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29-930: It covers an area of approximately 2,850 square kilometers (1,100 square miles.) The landscape is composed of granitic ridges, river valley, and swamps. Vegetation is a mix of Acacia woodland, Combretum woodland, seasonally flooded grassland, and baobab trees. The park is famous for its high density of elephants and baobab trees . Visitors to the park in the June to November dry season can expect to see large herds of thousands of zebra , wildebeest and cape buffalo . Other common resident animals include waterbuck , giraffe , dik dik , impala , eland , Grant's gazelle , vervet monkey , banded mongoose , and olive baboon . Predators in Tarangire include lion , leopard , cheetah , caracal , honey badger , and African wild dog . The oldest known elephant to give birth to twins

58-450: A consortium of sixty subscribers, 1733–66, the contents of Bartram's boxes introduced such American trees as Abies balsamea and Pinus rigida into English gardens. Miller was reluctant to use the new binomial nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus , preferring the classifications of Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and John Ray at first. Linnaeus, nevertheless, applauded Miller's Gardeners Dictionary , The conservative Scot actually retained

87-597: A different type , in order to retain the Australasian group of species in the genus Acacia . Following a controversial decision to choose a new type for Acacia in 2005, the Australian component of Acacia s.l. now retains the name Acacia . At the 2011 International Botanical Congress held in Melbourne , Australia, the decision to use the name Acacia , rather than the proposed Racosperma for this genus,

116-453: A different type species for Acacia ( A. penninervis ) and allowing this largest number of species to remain in Acacia , resulting in the two pan-tropical lineages being renamed Vachellia and Senegalia , and the two endemic American lineages renamed Acaciella and Mariosousa . In 2003, Anthony Orchard and Bruce Maslin filed a proposal to conserve the name Acacia with

145-495: A giraffe that is white due to leucism was spotted in the park. Wildlife research is focused on African bush elephant and Masai giraffe. Since 2005, the protected area is considered a Lion Conservation Unit. Tarangire National Park can be reached via paved road south from Arusha in under two hours. Lake Manyara National Park is a 70 kilometer (43 mile) drive from Tarangire. Acacia List of Acacia species Acacia , commonly known as wattles or acacias ,

174-504: A number of pre-Linnaean binomial signifiers discarded by Linnaeus but which have been retained by modern botanists. He only fully changed to the Linnaean system in the edition of The Gardeners Dictionary of 1768, though he had already described some genera, such as Larix and Vanilla , validly under the Linnaean system earlier, in the fourth edition (1754). Miller sent the first long-strand cotton seeds, which he had developed, to

203-440: A species from Africa, as the lectotype of the name. Genus Acacia was considered to contain some 1 352 species leading to 1986. That year, Leslie Pedley questioned the monophyletic nature of the genus, and proposed a split into three genera: Acacia sensu stricto (161 species), Senegalia (231 species) and Racosperma (960 species), the last name first proposed in 1829 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius as

232-461: A term used in antiquity to describe a preparation extracted from Vachellia nilotica , the original type species . A number of species of Acacia have been introduced to various parts of the world, and two million hectares of commercial plantations have been established. Plants in the genus Acacia are shrubs or trees with bipinnate leaves, the mature leaves sometimes reduced to phyllodes or rarely absent. There are 2 small stipules at

261-527: A thread-like style that is longer than the stamens. The fruit is a variably-shaped pod , sometimes flat or cylindrical, containing seeds with a fleshy aril on the end. The genus was first validly named in 1754 by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary . In 1913 Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown selected Mimosa scorpioides L. (≡ Acacia scorpioides ( L. ) W.Wight = Acacia nilotica ( L. ) Delille ),

290-673: Is a common food source and host plant for butterflies of the genus Jalmenus . The imperial hairstreak, Jalmenus evagoras , feeds on at least 25 acacia species. Many reptiles feed on the sap, such as the native house gecko in Australia. The sap is also consumed by bugs (Hemiptera), such as Hackerobrachys viridiventris and Sextius virescens . Some species of acacia contain psychoactive alkaloids , and some contain potassium fluoroacetate . The seed pods, flowers, and young leaves are generally edible either raw or cooked. Aboriginal Australians have traditionally harvested

319-537: Is a genus of about 1,084 species of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae . Initially, it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa, South America, and Australasia , but is now reserved for species mainly from Australia, with others from New Guinea , Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean. The genus name is Neo-Latin , borrowed from the Greek ἀκακία ( akakia ),

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348-499: Is found in Tarangire. A recent birth of elephant twins in the Tarangire National Park of Tanzania is a great example of how the birth of these two healthy and thriving twins can beat the odds. Home to more than 550 bird species, the park is a haven for bird enthusiasts. The park is also famous for the termite mounds that dot the landscape. Those that have been abandoned are often home to dwarf mongoose . In 2015,

377-893: The Eocene of the Paris Basin . Acacia -like fossil pods under the name Leguminocarpon are known from late Oligocene deposits at different sites in Hungary . Seed pod fossils of † Acacia parschlugiana and † Acacia cyclosperma are known from Tertiary deposits in Switzerland . † Acacia colchica has been described from the Miocene of West Georgia . Pliocene fossil pollen of an Acacia sp. has been described from West Georgia (including Abkhazia ). The oldest fossil Acacia pollen in Australia are recorded as being from

406-533: The physic garden in July 1764 and recorded his observation in his commonplace books , Miller "has raised the reputation of the Chelsea Garden so much that it excels all the gardens of Europe for its amazing variety of plants of all orders and classes and from all climates..." He wrote The Gardener's and Florists Dictionary or a Complete System of Horticulture (1724) and The Gardener's Dictionary containing

