47-403: Philippine " Pina " Bausch (27 July 1940 – 30 June 2009) was a German dancer and choreographer who was a significant contributor to a neo-expressionist dance tradition now known as Tanztheater . Bausch's approach was noted for a stylized blend of dance movement, prominent sound design , and involved stage sets, as well as for engaging the dancers under her to help in the development of
94-431: A coherent whole.” Choreography consisting of ordinary motor activities, social dances, commonplace movements or gestures, or athletic movements may lack a sufficient amount of authorship to qualify for copyright protection. A recent lawsuit was brought by professional dancer and choreographer Kyle Hanagami, who sued Epic Games, alleging that the video game developer copied a portion of Hanagami’s copyrighted dance moves in
141-438: A hypothetical single continuum, in other words the rite of a show, the story of the community that performs it with the joy of disguise and the solitude of cohabitation. However, behind the often heartbreaking splendour of the visual tableaux, the seductive feline and ineluctable manner in which the troupe advances in single file, and the pattern of the movements, regular but cleverly out of tune, through this lifelong self-portrayal
188-400: A new genre, a combination of theatre, dance, music, and visual arts in which score and improvisation come together, very close to the dream of a total theatre that juxtaposes the individual talents of an extraordinary ensemble with a precise concept of time and space. The results are deconstructions of Stravinsky or Bartok , reconstructions of Shakespeare or Brecht , or productions based on
235-645: A new work named Tablet in Spoleto , Italy, he took Bausch with him. In New York Bausch also performed with the Paul Sanasardo and Donya Feuer Dance Company and collaborated on two pieces with them in 1961. It was in New York City that Pina stated, "New York is like a jungle but at the same time it gives you a feeling of total freedom. In these two years, I have found myself." In 1962, Bausch joined Jooss' new Folkwang-Ballett (Folkwang Ballet) as
282-529: A piece called Nowhere to inaugurate the renovated main stage of the Greek National Theatre in Athens. The show's central and most prolific scene was dedicated to the memory of Bausch, and involved performers linking arms and stripping naked a man and woman. In 2010 the dance company Les Ballets C de la B performed Out of Context – for Pina , which was dedicated to Bausch's memory. The show
329-456: A piece, and her work had an influence on modern dance from the 1970s forward. She created the company Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch, which performs internationally. Philippine Bausch, later known as Pina, was born in Solingen , Germany, on 27 July 1940. Her parents were August and Anita Bausch, who owned a restaurant with guest rooms, where Pina was born. The restaurant provided Pina with
376-477: A piece. Her work, regarded as a continuation of the European and American expressionist movements, incorporated many expressly dramatic elements and often explored themes connected to trauma , particularly trauma arising out of relationships. The term "dance theatre" ( tanztheater ) can be traced back to Rudolf Laban 's theories. While Laban used the phrase in comparison with movement choirs, he didn't specify
423-717: A scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Service to continue her studies at the Juilliard School in New York City in 1960, where her teachers included Antony Tudor , José Limón , Alfredo Corvino , and Paul Taylor . Bausch was very soon performing with Tudor at the Metropolitan Opera Ballet Company, and with Paul Taylor at New American Ballet . When, in 1960, Taylor was invited to premiere
470-413: A soloist and assisted Jooss on many of the pieces. In 1968, she choreographed her first piece, Fragmente (Fragments), to music by Béla Bartók . In 1969, she succeeded Jooss as artistic director of the company. Bausch's approach was noted for a stylized blend of dance movement, prominent sound design , and involved stage sets, as well as for engaging the dancers under her to help in the development of
517-470: A son. Bausch died on 30 June 2009 in Wuppertal , North Rhine Westphalia , Germany aged 68 of an unstated form of cancer five days after diagnosis and two days before shooting was scheduled to begin for the long-planned Wim Wenders documentary. Her work had an influence on modern dance from the 1970s forward. The same year, choreographer and experimental theatre-maker Dimitris Papaioannou created
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#1732781118401564-593: A specific geographical place. When studying in New York, Bausch sought influence from Martha Graham , José Limón , and Anna Sokolow . Antony Tudor, who was one of Bausch's teachers at Julliard and her mentor at her time at the Metropolitan Ballet Theater was These American influences can be seen in Bausch's choice of gestures and phrasing. For example, a defining characteristic of Bausch's work
611-407: A theme - an anniversary, a dance, a farewell, a city - conceived as children's games or parlour games and orchestrated like review acts in order to rummage in the everyday life of the dancers, who pretend to have stopped dancing, subjected to public questioning and left to the flow of free associations, citing over and over but without ruling out psychoanalytical stripteases. In these group productions,
