Misplaced Pages

#477522

120-643: In the first few centuries of the Common era , many places along the Egyptian coast had borne this name, Greek : Ταριχέαι , Tarichéai , this being a Greek loan-word derived from the people's employment in the preservation of fish, or what some called in Greek : ταρίχη , meaning, "pickled fish". The name was applied to a site along the coast of the Sea of Galilee , where the townsmen are thought to have occupied themselves in

240-596: A slippery slope scenario in his style guide that, "if we do end by casting aside the AD/BC convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis." Some Christians are offended by the removal of the reference to Jesus, including the Southern Baptist Convention . The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows

360-541: A year zero . In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius. The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as " Vulgar Era" to distinguish years of the Anno Domini era, which was in popular use, from dates of the regnal year (the year of the reign of a sovereign) typically used in national law. (The word 'vulgar' originally meant 'of

480-650: A dispute with the Pasha of Damascus. Under instructions from the Ottoman Porte , Sulayman Pasha al-Azm of Damascus besieged Tiberias in 1742 , with the intention of eliminating Zahir, but his siege was unsuccessful. In the following year, Sulayman set out to repeat the attempt with even greater reinforcements, but he died en route. Under Zahir's patronage, Jewish families were encouraged to settle in Tiberias. He invited Rabbi Chaim Abulafia of Smyrna to rebuild

600-538: A heavy economic decline due to the war. Following the expulsion of Jews from Judea after 135 CE, Tiberias and its neighbour Sepphoris (Hebrew name: Tzippori) became the major Jewish cultural centres. According to the Talmud, in 145 CE, Rabbi Simeon bar Yochai , who was very familiar with Galilee, hiding there for over a decade, "cleansed the city of ritual impurity", allowing the Jewish leadership to resettle there from

720-641: A large-scale procession walking towards the nice suburbs of Haifa creating little damage but a great fear within the population. This small incident was taken as an occasion to express the social malaise of the different Oriental communities in Israel and riots spread quickly to other parts of the country; mostly in towns with a high percentage of the population having North African origins like in Tiberias, in Beer-Sheva , in Migdal-Haemek ". Over time,

840-753: A major political and religious hub of the Jews in the Land of Israel after the destruction of Jerusalem and the desolation of Judea during the Jewish–Roman wars . From the time of the second through the tenth centuries CE, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in Galilee , and much of the Mishna and the Jerusalem Talmud were compiled there. Tiberias flourished during the early Islamic period , when it served as

960-626: A matter of convenience. There is so much interaction between people of different faiths and cultures – different civilizations, if you like – that some shared way of reckoning time is a necessity. And so the Christian Era has become the Common Era. Adena K. Berkowitz, in her application to argue before the United States Supreme Court , opted to use BCE and CE because, "Given the multicultural society that we live in,

1080-639: A mortar barrage, killing some Arab residents. The local National Committee refused the offer of the Arab Liberation Army to take over defense of the city, but a small contingent of outside irregulars moved in. During 10–17 April, the Haganah attacked the city and refused to negotiate a truce, while the British refused to intervene. Newly arrived Arab refugees from Nasir ad-Din told of the civilians there being killed, news which brought panic to

1200-614: A new ultra-Orthodox neighborhood, Kiryat Sanz, on a slope on the western side of the Kinneret. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), as of August 2023, 49,876 inhabitants lived in Tiberias. According to CBS, as of December 2019 the city was rated 4 out of 10 on the socio-economic scale. The average monthly salary of an employee for the year 2019 was 7,508 NIS. Among today's population of Jews, many are Mizrahi and Sephardic . The yearly growth rate of its population

1320-715: A period of 138 years in which the traditional BC/AD dating notation was used. BCE/CE is used by the College Board in its history tests, and by the Norton Anthology of English Literature . Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism . The 2006 style guide for the Episcopal Diocese Maryland Church News says that BCE and CE should be used. In June 2006, in

SECTION 10

#1732802234478

1440-703: A place "easily seen by the innovators." W.F. Albright proposed that the Arab village of Al-Majdal (the ancient Magdala ) was to be identified with Tarichæa. This opinion is maintained by many scholars today, who, in this way, identify Tarichaea with Magdala . Thus, Migdal Nunayya ("the Tower of the Fish") would be the Hebrew name of Tarichaea ("the industry of salting fish"). It was also known in biblical times for flax weaving and dyeing. Although Josephus does not say if Tarichaea

