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22-599: Tanoa may refer to: Pelusios , a genus of African side-necked turtles Kava Bowl (tanoa) , a Samoan ceremonial bowl Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tanoa . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanoa&oldid=1194673674 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

44-507: A 50% decrease has been observed in the Seychelles terrapins, which include various Pelusios species. Seychelles is considered a hotspot for biodiversity , as it is one of the most threatened reservoirs of plant life and animal life, as well as one of the richest environments. The species are endangered due to threat of drainage , predation , and invasion by alien flora, combined with a shrunken living area. Most habitat destruction

66-609: A distinct extinction possibility given the significant number collected by native people. They are found throughout Sub-Saharan Africa , Madagascar , São Tomé , and the Seychelles islands. They have also been introduced on the islands of the Lesser Antilles . The African mud turtles range from being small in size, only 12 cm (4.7 in) carapace length for adult Pelusios nanus , to moderately large, 46 cm (18 in) for adult Pelusios sinuatus , while

88-604: A neck without costiform processes . The jaw closure articulates on a pterygoid trochlear surface which lacks a synovial capsule but instead contains a saclike duct full of fluid from the mouth cavity. The head shape is wide and flat, with a seemingly "smiling" face created by the jaw closure. The skull lacks the epipterygoid bone (bone above the pterygoid extending to parietal bone ) and parietal- squamosal contact but possesses an internal carotid canal and strong postorbital - squamosal contact. The mud terrapins are either semiaquatic or fully aquatic and typically walk on

110-461: A radial manner from the center toward the margins of the bone; the angles are consequently the parts last formed, and it is here that the fontanelles exist. Occasionally the parietal bone is divided into two parts, upper and lower, by an antero-posterior suture. In non-human vertebrates, the parietal bones typically form the rear or central part of the skull roof , lying behind the frontal bones. In many non-mammalian tetrapods , they are bordered to

132-519: A wet or humid place to survive. Pelusios generally produce small to modest clutches of 6 to 18 eggs , depending upon female size. Egg deposition occurs in the more equitable season of the year, with known incubation periods ranging from 8–10 weeks. The reported karyotype is 2N = 34 with 22 macrochromosomes and 12 microchromosomes . The southern group of the genus Pelomedusa is shown to be paraphyletically similar to Pelusios through mitochondrial DNA analyses. From fossil evidence, it

154-592: Is derived from the Greek word pēlos, which means "mud" or "clay", and this is reflected by the turtles living in streams and rivers with a muddy bottom. Common names for the genus Pelusios include hinged terrapins , African mud turtles , and mud terrapins . Several species have been described, with probably numerous undescribed species. The taxonomy of the genus is very confused, as these species show many local variations. Certain species, in isolated areas or with reduced populations, need to be observed as they face

176-437: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pelusios See text Sternothaerus Bell , 1825 Anota Gray , 1863 Notoa Gray, 1863 Tanoa Gray, 1863 Pelusios is a genus of African side-necked turtles . With 17 described species , it is one of the most diverse genera of the turtle order (Testudines). The scientific name Pelusios

198-401: Is from human population expansion, specifically in the granitic islands due to increased development pressures. Hope for reversal of this trend is evidenced by the rapid population recovery of Pelusios subniger parietalis on Frégate Island after habitat improvement. Global climate change has recently been recognized as one of the largest threats to biodiversity. This climate change has

220-451: Is suggested that the genera diverged in, or before the lower Miocene era . The species in the genus Pelusios can be divided into two groups based on shell morphology. The "adansonii group" (also known as the "gabonensis group" or the "adansonii-gabonensis group") includes P. adansonii , P. broadleyi , P. gabonensis , P. marani , and P. nanus . Species in the "adansonii group" are characterized by short abdominal scutes relative to

242-419: Is the location of the parietal eye (also called the pineal or third eye), which is much smaller than the two main eyes. The parietal bone is usually present in the posterior end of the skull and is near the midline. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. The parietal bones make contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of