658-465: A venue to start performing at a very young age. She would perform for all of the guests in the hotel and occasionally go into their rooms and dance while they were trying to read the newspaper. It was then that her parents saw her potential. These experiences at the restaurant would be a great influence for her choreography of Café Müller . Bausch was accepted into Kurt Jooss 's Folkwangschule aged 14. After graduation in 1959, Bausch left Germany with
705-485: A verb) "to foresee", "bode", "suspect." The details about the music for the works until 1986 follow a book by Raimund Hoghe who was dramaturge in Wuppertal. Choreographer Choreography is the art or practice of designing sequences of movements of physical bodies (or their depictions) in which motion or form or both are specified. Choreography may also refer to the design itself. A choreographer
752-488: Is almost unimportant whether a work finds an understanding audience. One has to do it because one believes that it is the right thing to do. We are not only here to please, we cannot help challenging the spectator." One of the themes in her work was relationships. She had a very specific process in which she went about creating emotions. "Improvisation and the memory of [the dancer's] own experiences ... she asks questions—about parents, childhood, feelings in specific situations,
799-510: Is no music. There is only life and us. It's absolutely frightening to do a work when you have nothing to hold on to." She stated, "In the end, it's composition. What you do with things. There's nothing there to start with. There are only answers: sentences, little scenes someone's shown you. It's all separate to start with. Then at a certain point I'll take something which I think is right and join it to something else. This with that, that with something else. One thing with various other things. And by
846-485: Is not repetition, ... The same action makes you feel something completely different by the end." Her large multi-media productions often involve elaborate sets and eclectic music. In Vollmond , half of the stage is taken up by a giant, rocky hill, and the score includes everything from Portuguese music to k.d. lang . In 1983, she played the role of La Principessa Lherimia in Federico Fellini 's film And
893-558: Is one who creates choreographies by practising the art of choreography, a process known as choreographing . It most commonly refers to dance choreography . In dance, choreography. may also refer to the design itself, which is sometimes expressed by means of dance notation . Dance choreography is sometimes called dance composition . Aspects of dance choreography include the compositional use of organic unity , rhythmic or non-rhythmic articulation, theme and variation, and repetition. The choreographic process may employ improvisation for
940-812: Is the continuous repetition of movements, as seen in Rite of Spring In 1973, Bausch was appointed artistic director of the Opernhaus Wuppertal ballet, as the Tanztheater Wuppertal [ de ] , run as an independent company. The company has a large repertoire of original pieces, and regularly tours throughout the world from its home base of the Opernhaus Wuppertal. It was renamed later as Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch. Josephine Ann Endicott . and Meryl Tankard were two Australian dancer/choreographers who worked at
987-840: Is the longest-running choreography competition in the world (started c. 1982 ), organised by the Ballett Gesellschaft Hannover e.V. It took place online during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, returning to the stage at the Theater am Aegi in 2022. Gregor Zöllig, head choreographer of dance at the Staatstheater Braunschweig was appointed artistic director of the competition in 2020. The main conditions of entry are that entrants must be under 40 years of age, and professionally trained. The competition has been run in collaboration with
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#17327811184011034-615: The Tanja Liedtke Foundation since her death in 2008, and from 2021 a new production prize has been awarded by the foundation, to complement the five other production awards. The 2021 and 2022 awards were presented by Marco Goecke , then director of ballet at the Staatstheater Hannover . There are a number of other international choreography competitions, mostly focused on modern dance. These include: The International Online Dance Competition (IODC)
1081-1251: The 19th century, and romantic ballet choreographers included Carlo Blasis , August Bournonville , Jules Perrot and Marius Petipa . Modern dance brought a new, more naturalistic style of choreography, including by Russian choreographer Michel Fokine (1880-1942) and Isadora Duncan (1878-1927), and since then styles have varied between realistic representation and abstraction. Merce Cunningham , George Balanchine , and Sir Frederick Ashton were all influential choreographers of classical or abstract dance, but Balanchine and Ashton, along with Martha Graham , Leonide Massine , Jerome Robbins and others also created representational works. Isadora Duncan loved natural movement and improvisation . The work of Alvin Ailey (1931-1989), an African-American dancer, choreographer, and activist, spanned many styles of dance, including ballet, jazz , modern dance, and theatre. Dances are designed by applying one or both of these fundamental choreographic methods: Several underlying techniques are commonly used in choreography for two or more dancers: Movements may be characterized by dynamics, such as fast, slow, hard, soft, long, and short. Today,