1560-611: A small town, long and narrow. He also describes the "hot salt springs, over which they have built Hammams which use no fuel." In 1265 the Crusaders were driven from the city by the Egyptian Mamluks , who ruled Tiberias until the Ottoman conquest in 1516. During the 16th century, Tiberias was a small village. Italian Rabbi Moses Bassola visited Tiberias during his trip to Palestine in 1522. He said on Tiberias that "it

1680-595: A southern to northerly direction, without breaking off the movement. According to Josephus, Vespasian arrived from the south ( Scythopolis ) with his troops, and pitched his camp at Sennabris (a place near Khirbet Kerak ). If Tarichaea indeed lay to the south of Tiberias, it seemed inconceivable that it would be bypassed by the Romans, without being dealt with first, while en route to Tiberias. However, according to Kokkinos, this view would not take into account military stratagems, if they indeed existed, such as reconnoitering

1800-627: A third of whom were Jews, the rest being Muslims and a few Christians. In 1850, Tiberias contained three synagogues which served the Sephardi community, which consisted of 80 families, and the Ashkenazim , numbering about 100 families. It was reported that the Jewish inhabitants of Tiberias enjoyed more peace and security than those of Safed to the north. In 1863, it was recorded that the Christian and Muslim elements made up three-quarters of

1920-558: A wide-scale slaughter of the Jews, which practically emptied Galilee of most its Jewish population, with survivors fleeing to Egypt. Tiberias, or Tabariyyah in Arab transcription, was "conquered by (the Arab commander) Shurahbil in the year 634/15 [CE/AH] by capitulation; one half of the houses and churches were to belong to the Muslims, the other half to the Christians." Muslim commanders and their cavalry have reportedly settled in

2040-503: Is 3.9%. Following Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000 many ex- South Lebanon Army soldiers and officers who fled from Lebanon settled in Tiberias with their families . In the Ottoman registers of 1525, 1533, 1548, 1553, and 1572 all the residents were Muslims . The registers in 1596 recorded the population to consist of 50 families and four bachelors, all Muslim. In 1780, there were about 4,000 inhabitants, two thirds being Jews. In 1842, there were about 3,900 inhabitants, around

2160-480: Is a direct reference to Jesus as Lord . Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by Christians , but who are not themselves Christian. Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan has argued: [T]he Christian calendar no longer belongs exclusively to Christians. People of all faiths have taken to using it simply as

2280-607: Is a fine building and in the middle part rises a great platform (dukkan), where they have their mihrabs (or prayer-niches). All round those they have set jasmine -shrubs, from which the mosque derives its name. During the First Crusade Tiberias was occupied by the Franks soon after the capture of Jerusalem . The city was given in fief to Tancred , who made it his capital of the Principality of Galilee in

2400-399: Is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee . A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity , it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism 's Four Holy Cities , along with Jerusalem , Hebron , and Safed . In 2022, it had a population of 48,472. Tiberias was founded around 20 CE by Herod Antipas and was named after Roman emperor Tiberius . It became

2520-455: Is equivalent with the Greek name of Tarichæa, a name derived from the Greek word tarichos (salted fish). Seetzen surmised that the inhabitants of Tarichæa made use of ground salt that was plentiful in their town to cure the quantities of fish produced by the lake. Seetzen described the plain which he saw, directly upon leaving the vicinity of el-Malahha towards its south, southwest: "Here begins

SECTION 20

#1732802234478

2640-485: Is in particularly common use in Nepal in order to disambiguate dates from the local calendar, Bikram or Vikram Sambat. Disambiguation is needed because the era of the local calendar is quite close to the Common Era. In 2002, an advisory panel for the religious education syllabus for England and Wales recommended introducing BCE/CE dates to schools, and by 2018 some local education authorities were using them. In 2018,

2760-573: The Letter of Simeon of Beth Arsham urged the Christians of Palaestina to seize the leaders of Judaism in Tiberias, to put them to the rack, and to compel them to command the Jewish king, Dhu Nuwas , to desist from persecuting the Christians in Najran . In 614, Tiberias was the site where, during the final Jewish revolt against the Byzantine Empire , parts of the Jewish population supported

