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61-675: Tapp is the name of the face-down stack of cards in the middle of the table – in other games known as the talon or stock . The names of other card games are also derived from it, including Tappu or Tappä for the Swiss Tarock variant of Troggu , as well as the Austrian Stubaital valley game of Dobbm and the south German game of Tapp which was an attempt to play Tapp Tarock with ordinary cards. Other names for Tapp Tarock were Taroc(k)-Tapp(en) , Taroc(k)tappen or just Tappen or Tapper . An older name or name of

122-519: A Fachhochschule ). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year ), there are 861 students attending primary school , there are 280 students attending secondary school, there are 455 students attending tertiary or university level schooling , there are 35 students who are seeking a job after school in the municipality. The football club FC Aarau play in the Stadion Brügglifeld . From 1981 until 2010 they played in

183-416: A talon ( [taˈlɔ̃] ; French for "heel") is a stack of undealt cards that is placed on the table to be used during the game. Depending on the game or region, they may also be referred to as the blind , kitty , skat , stock , tapp or widow (US). In 1909, Meyers Lexicon described the talon as "the cards left over after dealing..." In games of chance, such as Pharo , it is "the stock of cards which

244-580: A French envoy continued to foment the revolutionary opinions of the city. The contrast between a high level of education and a low level of political rights was particularly great in Aarau, and the city refused to send troops to defend the Bernese border. By Mid-March 1798 Aarau was occupied by French troops. On 22 March 1798 Aarau was declared the capital of the Helvetic Republic . It is therefore

305-469: A good reputation, and was home to Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein , Paul Karrer , and Werner Arber , as well as several Swiss politicians and authors. The purchase of a manuscript collection in 1803 laid the foundation for what would become the Cantonal Library, which contains a Bible annotated by Huldrych Zwingli , along with the manuscripts and incunabula. More newspapers developed in

366-484: A predecessor game was Pagatjagen ; a 42-card variant was Zwölfertarock and a variant with 40 cards was Einfaches Tarock . Because the announcement "ich tappe" ("I'll tapp") referred to the lowest level of the game which was soon dropped, it became fashionable to name the game after the next highest level, Dreiern , Dreierl or Dreierles , names which are prevalent to this day in Baden-Württemberg . In

427-431: A statue of Lady Justice made of sandstone , hence the name. It was originally in the street in front of city hall, but was moved to its present location in front of the town church in 1905 due to increased traffic. As of  2007 , Aarau had an unemployment rate of 2.35%. As of 2005 , there were 48 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 4,181 people are employed in

488-460: Is Unterentfelden whose settlements are divided from Aarau by the extensive forests of Gönhard and Zelgli. Approximately nine-tenths of the city is south of the Aare, and one tenth is to the north. It has an area, as of 2006 , of 8.9 km (3.4 sq mi). Of this area, 6.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 34% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 55.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and

549-415: Is a player's turn. A player whose has been overcalled may, when the turn rotates around again, may " hold " ( halte ich ) it, i.e. announce an intention to take over the higher contract from the later bidder. A player who has passed may not re-enter the bidding. The highest bidder becomes the declarer , noting that, if the highest bid was held, the holder is the declarer. In a Dreier, Unterer and Oberer ,

610-486: Is a terminus of the S-Bahn Zürich on the line S11 . The town is also served with public transport provided by Busbetrieb Aarau AG . The population of Aarau grew continuously from 1800 until about 1960, when the city reached a peak population of 17,045, more than five times its population in 1800. However, since 1960 the population has fallen by 8%. There are three reasons for this population loss: firstly, since

671-700: Is a vegetable market in the Graben at the edge of the Old City. It is supplied with regional products. In the last week of September the MAG (Market of Aarauer Tradesmen) takes place there, with regional companies selling their products. The "Rüeblimärt" is held in the same place on the first Wednesday in November, which is a Carrot fair. The Aarau fair is held at the ice skating rink during the Spring. Aarau railway station

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732-461: Is anticlockwise starting with forehand. Players must follow suit if able; otherwise must play a trump. Lacking both, the player may discard any card. The normal Tarock scoring scheme is used i.e. the cards taken in tricks (including any talon cards) are grouped in packets of three. If one or two are left over they should be low cards ( Blatt ) i.e. ie. pip cards or ordinary (non-Trull) Tarocks and are worth 1 ⁄ 3 point each. Each packet