1128-523: The German titles are ambiguous. "Kontakthof" is composed of Kontakt ("contact") and Hof ("court, courtyard"), resulting in "courtyard of contact," which is also a technical term for an area in some brothels where the first contact with prostitutes is possible. "Ich bring dich um die Ecke," literally "I'll take you around the corner," can mean "I'll accompany you around the corner" but also colloquially "I'll kill you." "Ahnen" can mean "ancestors," but also (as
1175-585: The Greek words "χορεία" (circular dance, see choreia ) and "γραφή" (writing). It first appeared in the American English dictionary in the 1950s, and "choreographer" was first used as a credit for George Balanchine in the Broadway show On Your Toes in 1936. Before this, stage credits and movie credits used phrases such as "ensembles staged by", "dances staged by", or simply "dances by" to denote
1222-684: The Ship Sails On . The Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch made its American debut in Los Angeles as the opening performance of the 1984 Olympic Arts Festival. In 2009, Bausch started to collaborate with film director Wim Wenders on a 3D documentary, Pina . The film premiered at the Berlin Film Festival in 2011. A distinct aspect of Pina Bausch's works is the stage design, which were designed by Rolf Borzik and then Peter Pabst after Borzik's passing. Bausch's sets altered
1269-479: The Tanztheater and with Bausch over many years. Her best-known dance-theatre works include the melancholic Café Müller (1985), in which dancers stumble around the stage crashing into tables and chairs. Bausch had most of the dancers perform this piece with their eyes closed. The thrilling Frühlingsopfer ( The Rite of Spring ) (1975) required the stage to be completely covered with soil. She stated: "It
1316-564: The Wuppertal Ballet, the audience in Wuppertal were more used to traditional ballet repertoire like Swan Lake , finding the themes and movements of Bausch's works violent. The audience often threw tomatoes, walked out of performances, and sent Bausch threatening letters. Critics also often commented on the jarring repetitive movements Bausch used to depict the abusive men/women relationships. American critic Arlene Croce famously described Bausch's work as "pornography of pain". Among
1363-399: The actors" . In Café Müller , the dancers need to navigate through the chairs and tables with their eyes closed. In Vollomont , dancers are required to dance on wet floors and climb onto the boulder. Although Pina Bausch's style and theories of dance are now widely appreciated and have global influence, Bausch also faced substantial initial criticism. When Bausch took over as the director of
1410-410: The choreographer. In Renaissance Italy , dance masters created movements for social dances which were taught, while staged ballets were created in a similar way. In 16th century France, French court dances were developed in an artistic pattern. In the 17th and 18th centuries, social dance became more separated from theatrical dance performances. During this time the word choreography was applied to
1457-435: The content of dance theatre. It was his students such as Kurt Jooss and Mary Wigman who further developed their own theories regarding tanztheater. Having Jooss as a teacher and mentor, Bausch's pieces were largely influenced by the German expressionist dance tradition of Ausdruckstanz . Her pieces were simple and rejected the classical forms of ballet. The dances generally had little to no plot, no progression, and no sense of
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1504-602: The great artist offers all her spectators an ironic and desperate mirror in which to reflect their existential condition. In 2008, the city of Frankfurt am Main awarded her its prestigious Goethe Prize . She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009. Bausch was first married to Polish-born Rolf Borzik , a set and costume designer who died of leukaemia in 1980. Later that year, she met Ronald Kay, and in 1981 they had
1551-417: The great teacher Pina Bausch, who never forgets that she was once the blind princess in a visionary film by Fellini , forces her actors to assume a role and a type of ceremonial, where extremely varied personal experiences and backgrounds combine with the precise geometry of the rhythmic movements. Although the motifs change, from one animal or flower to another, each show extends into the next to become part of
1598-451: The implication that it was from a Russian mental institution, but its source was quickly identified. The following table shows works since 1973. Several of Pina Bausch's works were announced as Tanzabend because she chose a title late in the development of a work. The typical subtitle from 1978 was Stück von Pina Bausch (A piece by Pina Bausch). The translations are given as on the website of Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch. Some of
1645-731: The main rules for choreography are that it must impose some kind of order on the performance, within the three dimensions of space as well the fourth dimension of time and the capabilities of the human body. In the performing arts , choreography applies to human movement and form. In dance , choreography is also known as dance choreography or dance composition. Choreography is also used in a variety of other fields, including opera , cheerleading , theatre , marching band , synchronized swimming , cinematography , ice skating , gymnastics , fashion shows , show choir , cardistry , video game production, and animated art . The International Choreographic Competition Hannover, Hanover , Germany,
