish Constitution of 1978 explicitly says that

3069-419: The United Kingdom or Canada ) or a wholly written constitution that consists of a text augmented by additional conventions, traditions, letters patent , etc., the monarch generally possesses reserve powers. Typically these powers are: to grant pardon ; to dismiss a prime minister; to refuse to dissolve parliament ; and to refuse or delay royal assent to legislation (to withhold royal assent amounts to

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3168-402: The prime minister to resign on two occasions: The first took place in 1896, when the Prime Minister, Sir Charles Tupper , refused to step down after his party did not win a majority in the House of Commons during that year's election , leading Governor General the Earl of Aberdeen to no longer recognize Tupper as prime minister and disapprove of several appointments Tupper had recommended. On

3267-603: The prime minister , withholding consent to dissolve Parliament, and calling meetings with the Conference of Rulers "concerned solely with the privileges, position, honours and dignities of Their Royal Highnesses". Under the Westminster system , the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is expected to appoint a prime minister who will command the confidence of a majority of the Dewan Rakyat , the elected lower house of Parliament . Should

3366-402: The rule of law and responsible government itself. Some constitutional scholars, such as George Winterton , have stated that reserve powers are a good thing in that they allow for a head of state to handle an unforeseen crisis and that the use of convention to limit the use of reserve powers allows for more gradual and subtle constitutional evolution than is possible through formal amendment of

3465-597: The 1920s, most reserve powers were exercised by a governor-general on the advice of either the local or the British government , though the latter took precedence. After the Balfour Declaration was produced by the 1926 Imperial Conference , formally establishing the autonomy and equal status of Commonwealth governments, governors-general ceased to be advised in any way by the British government. For example,

3564-426: The 84-year-old major general Ibrahim of Johor , Sultan of Johor since 1895, was first in line, but he declined the office due to old age. The next in line, Abu Bakar of Pahang , Sultan of Pahang since 1932, was rejected five times by his fellow electors and did not secure the necessary votes, in part because his various marriages to celebrities and cabaret dancers were seen as unbecoming of royalty – especially with

3663-693: The Belgian law legalising abortion . The King gave his royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July, and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Much like the Emperor of Japan, the King of Sweden does not have any constitutional responsibility for the governance of the Realm, with strictly ceremonial and representative functions remaining. Under

3762-700: The Conference of Rulers. The king cannot be sued in court for his actions while carrying out his official duties. Any claims can be made against the federal government. The official residence of the King is the Istana Negara (the National Palace) located in Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim in the federal capital Kuala Lumpur . It was completed in 2011. It replaced the old Istana Negara in Jalan Istana which had been turned into

3861-531: The Earl of Glasgow , refused to make the appointments, until the Colonial Office intervened in Ballance's favour. This incident markedly reduced the discretionary powers of the Governor. Though these remained the same in law for the time being, later Governors and governments considered that there would be far fewer scenarios in which their use would be appropriate. Almost a century later, in 1984, there

3960-535: The Federation" and "Head of State of the Federation". The very common term "King" has also been conveniently used by the media and the public, although incorrectly as it is not an official or legal title of the federal ruler. In Malaysian passports before 2010, the title "The Supreme Head of Malaysia" was used in the English version of the passport note. Since the issuance of ICAO -compliant e-passports in 2010,

4059-462: The Government as a whole remains in office as long as it keeps the confidence of the House. The governor-general can also dissolve Parliament and call elections without prime-ministerial advice. Dissolving Parliament and calling for elections is part of the governor-general's normal duties; every parliamentary dissolution and subsequent general election in New Zealand's history has been called by

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4158-631: The Governor-General. On 3 July, Italeli exercised his reserve powers in ordering Parliament to convene, against the Prime Minister's wishes, on 30 July. In the end, the Governor-General dismissed the Prime Minister from office. In the UK, the monarch has numerous theoretical personal prerogatives , but beyond the appointment of a prime minister, there are in practice few circumstances in modern British government where these prerogatives could be justifiably exercised; they have rarely been exercised in