793-676: Is played with the 54-card Industrie und Glück Tarot pack . This includes 22 trumps numbered with Roman numerals except for the highest trump, the Sküs (Fool). The second highest trump, the XXI, is called the Mond , while the lowest trump I, is the Pagat . The Sküs , Mond , and Pagat are together known as the Trull or honours and are worth 5 points each. The other trumps are worth 1 point each. Each of

854-636: Is probably the oldest tarock variant in which five basic features of tarock are found together: The conversion of the Sküs was completed, according to the tarot expert Michael Dummett , in Austria. In Troggu , the older Swiss tarot game, the Fool can function as the highest trump or as the excuse. The introduction of the Pagat Ultimo , according to card game historian John McLeod, is believed to have come from

915-853: Is recorded, as Tarocktappen , as early as 1806 in a comic opera written by the Viennese poet and playwright Joachim Perinet , Die neue Alzeste and in an anthology of letters (also as Taroktappen ), both published in Vienna. It is also mentioned in another comic opera by Karl Meisl , Amor und Psyche , published in Pest (now Budapest ) in 1820, where the character Jupiter refers to Tarocktappen . The first description of its rules, however, appears in Theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zur gründlichen Erlernung des beliebten Tarok-Tappen Spiels , published in Vienna in 1821. Tapp Tarock

976-462: Is responsible for approving tax levels, preparing the annual account, and the business report. In addition, it can issue regulations. The term of office is four years. In the last two elections the parties had the following representation: At the district level, some elements of the government remain a direct democracy. There are optional and obligatory referendums, and the population retains the right to establish an initiative. The executive authority

1037-405: Is scored and 2 card points deducted. The packet totals are added together to give the player(s) overall score. The declarer must score at least 35 2 ⁄ 3 = 36 points (rounded up) to win the game. The Pagat Ultimo bonus is awarded as per the table to whoever takes it if it is played to the last trick. An announced Pagat Ultimo is only won if achieved; if the declarer loses it at any point,

1098-465: Is the town council ( Stadtrat ). The term of office is four years, and its members are elected by a plurality voting system . It leads and represents the municipality. It carries out the resolutions of the assembly, and those requested by the canton and national level governments. The seven members (and their party) are: In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 27.9% of

1159-434: Is today marked by a wide street named "Graben" (meaning Ditch). In 1415 Bern invaded lower Aargau with the help of Solothurn. Aarau capitulated after a short resistance, and was forced to swear allegiance to the new rulers. In the 16th century, the rights of the lower classes were abolished. In March 1528 the citizens of Aarau allowed the introduction of Protestantism at the urging of the Bernese. A growth in population during

1220-604: The MySports League , the third highest league of Swiss ice hockey. They play their home games in the 3,000-seat KeBa Aarau Arena. BC Alte Kanti Aarau plays in the Swiss Women's Basketball Championship , the country's top division. Aarau is home to a number of sites that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance . The list includes three churches; the Christian Catholic parish house,

1281-783: The Roman Catholic parish house, and the Reformed City Church . There are five government buildings on the list; the Cantonal Library, which contains many pieces important to the nation's history, and Art Gallery, the old Cantonal School, the Legislature, the Cantonal Administration building, and the archives. Three gardens or parks are on the list; Garten Schmidlin , Naturama Aargau and the Schlossgarten . The remaining four buildings on

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1342-582: The canton of Solothurn to the west. It is the largest town in Aargau. At the beginning of 2010 Rohr became a district of Aarau. The official language of Aarau is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German , but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. The old city of Aarau is situated on a rocky outcrop at a narrowing of the Aare river valley, at

1403-466: The secondary sector and there are 164 businesses in this sector. 20,186 people are employed in the tertiary sector , with 1,461 businesses in this sector. This is a total of over 24,000 jobs, since Aarau's population is about 16,000 it draws workers from many surrounding communities. As of 2000 there were 8,050 total workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 4,308 or about 53.5% of the residents worked outside Aarau while 17,419 people commuted into

1464-425: The "Rore" tower, which has been incorporated into the modern city hall. In 1273 the counts of Kyburg died out. Agnes of Kyburg, who had no male relations, sold the family's lands to King Rudolf I von Habsburg . He granted Aarau its city rights in 1283. In the 14th century the city was expanded in two stages, and a second defensive wall was constructed. A deep ditch separated the city from its "suburb;" its location

1525-468: The 16th Century led to taller buildings and denser construction methods. Early forms of industry developed at this time; however, unlike in other cities, no guilds were formed in Aarau. On 11 August 1712, the Peace of Aarau was signed into effect. This granted each canton the right to choose their own religion thereby ending Catholicism 's control. Starting in the early 18th century, the textile industry