2880-563: The British Mandate authorities , Tiberias had a population of 6,950 inhabitants, consisting of 4,427 Jews, 2,096 Muslims, 422 Christians, and five others. There were 5,381 Jews, 2,645 Muslims, 565 Christians and ten others in the 1931 census . By 1945, the population had increased to 6,000 Jews, 4,540 Muslims, 760 Christians with ten others. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War , Palestinian Arab residents of Tiberias besieged its Jewish quarter. Haganah troops then successfully attacked

3000-610: The Codex Cairensis and the Aleppo Codex were written in Tiberias as well as the Tiberian vocalization was devised here. The Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi writing in 985, describes Tiberias as a hedonistic city afflicted by heat: "For two months they dance; for two months they gobble; for two months they swat; for two months they go about naked; for two months they play the reed flute; and for two months they wallow in

3120-655: The Gregorian calendar without the AD prefix. As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar. As of 2005 , Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for more than a century. Jews have also used the term Current Era . Some academics in the fields of theology , education , archaeology and history have adopted CE and BCE notation despite some disagreement. A study conducted in 2014 found that

3240-575: The Incarnation of Jesus. Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as " Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi " (Of the year of our Lord Jesus Christ]. This way of numbering years became more widespread in Europe with its use by Bede in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus, without

3360-576: The Isthmus , to help in digging the Corinth Canal . The rest of the people, to the number of 30,400, he sold at auction , excepting only those whom he presented to Agrippa and who had come from his own kingdom. Before the fall of the city, Josephus escaped and continued the prosecution of the war in Jotapata ( Hebrew : יודפת ), until he was captured there. The location of Tarichæa has been

3480-717: The Kingdom of Jerusalem ; the region was sometimes called the Principality of Tiberias, or the Tiberiad. In 1099 the original site of the city was abandoned, and settlement shifted north to the present location. St. Peter's Church , originally built by the Crusaders, is still standing today, although the building has been altered and reconstructed over the years. In the late 12th century Tiberias' Jewish community numbered 50 Jewish families, headed by rabbis, and at that time

3600-723: The National Trust said it would continue to use BC/AD as its house style. English Heritage explains its era policy thus: "It might seem strange to use a Christian calendar system when referring to British prehistory, but the BC/AD labels are widely used and understood." Some parts of the BBC use BCE/CE, but some presenters have said they will not. As of October 2019, the BBC News style guide has entries for AD and BC, but not for CE or BCE. The style guide for The Guardian says, under

3720-588: The Papal States , but when the Ottomans and the Republic of Venice went to war, the plan was abandoned. At the end of the century (1596), the village of Tiberias had 54 households: 50 families and 4 bachelors. All were Muslims . The main product of the village at that time was wheat, while other products included barley, fruit, fish, goats and bee hives; the total revenue was 3,360 akçe . In 1624, when

Tarichaea - Misplaced Pages Continue

3840-632: The Persian invaders; the Jewish rebels were financed by Benjamin of Tiberias , a man of immense wealth; according to Christian sources, during the revolt Christians were massacred and churches destroyed. In 628, the Byzantine army returned to Tiberias upon the surrender of Jewish rebels and the end of the Persian occupation after they were defeated in the battle of Nineveh . A year later, influenced by radical Christian monks, Emperor Heraclius instigated

3960-665: The Reyes Católicos ( Catholic Monarchs ) began establishing Inquisition commissions. Many Conversos , ( Marranos and Moriscos ) and Sephardi Jews fled in fear to the Ottoman provinces, settling at first in Constantinople , Salonika , Sarajevo , Sofia and Anatolia . The Sultan encouraged them to settle in Palestine. In 1558, a Portuguese-born marrano , Doña Gracia , was granted tax collecting rights in Tiberias and its surrounding villages by Suleiman

4080-459: The Roman Empire , the city was known by its Koine Greek name Τιβεριάς ( Tiberiás , Greek : Τιβεριάδα , romanized :  Tiveriáda ). In the days of Herod Antipas, some of the most religiously orthodox Jews , who were struggling against the process of Hellenisation , which had affected even some priestly groups , refused to settle there: the presence of a cemetery rendered