4257-622: The House of Commons, the Queen would grant a dissolution, which she agreed to. Unlike most other constitutional monarchs, the Emperor of Japan has no reserve powers. Following Japan 's defeat in World War II , the Emperor's role is defined in Chapter I of the 1947 Constitution of Japan , as decided by the foreign powers that had defeated the country. It states that sovereignty rests with

4356-419: The House of Representatives – former law professor and Prime Minister Sir Geoffrey Palmer and Professor Matthew Palmer argue any refusal of royal assent would lead to a constitutional crisis. Others, such as Professor Philip Joseph, believe the Governor-General does retain the power to refuse royal assent to Bills in exceptional circumstances - such as the abolition of democracy. A similar controversial power

4455-642: The Irish Parliament in 1933, the Irish governor-general was formally advised exclusively by the Irish government. While the reserve power to dismiss a government has not been used in the United Kingdom since 1834, this power has been exercised more recently in Australia, on two occasions: In both cases an election was held very soon afterwards and, again in both cases, the dismissed government

4554-637: The Japanese citizenry, not the Emperor who is merely the symbol of the State and the unity of the people. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (the elected supreme federal ruler, commonly glossed as “King”) has no reserve powers. Article 40 of the Malaysian constitution specifies only three powers of the Agong: to reject a request to dissolve Parliament , to convene a meeting of the Conference of Rulers ; and to appoint

4653-612: The Malaysian Armed Forces , he appoints the Chief of Defence Forces , on the advice of the Armed Forces Council . He also appoints the service heads of each of the three branches of the armed forces. On 31 August 1957, having rejected the suggested title of Yang di-Pertuan Besar in favour of Yang di-Pertuan Agong , the Conference of Rulers elected the first occupant of the federal throne. By seniority,

4752-492: The Monarch must give assent to any parliamentary decision, regardless of any other considerations (which can only be advanced in private audience with government members, not imposed), as soon as the government presents it for royal signature and thus assumes full political responsibility. In 1990, when a law liberalising Belgium 's abortion laws was approved by parliament, King Baudouin refused to give his royal assent, only

4851-442: The Prime Minister [...] except where he is required to act (c) in accordance with the advice of any other person or authority [...] or (e) in his own deliberate judgment (in which case he shall exercise an independent discretion)". In 2013, Governor-General Sir Iakoba Italeli was requested by the Opposition to act without (and indeed against) the Prime Minister's advice. On 28 June, Prime Minister Willy Telavi 's government had lost

4950-531: The Royal Museum in 2013. Other residences include the royal retreat, Istana Melawati in the federal administrative capital Putrajaya . The two palaces alternate as a venue of meetings of the Conference of Rulers. The King's official full style and title in Malay is Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong . Common English terms used in the media and by the general public include "Paramount Ruler", "Head of State", "Head of

5049-564: The Sultan of Selangor wears a richly golden yellow Solek Balung Raja (Royal Crest Style) when attending a coronation ceremony or his birthday ceremony. The traditional attire of the Brunei Malay population, locally known as destar, represents the significance of Malay rulers and nobility throughout history. In addition, it served as a representation of the social structure of the time, separating commoners from dignitaries until

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5148-409: The ability to veto legislation directly, however no provision forbids the denial of royal assent – effectively a veto. When the media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalizing gay marriages , he answered " Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica " ("I am the King of Spain, and not that of Belgium") – a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium who had refused to sign

5247-476: The advice of their ministers. As New Zealand's political system matured, the Colonial Office increasingly instructed the governors to follow the advice of local ministers, and the powers of the office have continually shrunk. Important remnants of these early powers remain. The governor-general has a number of reserve powers, which may be used on behalf of King Charles III . Sir Kenneth Keith describes