1586-510: The 2000 census , 4,473 or 28.9% are Roman Catholic , while 6,738 or 43.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . Of the rest of the population, there are 51 individuals (or about 0.33% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic i.e. Old Catholic faith. In place of a town meeting, a town assembly ( Einwohnerrat ) of 50 members is elected by the citizens, and follows the policy of proportional representation . It

1647-669: The German word Au , meaning floodplain . The historic old town forms an irregular square, consisting of four parts (called Stöcke ). To the south lies the Laurenzenvorstadt , that is, the part of the town formerly outside the city wall. One characteristic of the city is its painted gables , for which Aarau is sometimes called the "City of beautiful Gables". The old town, Laurenzenvorstadt, government building, cantonal library, state archive and art museum are all listed as heritage sites of national significance . The buildings in

1708-579: The Middle Ages, across the Aare was destroyed by floods three times in thirty years, and was replaced with a steel suspension bridge in 1851. This was replaced by a concrete bridge in 1952. The city was linked up to the Swiss Central Railway in 1856. The textile industry in Aarau broke down in about 1850 because of the protectionist tariff policies of neighboring states. Other industries had developed by that time to replace it, including

1769-493: The Middle Ages. A Carillon was installed in the tower in the middle of the 20th century, the bells for which were provided by the centuries-old bell manufacturers of Aarau. The town church was built between 1471 and 1478. During the Reformation , in 1528, its twelve altars and accompanying pictures were destroyed. The "Justice fountain" (Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen) was built in 1634, and is made of French limestone ; it includes

1830-414: The ancient Italian game of Trappola , which was widely played in Austria as the variant Hundertspiel . The original 1821 rules only had 3 positive bids: Tapper , Dreier and Solo . Tapper was the lowest bid – announced by saying "I'll tap" ( ich tappe ) or just tapping on the table – and originally entitled the declarer to exchange with all six cards of the talon and count the discards to his total at

1891-465: The area, along the route now covered by the Bahnhofstrasse. In 1976 divers in the Aare found part of a seven-meter wide wooden bridge from the late Roman times. Aarau was founded around AD 1240 by the counts of Kyburg . Aarau is first mentioned in 1248 as Arowe . Around 1250 it was mentioned as Arowa . However the first mention of a city sized settlement was in 1256. The town was ruled from

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1952-523: The banker draws on" . The talon is usually a pack of cards, placed face down, in the middle of the card table . In other games, there are however very different variations, for example in Königrufen . Talons may be placed face up or face down. Parlett describes a kitty as "the pool or pot being played for" or "a dead hand or widow". He also equates talon to stock as the "cards which are not dealt initially but may be drawn from or dealt out later in

2013-409: The bidding which rotates anticlockwise. There are four legal positive bids which, in ascending order, are: Forehand announces " pass " ( ich passe ) or " Dreier! " ( ich spiele einen Dreier ). If forehand passes, subsequent players have the same options. Once a Dreier is bid, a later player must pass or overcall with the next higher bid, except that " Solo " may be bid at the first opportunity when it

2074-637: The capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau . The town is also the capital of the district of Aarau . It is German-speaking and predominantly Protestant . Aarau is situated on the Swiss plateau , in the valley of the Aare , on the river's right bank, and at the southern foot of the Jura Mountains , and is west of Zürich , 58 kilometres (36 miles) south of Basel and 65 kilometres (40 miles) northeast of Bern . The municipality borders directly on

2135-401: The cards to the left for cutting . After the cut, the dealer places the top six cards face down on the table in two crosswise packets of three; this is the talon . Next, the dealer distributes 16 cards to each player, anticlockwise, in packets of four and beginning with forehand (to the right). If the cutter 'knocks', the dealer deals each player sixteen cards in one packet. Forehand opens

2196-399: The city, maintaining the revolutionary atmosphere of Aarau. Beginning in 1820, Aarau has been a refuge for political refugees. The urban educational and cultural opportunities of Aarau were extended through numerous new institutions. A Theatre and Concert Hall was constructed in 1883, which was renovated and expanded in 1995–96. The Aargau Nature Museum opened in 1922. A former cloth warehouse

2257-421: The completion of Telli (a large apartment complex), the city has not had any more considerable land developments. Secondly, the number of people per household has fallen; thus, the existing dwellings do not hold as many people. Thirdly, population growth was absorbed by neighboring municipalities in the regional urban area, and numerous citizens of Aarau moved into the countryside. This trend might have stopped since