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264-401: The middle meningeal artery ; the latter run upward and backward from the sphenoidal angle, and from the central and posterior part of the squamous border. Along the upper margin is a shallow groove, which, together with that on the opposite parietal, forms a channel, the sagittal sulcus , for the superior sagittal sinus ; the edges of the sulcus afford attachment to the falx cerebri . Near

286-471: The ability to change species survival by causing changes in ecosystem structures, yet the effect is heightened in endemic species. Several reviews undertaken for the study of potential effects of global warming on biodiversity have provided evidence for Africa being the most vulnerable of all continents. Climate change is likely to be devastating for many species confined to small islands such as Seychelles. Endemic species such as Pelusios could suffer

308-474: The bone articulates with the frontal bone and the postorbital bone . The posterior part of the bone articulates with the squamosal bone , and less commonly the supraoccipital bone. The bone-supported neck frills of ceratopsians were formed by extensions of the parietal bone. These frills, which overhang the neck and extend past the rest of the skull is a diagnostic trait of ceratopsians. The recognizable skull domes present in pachycephalosaurs were formed by

330-487: The elongate anterior plastral lobe, as well as a short bridge between the carapace and the plastron. All of the remaining species are characterized by relatively longer abdominal scutes and a longer bridge between the carapace and plastron and are referred to as the "subniger group". Species in the "subniger group" exhibit greater mobility of the plastral front lobe than those belonging to the "adansonii group". Subspecies: Subspecies: Subspecies: Based on field surveys,

352-436: The floor of slow-moving waters. They are most often observed in lakes, swamps or marshes but occasionally witnessed in ephemeral waterways. They are predominantly carnivorous , eating a variety of arthropods , worms, or other small animals found by way of foraging the bottom of their aquatic habitats. They do not undergo prolonged estivation or hibernation in the dried mud during dry season; instead, they need to find

374-410: The groove are several depressions, best marked in the skulls of old persons, for the arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies). In the groove is the internal opening of the parietal foramen when that aperture exists. The parietal bone is ossified in membrane from a single center, which appears at the parietal eminence about the eighth week of fetal development. Ossification gradually extends in

396-528: The large majority of species fall between 20 and 30 cm (7.9 and 11.8 in) carapace length. The carapaces are oblong, moderately high-domed, and the plastrons are large and hinged which is what distinguishes them from the Pelomedusa . The plastron contains a mesoplastron and also well-developed plastral buttresses that articulate with the costals on each side of the carapace. The carapace has 11 pairs of sutured peripherals around its margin and

418-411: The rear by a pair of postparietal bones that may be solely in the roof of the skull, or slope downwards to contribute to the back of the skull, depending on the species. In the living tuatara and some lizards, as well as in many fossil tetrapods, a small opening, the parietal foramen (also called the pineal foramen ), is present between the two parietal bones at the midline of the skull. This opening

440-423: The superior and inferior temporal lines ; the former gives attachment to the temporal fascia , and the latter indicates the upper limit of the muscular origin of the temporal muscle . Above these lines the bone is covered by a tough layer of fibrous tissue – the epicranial aponeurosis ; below them it forms part of the temporal fossa , and affords attachment to the temporal muscle. At the back part and close to

462-399: The upper or sagittal border is the parietal foramen which transmits a vein to the superior sagittal sinus , and sometimes a small branch of the occipital artery ; it is not constantly present, and its size varies considerably. The internal surface [Fig. 2] is concave; it presents depressions corresponding to the cerebral convolutions, and numerous furrows (grooves) for the ramifications of

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484-403: The worst impact of climate change because of their restricted range and narrow ecological requirements. Parietal bone The external surface [Fig. 1] is convex, smooth, and marked near the center by an eminence, the parietal eminence ( tuber parietale ), which indicates the point where ossification commenced. Crossing the middle of the bone in an arched direction are two curved lines,

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