435-643: The Methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen Fruit and Flower Garden , which first appeared in 1731 in an impressive folio and passed through eight expanding editions in his lifetime and was translated into Dutch by Job Baster . Miller corresponded with other botanists, and obtained plants from all over the world, many of which he cultivated for the first time in England and is credited as their introducer. His knowledge of living plants, for which he

464-414: The base of the leaf, but sometimes fall off as the leaf matures. The flowers are borne in spikes or cylindrical heads, sometimes singly, in pairs or in racemes in the axils of leaves or phyllodes, sometimes in panicles on the ends of branches. Each spike or cylindrical head has many small golden-yellow to pale creamy-white flowers, each with 4 or 5  sepals and petals, more than 10  stamens , and

493-603: The late Oligocene epoch , 25 million years ago. Species of Acacia occurs in all Australian states and territories, and on its nearby islands. About 20 species occur naturally outside Australia and 7 of these also occur in Australia. One species ( Acacia koa ) is native to Hawaii and one ( Acacia heterophylla ) is native to Mauritius and Réunion in the Indian Ocean. They are present in all terrestrial habitats, including alpine settings, rainforests, woodlands, grasslands, coastal dunes and deserts. In drier woodlands or forests they are an important component of

522-403: The most attractive timbers in the genus. Black wattle bark supported the tanning industries of several countries, and may supply tannins for production of waterproof adhesives . In Vietnam , Acacia is used in plantations of non-native species that are regularly clear-cut for paper or timber uses. Wattle bark collected in Australia in the 19th century was exported to Europe where it

551-657: The name of a section in Acacia , but raised to generic rank in 1835. In 2003, Pedley published a paper with 834 new combinations in Racosperma for species, most of which were formerly placed in Acacia . All but 10 of these species are native to Australasia , where it constitutes the largest plant genus. In the early 2000s, it had become evident that the genus as it stood was not monophyletic and that several divergent lineages needed to be placed in separate genera. It turned out that one lineage comprising over 900 species mainly native to Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia

580-544: The new British American colony of Georgia in 1733. They were first planted on Sea Island , off the coast of Georgia, and hence derived the name of the finest cotton, Sea Island Cotton . The presumed portrait, engraved by C.J. Maillet and affixed to the posthumous French edition of Miller's Gardeners Dictionary , 1787, shows the wrong Miller, John Frederick Miller , son of the London-based Nuremberg artist Johann Sebastian Müller . No authentic portrait

609-693: The seeds of some species, to be ground into flour and eaten as a paste or baked into a cake. Wattleseeds contain as much as 25% more protein than common cereals, and they store well for long periods due to the hard seed coats. In addition to using the edible seed and gum, the people employed the timber for implements, weapons, fuel and musical instruments. A number of species, most notably Acacia mangium (hickory wattle), A. mearnsii (black wattle) and A. saligna (coojong), are economically important and are widely planted globally for wood products, tannin , firewood and fodder. A. melanoxylon (blackwood) and A. aneura (mulga) supply some of

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638-580: The tribe Ingeae . The genus name is Neo-Latin , borrowed from the Greek akakia , a name used by Dioscorides for some prickly species growing in Egypt, from acacis meaning "a point". In his Pinax (1623), Bauhin mentioned the Greek ἀκακία from Dioscorides as the origin of the Latin name. The origin of " wattle " may be an Old Teutonic word meaning "to weave". From around 700   AD, watul

667-488: The understory. Elsewhere they may be dominant, as in the Brigalow Belt , Myall woodlands and the eremaean Mulga woodlands. In Australia, Acacia forest is the second most common forest type after eucalypt forest, covering 980,000 square kilometres (378,380 sq mi) or 8% of total forest area. Acacia is also the nation's largest genus of flowering plants with almost 1 000 species found. Acacia

696-555: Was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular The Gardeners Dictionary . Born in Deptford or Greenwich, Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden from 1722 until he was pressured to retire shortly before his death. According to the botanist Peter Collinson , who visited

725-617: Was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society , was unsurpassed in breadth in his lifetime. He trained William Aiton , who later became head gardener at Kew , and William Forsyth , after whom Forsythia was named. The Duke of Bedford contracted him to supervise the pruning of fruit trees at Woburn Abbey and the care of his prized collection of American trees, especially evergreens, which were grown from seeds that, on Miller's suggestion, had been sent in barrels from Pennsylvania , where they had been collected by John Bartram . Through

754-415: Was not closely related to the much smaller group of African lineage that contained A. nilotica – the type species . This meant that the Australasian lineage (by far the most prolific in number of species) would need to be renamed. Pedley's proposed name of Racosperma for this group had received little acclaim in the botanical community. Australian botanists proposed a less disruptive solution, setting

783-477: Was upheld. Other Acacia s.l. taxa continue to be called Acacia by those who choose to consider the entire group as one genus. The Australian species of the genus Paraserianthes s.l. (namely P. lophantha) are deemed its closest relatives. The nearest relatives of Acacia and Paraserianthes s.l. in turn include the Australian and South East Asian genera Archidendron , Archidendropsis , Pararchidendron and Wallaceodendron , all of

812-503: Was used in Old English to refer to the flexible woody vines, branches, and sticks which were interwoven to form walls, roofs, and fences. Since about 1810 it has been used as the common name for the Australian legume trees and shrubs that can provide these branches. There are about 1,080 species of Acacia , mostly native to Australia. An Acacia -like 14 cm (5.5 in) long fossil seed pod has been described from

841-560: Was used in the tanning process . One ton of wattle or mimosa bark contained about 68 kilograms (150 pounds) of pure tannin. The gum of some species may be used as a substitute for gum arabic , known as Australian gum or wattle gum. Some species of acacia – notably Acacia baileyana , A. dealbata and A. pravissima – are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. The 1889 publication Useful Native Plants of Australia describes various uses for eating. Philip Miller Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771)

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