5346-530: The appointment of the Prime Minister and the Chief Justice. However, the President has the authority to dissolve the government or parliament, grant pardon to criminals, block bills/budgets by the legislature or declare an emergency. During the regime of the caretaker government , the President's power expanded dramatically; effectively (s)he is no longer a ceremonial head of state. Article 16 of

5445-575: The bill was unconstitutional, and would soon be struck down by the West Indies Associated States Supreme Court . The situation was resolved when Queen Elizabeth II, at the request of Simmonds, terminated Inniss's commission as governor. The Constitution of Tuvalu provides, in article 52, that the Governor-General exercises his powers "only in accordance with the advice of (a) the Cabinet; or (b)

5544-539: The election process, the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal distributes the ballot with only one candidate. Each ruler is requested to indicate whether the candidate is suitable or not to be elected King. The most junior ruler, who is not listed as nominee for the office of king, or the outgoing King is appointed to count the ballot papers together with the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal. The nominee must have obtained five votes before

5643-495: The executive power of the federal government in the monarch. However, with few exceptions, the king is bound to exercise this power on the advice of the Cabinet or of a minister acting under the Cabinet's general authority. In practice, most of the actual day-to-day work of governing is performed by the Federal Cabinet. The discretionary powers of the king as stated by the Constitution and laws pertain chiefly to appointing

5742-653: The first Governor-General of the Irish Free State , Tim Healy , was instructed by the British Dominions Office in 1922 to withhold the royal assent on any bill passed by the two houses of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament) that attempted to change or abolish the Oath of Allegiance . However, no such bill was introduced during Healy's period in office. By the time the oath was abolished by

5841-471: The formation of Malaysia in 1963, only the rulers of the nine royal states of Peninsular Malaysia have been made eligible for election for the throne. Had it been admitted as a royal state the Sultan of Brunei would have been granted the right to stand for election as king by the Conference of Rulers . This cycle was originally established based on seniority. However, the current rulers are named (and stand as

5940-427: The governor or governor-general. However, all elections since responsible government was introduced, including snap elections, have been requested by the incumbent premier or prime minister, and are accordingly not examples of use of the reserve powers. A prime minister who has lost the confidence of the House will conventionally either advise a dissolution of Parliament and new elections, or tender their resignation. If

6039-460: The governor-general. The governor-general has a number of other legal powers. They may dismiss an incumbent prime minister and Cabinet , an individual minister , or any other official who holds office "during the King's pleasure " or "during the Governor-General's pleasure". Conventionally, the governor-general follows the advice of the prime minister or another appropriate minister in matters of appointment and dismissal. Likewise, by convention,

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6138-616: The head covering became the Malay custom of dressing. Over two millennia have passed since the discovery of Brunei 's destar types, which include Destar Taruna, Helang Benari, Singa Menerpa, Layar Bahtera, Nakhoda Sailar, and Hulubalang Diraja. The destar's production process, it was previously known that a high-quality dastar requires a week to complete, which has a more adaptable notion, is what makes it distinctive. Yang di-Pertuan Agong [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics The King of Malaysia , officially Yang di-Pertuan Agong ( lit.   ' He who

6237-523: The hung parliament in 1974, the serving Prime Minister, Edward Heath , attempted to remain in power but was unable to form a working majority . The Queen then asked Harold Wilson , leader of the Labour Party, which had the largest number of seats in the Commons but not an overall majority, to attempt to form a government. Subsequently, Wilson asked that if the government were defeated on the floor of

6336-541: The initial submission to him (Article 66). The king appoints numerous high-ranking office holders in the federation under the terms of the Constitution and various legislative acts passed by Parliament. The constitution established procedures for such appointments. The king appoints 44 at-large senators to the Dewan Negara , the upper house of Parliament. The king appoints the Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governors), of