2318-400: The declarer exposes both talon halves and may pick up either half before discarding three cards; these count to the declarer at the end. The discards may not include kings or Trull cards. Tarocks may only be discarded if the declarer has no option; in which case they must be shown to the defenders . The unused half of the talon is set aside, face down, and counts towards the defenders score at

2379-474: The defenders each score the bonus. The game values and bonus points are as follows: The game value or bonus is paid by each defender to the declarer if the latter won it. Otherwise the declarer pays it to each defender. There are many variants which are developments or elaborations of Tapp Tarock, the most common today being Dreiertarock and Illustrated Tarock which have more complex rules in bidding and contracts. Talon (cards) In card games ,

2440-430: The end. In a Solo , the declarer plays without the aid of the talon, which is set aside and counts towards to the defenders at the end. The game values of the different contracts are given below . The declarer may make either of two announcements before play begins. These increase risk because the defenders gain information, but they score bonus points if the declarer succeeds. The possible announcements are: Play

2501-723: The end. By the time the rules had been printed, a Tapper was usually not played out; the declarer simply received the game points for it and the deal passed to the next player in turn. However, a 1920 source suggests that the Tapper bid may have lingered on into the early 20th century, although by then "it was hardly ever played". By 1838, Tapp Tarock had become sufficiently popular in south Germany that Tap-Taroc packs were being advertised by C. Diehl of Darmstadt. Likewise in 1872, Tap-Tarock cards were being sold in Karlsruhe alongside Tarock, Whist and Piquet packs. Dummett believed that

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2562-453: The first capital of a unified Switzerland. Parliament met in the city hall. On 20 September, the capital was moved to Lucerne . In 1803, Napoleon ordered the fusion of the cantons of Aargau, Baden and Fricktal. Aarau was declared the capital of the new, enlarged canton of Aargau. In 1820 the city wall was torn down, with the exception of the individual towers and gates, and the defensive ditches were filled in. The wooden bridge, dating from

2623-432: The four plain suits comprises four courts – king , queen , cavalier and jack – and four pip cards . They rank as follows: The kings are worth 5 points, queens 4, knights 3, jacks 2, and pip cards 1. The following rules for modern Tapp Tarock are based on Mayr and Sedlaczek (2001): Seating and first dealer may be determined by lot . Deal and play are anticlockwise. The dealer shuffles and offers

2684-740: The game continued to be played in Germany until the end of the 19th century and certainly in continued to be recorded in German and Austria compendia throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. After the Second World War , more complicated variants such as Illustrated Tarock were developed and, today, Dreiertarock is its tournament equivalent. Tapp Tarock may have experienced a brief vogue in Switzerland for, by 1841, 54-card packs for Tap-Taroc were being produced by F.G. Halbmeyer of Aarau , alongside 78-card packs for Gross Taroc . The game

2745-484: The household, 3,845 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 2,119 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 1.99 individuals. In 2008 there were 1,594 single family homes (or 18.4% of the total) out of a total of 8,661 homes and apartments. In Aarau about 74.2% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or

2806-451: The late 19th century the name Zeco was also used. That suggests a link with Cego , which refers to the Blind , as the talon is known in that game. Tapp , also called Württemberg Tarock, is a south German game that is not a member of the true Tarock family but may have originated as an attempt to play a form of three-handed Tarock with a standard 36-card, German-suited pack . Tapp Tarock

2867-673: The list are; the former Rickenbach Factory, the Crematorium, the Haus zum Erker at Rathausgasse 10 and the Restaurant Zunftstube at Pelzgasse. The Bally Shoe company has a unique shoe museum in the city. There is also the Trade Museum which contain stained glass windows from Muri Convent and paintings. Each May, Aarau plays host to the annual Jazzaar Festival attracting the world's top jazz musicians. From

2928-606: The municipality for work. There were a total of 21,161 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. The largest employer in Aarau is the cantonal government, the offices of which are distributed across the entire city at numerous locations. One of the two head offices of the Aargauer Zeitung , Switzerland's fifth largest newspaper, is located in Aarau, as are the Tele M1 television channel studios, and several radio stations. Kern & Co. , founded in 1819,

2989-418: The neighboring large cities. The idea of merging Aarau with its neighboring suburbs has been recently discussed in the hope of arresting the slowly progressing losses. Manufacture include bells, mathematical instruments, electrical goods, cotton textiles, cutlery, chemicals, shoes, and other products. Aarau is famous for the quality of their instruments, cutlery and their bells. Every Saturday morning there