4200-559: The United States ambassador to Israel , requested to meet with him. McDonald presented a British ultimatum for Israeli troops to leave the Sinai peninsula , Egyptian territory. Israel rejected the ultimatum, but Tiberias became famous. During the months after the occupation of the city, a large part of the buildings of the old city in Tiberias was destroyed, and this for various reasons - problems of hygiene , rickety construction, and

4320-479: The Via Maris , and the city was also known for its mat industry. In 1033 Tiberias was again destroyed by an earthquake . A further earthquake in 1066 toppled the great mosque. Nasir-i Khusrou visited Tiberias in 1047, and describes a city with a "strong wall" which begins at the border of the lake and goes all around the town except on the water-side. Furthermore, he describes numberless buildings erected in

4440-538: The Zaydani clan , fortified the town and made an agreement with the leader Nasif al-Nassar of the Al Saghir clan to prevent looting. Accounts from that time tell of the great admiration people had for Zahir, especially his war against bandits on the roads. Richard Pococke , who visited Tiberias in 1727, witnessed the building of a fort to the north of the city, and the strengthening of the old walls, attributing it to

4560-557: The date of birth of Jesus . Since the year numbers are the same, BCE and CE dates should be equally offensive to other religions as BC and AD. Roman Catholic priest and writer on interfaith issues Raimon Panikkar argued that the BCE/CE usage is the less inclusive option since they are still using the Christian calendar numbers and forcing it on other nations. In 1993, the English-language expert Kenneth G. Wilson speculated

4680-502: The 1970s. The city of Tiberias has been almost entirely Jewish since 1948. Many Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews settled in the city, following the Jewish exodus from Arab countries in late 1940s and the early 1950s. Over time, government housing was built to accommodate much of the new population, like in many other development towns . In 1959, during Wadi Salib riots , the " Union des Nords-africains led by David Ben Haroush, organised

4800-464: The Arab section of the city, and British troops evacuated the Arab residents upon their request. Some fled in the wake of news of the Deir Yassin massacre . The entire Arab population of the city was removed in 1948 by the British and partly because of Haganah decision. After the war had ended, a large number of Jewish immigrants to Israel settled in Tiberias. Today almost all of the population

4920-596: The BCE/CE notation is not growing at the expense of BC and AD notation in the scholarly literature, and that both notations are used in a relatively stable fashion. In 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation. The change drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority denied

Tarichaea - Misplaced Pages Continue

5040-579: The Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation", "common era of the Nativity", or "common era of the birth of Christ". An adapted translation of Common Era into Latin as Era Vulgaris was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley , and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD. Although Jews have their own Hebrew calendar , they often use

5160-495: The Gregorian Calendar as BCE and CE without compromising their own beliefs about the divinity of Jesus of Nazareth." In History Today , Michael Ostling wrote: "BC/AD Dating: In the year of whose Lord? The continuing use of AD and BC is not only factually wrong but also offensive to many who are not Christians." Critics note the fact that there is no difference in the epoch of the two systems—chosen to be close to

5280-558: The Jewish community. The synagogue he built still stands today, located in the Court of the Jews. In 1775, Ahmed el-Jazzar "the Butcher" brought peace to the region with an iron fist. In 1780, many Polish Jews settled in the town. During the 18th and 19th centuries it received an influx of rabbis who re-established it as a center for Jewish learning. An essay written by Rabbi Joseph Schwarz in 1850 noted that "Tiberias Jews suffered

5400-399: The Judea, which they were forced to leave as fugitives. The Sanhedrin , the Jewish court, also fled from Jerusalem during the Great Jewish Revolt against Rome, and after several attempted moves, in search of stability, eventually settled in Tiberias in about 220 CE. It was to be its final meeting place before its disbanding in 425 CE. When Johanan bar Nappaha (d. 279) settled in Tiberias,

5520-486: The Magnificent . She envisaged the town becoming a refuge for Jews and obtained a permit to establish Jewish autonomy there. In 1561 her nephew Joseph Nasi , Lord of Tiberias, encouraged Jews to settle in Tiberias and rebuild the city. Securing a firman from the Sultan, he and Joseph ben Adruth rebuilt the city walls and lay the groundwork for a textile ( silk ) industry, planting mulberry trees and urging craftsmen to move there. Plans were made for Jews to move from