6435-495: The interregnum period before the election of the new king and deputy king by the Conference of Rulers as stated by the Constitution and legislative acts of Parliament. The current holder of the office of Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Sultan Nazrin Shah of Perak since 13 December 2016, the first to hold it for three straight terms of office. Reserve power In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government ,

6534-522: The king and the state rulers in their personal capacity, due to public outrage over their behaviour. A Special Court ( Mahkamah Khas Raja-raja ) is established where civil and criminal proceedings can be made against a ruler with the approval of the Attorney General. The right to sue a ruler is limited to Malaysian citizens following a precedent. The Special Court also have jurisdiction where a ruler initiates legal actions against any party. When

6633-592: The king is royal yellow with the Coat of arms of Malaysia in the centre, surrounded by a rice paddy wreath coloured gold – both are traditional royal colours in the peninsula. The same goes for the Royal Standards of the Queen and the Deputy King, but the designs are different. The queen's standard is green in colour, with the coat of arms at the centre surrounded by the paddy wreath. The deputy king's standard

6732-476: The last century. In October 2003 the Government made public the following prerogatives but it said at the time that a comprehensive catalogue of prerogative powers could not be supplied: These powers could be exercised in an emergency such as a constitutional crisis (such as surrounded the People's Budget of 1909) or in wartime. They would also be very relevant in the event of a hung parliament . For example, in

6831-497: The leader of the dominant faction in the House of Representatives . The governor-general retains the theoretical power to appoint as prime minister a member of the House of Representatives who clearly does not have the support of a majority of MPs, but no governor-general has sought to use this power since New Zealand gained responsible government , though some cabinets in the 19th century proved extremely short-lived. In earlier times, if

6930-467: The method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days that a bill has been passed by the Cortes Generales, the monarch shall give assent and publish the new law. Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum on the advice of the president and the previous authorization of Congress. No provision within the Constitution invests the monarch with

7029-493: The monarch is not subject to any responsibility but for his acts to be valid must be endorsed by the Government and will not be valid without such an endorsement. The only exception is that the monarch is free to appoint and remove the members of private and military advisors ( Casa Real ). Title IV of the Constitution invests the monarch with sanction ( Royal Assent ) and promulgation (publication) of laws, while Title III The Cortes Generals , Chapter 2 Drafting of Bills outlines

7128-413: The monarch's role in the country's independent judiciary . However, by constitutional convention established by Juan Carlos I, the monarch exercises prerogatives after having solicited government advice, while remaining politically non-partisan and independent. Receiving government advice does not necessarily bind the monarch into executing said advice, except where prescribed by the Constitution. It

7227-591: The monarch. It is through this clause and his position as commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed Forces that King Juan Carlos I undermined the attempted 23-F military coup in 1981. Title II, Articles 56 The King is Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations, especially with

7326-420: The nations of its historical community, and exercises the functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitution and the laws . The Spanish Constitution of 1978, Title II The Crown , Article 62, delineates the powers of the monarch, while Title IV Government and Administration , Article 99, defines the monarch's role in government. Title VI Judicial Power , Article 117, Articles 122 through 124, outlines

7425-447: The new premier. No modern governor general has disallowed a bill, though provincial lieutenant governors have. Peter Hogg , a constitutional scholar, has opined that "a system of responsible government cannot work without a formal head of state who is possessed of certain reserve powers." Further, Eugene Forsey stated "the reserve power is indeed, under our Constitution, an absolutely essential safeguard of democracy. It takes

7524-423: The nine state rulers. The selection of the candidate for the kingship initially followed an order based on the seniority (calculated by length of reign) of each ruler in 1957, at the Federation of Malaya 's independence from the United Kingdom. The Conference of Rulers, which has the power to disqualify a candidate, has sometimes varied the original seniority order, as noted above. Since then, the states have followed

7623-399: The office (by death, abdication, or deposition by a majority vote of the rulers), the Conference of Rulers elects a new office holder as king as if the previous term had expired. The new king is elected for a full five-year term by the Conference. After his term expires, it holds a new election, in which the incumbent would not be re-elected to the office. The position de facto rotates among