3050-460: The old city originate, on the whole, from building projects during the 16th century, when nearly all the Middle Age period buildings were replaced or expanded. The architectural development of the city ended in the 18th century, when the city began to expand beyond its (still existing) wall. Most of the buildings in the "suburb" date from this time. The "Schlössli" (small Castle), Rore Tower and

3111-412: The play". The following are examples of games and the term usually used for talon. They are taken from Parlett unless otherwise indicated: This card game –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Aarau Aarau ( Swiss Standard German: [ˈaːraʊ] , Alemannic German pronunciation: [ˈɑːræu̯] ) is a town , a municipality , and

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3172-660: The population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,334 teenagers or 8.4% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 2,520 people or 15.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 2,518 people or 15.8% are between 30 and 39, 2,320 people or 14.6% are between 40 and 49, and 1,987 people or 12.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 1,588 people or 10.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 1,219 people or 7.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 942 people or 5.9% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 180 people or 1.1% who are 90 and older. As of 2000 , there were 1,365 homes with 1 or 2 persons in

3233-483: The production of mathematical instruments , shoes and cement. Beginning in 1900, numerous electrical enterprises developed. By the 1960s, more citizens worked in service industries or for the canton-level government than in manufacturing. During the 1980s many of the industries left Aarau completely. In 1802 the Canton School was established; it was the first non-parochial high school in Switzerland. It developed

3294-748: The remainder (4.5%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes). The lowest elevation, 365 meters (1,198 ft), is found at the banks of the Aar, and the highest elevation, at 471 meters (1,545 ft), is the Hungerberg on the border with Küttigen. A few artifacts from the Neolithic period were found in Aarau. Near the location of the present train station, the ruins of a settlement from the Bronze Age (about 1000 BC) have been excavated. The Roman road between Salodurum ( Solothurn ) and Vindonissa passed through

3355-571: The southern foot of the Jura mountains. Newer districts of the city lie to the south and east of the outcrop, as well as higher up the mountain, and in the valley on both sides of the Aare. The neighboring municipalities are Küttigen to the north and Buchs to the east, Suhr to the south-east, Unterentfelden to the south, and Eppenberg-Wöschnau and Erlinsbach to the west. Aarau and the nearby neighboring municipalities have grown together and now form an interconnected agglomeration. The only exception

3416-604: The top tier of the Swiss football league system when they were relegated to the Swiss Challenge League . In the 2013/2014 they climbed back to the highest tier only to be relegated again. In the 2016/17 season they will play in the Swiss Challenge League. They won the Swiss Cup in 1985 and were three times Swiss football champions , in 1912, in 1914 and in 1993. The Argovia Stars play in

3477-543: The turn of the 21st century. Existing industrial developments are being used for new purposes instead of standing empty. Aarau has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 21,726. As of 2008 , 19.8% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 1%. Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (84.5%), with Italian being second most common ( 3.3%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 2.9%). The age distribution, as of 2008 , in Aarau is; 1,296 children or 8.1% of

3538-437: The upper gate tower have remained nearly unchanged since the 13th century. The "Schlössli" is the oldest building in the city. It was already founded at the time of the establishment of the city shortly after 1200; the exact date is not known. City hall was built around Rore Tower in 1515. The upper gate tower stands beside the southern gate in the city wall, along the road to Lucerne and Bern. The jail has been housed in it since

3599-439: Was an internationally known geodetic instrument manufacturer based in Aarau. However, it was taken over by Wild Leitz in 1988, and was closed in 1991. The small scale of Aarau causes it to continually expand the borders of its growth. The urban center lies in the middle of the "Golden Triangle" between Zürich , Bern , and Basel , and Aarau is having increasing difficulty in maintaining the independence of its economic base from

3660-493: Was converted into a small theatre in 1974, and the alternative culture center KIFF (Culture in the fodder factory) was established in a former animal fodder factory. The earliest use of the place name was in 1248 (in the form Arowe), and probably referred to the settlement in the area before the founding of the city. It comes, along with the name of the River Aare (which was called Arula, Arola, and Araris in early times), from

3721-477: Was established in Aarau. German immigration contributed to the city's favorable conditions, in that they introduced the cotton and silk factories. These highly educated immigrants were also responsible for educational reform and the enlightened , revolutionary spirit that developed in Aarau. On 27 December 1797, the last Tagsatzung of the Old Swiss Confederacy was held in Aarau. Two weeks later

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