1692-699: The many honours awarded to Bausch are the UK's Laurence Olivier Award and Japan's Kyoto Prize . She was awarded the Deutscher Tanzpreis in 1995. In 1999, she was the recipient of the VII Europe Theatre Prize , with the following motivation: Since she took over the direction of the Wuppertal Tanztheater 25 years ago, Pina Bausch has used her training and experience as a soloist in classical ballet to literally invent
1739-417: The popular game Fortnite. Hanagami published a YouTube video in 2017 featuring a dance he choreographed to the song "How Long" by Charlie Puth, and Hanagami claimed that Fortnight's "It's Complicated" "emote" copied a portion of his "How High" choreography. Hanagami's asserted claims for direct and contributory copyright infringement and unfair competition. Fortnite-maker Epic Games ultimately won dismissal of
1786-615: The purpose of developing innovative movement ideas. In general, choreography is used to design dances that are intended to be performed as concert dance . The art of choreography involves the specification of human movement and form in terms of space, shape, time and energy, typically within an emotional or non-literal context. Movement language is taken from the dance techniques of ballet , contemporary dance , jazz dance , hip hop dance , folk dance , techno , K-pop , religious dance, pedestrian movement, or combinations of these. The word choreography literally means "dance-writing" from
1833-534: The stage floor itself and were often filled with elements of nature. In Rite of Spring , the stage is covered in dirt, In Vollomont (Full Moon) , there is a large boulder on the stage with buckets of water as props, and in Nelken (Carnations), the stage is covered in carnations. The set pieces were often used as obstacles to challenge the dancers and enhance the emotion aspect of their performance. Pabst states that "A set should never be impressive on its own, only via
1880-439: The third season of American Horror Story: Coven included a clip for the episode "Detention" and were likely influenced by Bausch's work Blaubart . Stills from the performance and the episode show a group of women seemingly defying gravity as they cling to the walls high above the ground, toes pointed down and hands pressed above them. The photo of Bausch's performance was previously released on Reddit as well as Twitter with
1927-456: The time I've found the next thing is right, then the little thing I had is already a lot bigger." Male-female interaction is a theme found throughout her work, which has been an inspiration for—and reached a wider audience through—the movie Talk to Her , directed by Pedro Almodóvar . Her pieces are constructed of short units of dialogue and action, often of a surreal nature. Repetition is an important structuring device. She stated: " Repetition
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1974-411: The use of objects, dislikes, injuries, aspirations. From the answers develop gestures, sentences, dialogues, little scenes." The dancer is free to choose any expressive mode, whether it is verbal or physical when answering these questions. It is with this freedom that the dancer feels secure in going deep within themselves. When talking about her process she stated, "There is no book. There is no set. There
2021-477: The works had not been seen in the UK. Bausch's style has influenced performers such as David Bowie , who designed part of his 1987 Glass Spider Tour with Bausch in mind. For the tour, Bowie "wanted to bridge together some kind of symbolist theatre and modern dance" and used Bausch's early work as a guideline. Florence and the Machine 's vocalist was also influenced by Bausch's work. Promotional trailers for
2068-631: The written record of dances, which later became known as dance notation , with the meaning of choreography shifting to its current use as the composition of a sequence of movements making up a dance performance. The ballet master or choreographer during this time became the "arranger of dance as a theatrical art", with one well-known master being of the late 18th century being Jean-Georges Noverre , with others following and developing techniques for specific types of dance, including Gasparo Angiolini , Jean Dauberval , Charles Didelot , and Salvatore Viganò . Ballet eventually developed its own vocabulary in
2115-513: Was directed and conceived by the company's founder Alain Platel , for whom Bausch was a friend and mentor. In 2010 the choreographer Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui and dancer Shantala Shivalingappa premiered their work Play , which was dedicated to Bausch's memory. Bausch was the main impetus for the piece as she had brought Cherkaoui and Shivalingappa to collaborate in 2008 to perform for the final edition of her festival. Wenders' documentary, Pina ,
2162-531: Was introduced in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a Grand Prix worth US$ 1,000 . Section 102(a)(4) of the Copyright Act provides protection in “choreographic works” that were created after January 1, 1978, and are fixed in a tangible medium of expression. Under copyright law, choreography is “the composition and arrangement of a related series of dance movements and patterns organized into
2209-788: Was released in late 2011 in the United States, and is dedicated to her memory. Works by Bausch were staged in June and July 2012 as a highlight of the Cultural Olympiad preceding the Olympic Games 2012 in London. The works were created when Bausch was invited to visit and stay in 10 global locations – in India, Brazil, Palermo, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Budapest, Istanbul, Santiago, Rome, and Japan – between 1986 and 2009. Seven of
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