7722-523: The only difference is that its cloth is simple and thin. Tengkolok is made in various forms, with different types and designs of cloth, depending on the social status of its dress. The general term for different forms of tengkolok is solek . Each solek also has its different special name, for instance: the tengkolok worn by Yang di-Pertuan Agong during the coronation ceremony is known as Solek Dendam Tak Sudah (Persistent Vengeance Style). Every Malay king has their particular solek . For example,

7821-581: The place of the legal and judicial safeguards provided in the United States by written Constitutions, enforceable in the courts." New Zealand's early governors, the predecessors of today's governors-general , exercised considerable power, with exclusive authority over some matters such as foreign and Māori affairs. They also had a real choice in selecting premiers – parliaments of the period being composed of independent members who formed loose and shifting factions – and were not always obliged to act on

7920-467: The prime minister be or become unacceptable, he may be forced out by a vote of no confidence , which would require the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to appoint someone else as prime minister or dissolve Parliament for an election. Conventionally, the prime minister is the head of the party with a majority in Parliament. This was the Barisan Nasional coalition from independence in 1957 until 2018, when

8019-401: The request of Premier Christy Clark to dissolve the legislature and call a new election only 51 days after the recent provincial election. Clark had advised Guichon to dissolve the legislature as, in her view, the appointment of a Speaker would have resulted in frequent tie votes and an untenable position. Guichon refused this advice and instead asked John Horgan to form a government, becoming

8118-705: The reserve powers in Australia in the 20th century at state and federal levels. The reserve powers in Canada fall within the royal prerogative and belong specifically to the monarch , as the Constitution Act, 1867 , vests all executive power in the country's sovereign. King George VI in 1947 issued Letters Patent permitting the governor general "to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us [the monarch] in respect of Canada." The reserve power of dismissal has never been used in Canada, although other reserve powers have been employed to force

8217-429: The revelation (according to an oral interview with Tunku Abdul Rahman) of a surprise wedding to a ronggeng dancer and their honeymoon to Hong Kong . Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan , who had been elected to his state throne ( Yamtuan Besar ) in 1933, was elected king by eight votes to one. The first Conference of Rulers after the formation of Malaysia comprised: The holder of the office and title of King of Malaysia

8316-448: The right and authority to dismiss the prime minister. He also can dismiss or withhold consent to a request for the dissolution of parliament (Article 40). He may discontinue or dissolve parliament (Article 55) but he can only dissolve parliament at the request of the prime minister (Article 43). He can reject any new laws or amendments to existing laws but if he still withholds permission, it will automatically become law after 30 days from

8415-437: The ruler next in line to rule after the current king. The deputy king exercises the functions of the head of state during the king's absence, or inability to exercise the functions of his office due to illness or infirmity (similar to a regent or viceroy / vizier in other countries). The deputy king does not automatically succeed as King of Malaysia when a vacancy occurs in that office. The deputy king acts as head of state in

8514-447: The ruler presiding over the Election Meeting informs him of his election to the office of King and asks him to accept the title. If the successful nominee declines the offer or the nominated ruler fails to secure the required majority votes for the office, the voting process is repeated with the nomination of the second most senior ruler based on the list of Seniority of States . Rulers are named and stand for election in turn. The process

8613-627: The second occasion, which took place in 1925 and came to be known as the King–Byng affair , Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , facing a non-confidence motion in the House of Commons, advised the Governor General, the Viscount Byng of Vimy , to dissolve the new parliament, but Byng refused. At the provincial level, on 29 June 2017 Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Judith Guichon used her reserve powers to deny

8712-532: The second time in Belgium's history the monarch elected to do so. Instead, he requested that the cabinet declare him unable to reign for a day, which it did, thereby assuming the king's constitutional powers. All members of the government then signed the bill, passing it into law. The bicameral legislature approved a proposition that Baudouin was capable of reigning again the next day. Within the Dominions , until

8811-421: The state which he rules. Usually, but not always, the prince regent is a close relative. The regent acts as head of state in that state for every purpose except for the role of head of Islam, which is retained by the king. Since the first cycle of nine kings (1957–1994), the order among the eligible state rulers has followed the order established by that cycle, namely: With Brunei's decision not to participate in

8910-502: The states of Penang , Malacca , Sabah and Sarawak , at his discretion, after considering the advice of the state's Chief Minister/Premier, for four year terms. The governor's term of office can be renewed also at his disrection. He also appoints the Mayor and City Council of Kuala Lumpur . In addition, the king is the Head of Islam in the four states ruled by appointed governors, in

9009-599: The states of Malaysia do not have hereditary rulers. These are Malacca , Penang , Sarawak and Sabah . Sarawak previously had three hereditary rulers (the White Rajahs ) until it became a Crown colony of the British Empire in 1946. These four states, along with Malaysia's three Federal Territories , do not supply the king. In 1993, amendments to the Malaysian constitution removed the legal immunity of

9108-611: The three Federal Territories (The cities of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya and Labuan Island), as well as in his own home state. In this role, he is advised by the State Islamic Affairs Council in each of the States. The king appoints the chairman and members of each state council. He also appoints the State Mufti (head) in each of these states. There is a single Islamic Affairs Council with jurisdiction for

9207-617: The three Federal Territories. Its members and chairman are appointed by the king, who also appoints the mufti of the Federal Territories. In accordance with Article 41 of the Constitution, the king is Commander-in-Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces . As such, he is the highest-ranking officer in the military chain of command, holding five star rank in its branches. As the Supreme Commander of

9306-545: The untranslated title "His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia" has been used. In formal English correspondence, for many years the King was referred to as "His Majesty The Yang di-Pertuan Agong". In January 2024, this was changed to "His Majesty The King of Malaysia". Formal address to the King is taken seriously in Malaysia. There are two ways of addressing the King: The Royal Standard of

9405-450: The use of these powers as based on the principle that "The Queen reigns, but the government rules, so long as it has the support of the House of Representatives". The most visible reserve powers are the power to appoint a prime minister and the related power to accept a prime minister's resignation. This power is exercised every time a general election results in a change of government, most recently in 2023 . It may also be exercised if

9504-654: The world's few elective monarchies . The 17th and current Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor . He was elected on 26 October 2023, at a special meeting of the Conference of Rulers ; he took the oath of office and was sworn in at the Istana Negara on 31 January 2024. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's queen consort is known as the Raja Permaisuri Agong , currently Raja Zarith Sofiah . The royal couple are styled in English as "His Majesty" and "Her Majesty". The Yang di-Pertuan Agong' s role

9603-491: Was a brief constitutional crisis . The outgoing Prime Minister, Sir Rob Muldoon , had just lost an election, but refused to advise the Governor-General, Sir David Beattie , to make urgent regulations desired not only by the incoming Prime Minister, David Lange , but also by many in Muldoon's own party and cabinet. At the time, the option of Beattie dismissing Muldoon and replacing him, without waiting for Muldoon's resignation,

9702-545: Was massively defeated by popular vote . In Queensland in 1987, during a tense period of leadership succession, the Governor of Queensland , Sir Walter Campbell , exercised reserve power in declining to follow the advice of the Premier , Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Campbell initially refused to redistribute ministerial portfolios on the sole advice of the premier, who lacked the confidence of his cabinet. Subsequently, during

9801-467: Was reportedly discussed. Muldoon eventually relented under pressure from his own cabinet, making the use of Beattie's reserve powers unnecessary. A constitutional crisis occurred in Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1981, when the governor , Sir Probyn Inniss , used his reserve powers to refuse assent to a bill passed by the government of Sir Kennedy Simmonds , the country's premier . Inniss believed that

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