5640-535: The Roman army to a place further north (Tiberias) where insurgents were also known to be, and to prevent their sallying-out to their brothers' defence in the south, and only afterwards to engage the enemy in the south (Tarichaea). Kokkinos, citing The Jewish War 3.462 and 4.11, suggests that, after the Roman army had subdued and secured Tiberias, Vespasian moved the remainder of his troops to Ammathus , one biblical mile south of Tiberias, where there are hot springs and where he could refresh his troops. Securing this site

5760-427: The Sultan recognized Fakhr-al-Din II as Lord of Arabistan (from Aleppo to the borders of Egypt), The 1660 destruction of Tiberias by the Druze resulted in abandonment of the city by its Jewish community, Unlike Tiberias, the nearby city of Safed recovered from its destruction , and was not entirely abandoned, remaining an important Jewish center in Galilee. In the 1720s, the Arab ruler Zahir al-Umar , of

5880-428: The United States, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision to use BCE and CE in the state's new Program of Studies, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of local discretion. The use of CE in Jewish scholarship was historically motivated by the desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation AD . Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins, AD

6000-465: The acting Roman general in ca. 64 CE, and his son, Titus , having received intelligence that "Tiberias was fond of innovations, and that Taricheae had revolted", were resolved to punish them. From Josephus' account, it follows that the Roman army moved from Scythopolis in the south to Tiberias in a northerly direction. Vespasian and his son, Titus, encamped with three legions at a place called Sennabris (Σενναβρís), south of Tiberias and "easily seen by

6120-432: The beautiful plain of el-Ghôr , which greatly resembles the plain of el-B'kaa , between Anti-Libanus and Libanus , only that the two chains of mountains that surround it are not so striking as those of el-B'kaa ." This plain would be the one described by Josephus as stretching in front of Tarichaea. The Arabic place-name can be spelled el-Malaḥa, Mallâha. Still in the 19th century, Robinson suggested that Tarichaea

SECTION 50

#1732802234478

6240-545: The best manuscripts of the Torah were said to be found there. In the 12th-century, the city was the subject of negative undertones in Islamic tradition. A hadith recorded by Ibn Asakir of Damascus (d. 1176) names Tiberias as one of the "four cities of hell." This could have been reflecting the fact that at the time, the town had a notable non-Muslim population. In 1187, Saladin ordered his son al-Afdal to send an envoy to Count Raymond of Tripoli requesting safe passage through his fiefdom of Galilee and Tiberias. Raymond

6360-455: The bulk of his army at the station Sennabris when he sent a small contingent of 50 horsemen to make trial of the situation at Tiberias, further north, hoping to bring them under submission before it came to a fight. When the people of Tiberias welcomed the Roman army, and offered them their hands in peace, the army was then free to engage the rebels at Tarichaea. Given these difficulties, Albright himself recognised that "it may safely be said that

6480-415: The capital of Jund al-Urdunn and became a multi-cultural trading center. The city slipped in importance following several earthquakes, foreign incursions, and after the Mamluks turned Safed into the capital of Galilee . The city was greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1837 , after which it was rebuilt, and it grew steadily following the Zionist Aliyah in the 1880s. In early modern times, Tiberias

6600-446: The city became the focus of Jewish religious scholarship in the land and the so-named Jerusalem Talmud was compiled by his school in Tiberias between 230–270 CE. Tiberias' 13 synagogues served the spiritual needs of a growing Jewish population. Tombs of famous rabbis Yohanan ben Zakkai , Akiva and Maimonides are also located in the city. In the 6th century Tiberias was still the seat of Jewish religious learning. In light of this,

6720-411: The city came to rely on tourism, becoming a major Galilean center for Christian pilgrims and internal Israeli tourism. The ancient cemetery of Tiberias and its old synagogues are also drawing religious Jewish pilgrims during religious holidays. Tiberias consists of a small port on the shores of Galilee lake for both fishing and tourist activities. Since the 1990s, the importance of the port for fishing

6840-445: The city following the battle of Fahl and the fall of Damascus . Since 636 CE, Tiberias served as the regional capital, until Beit She'an took its place, following the Rashidun conquest. The Caliphate allowed 70 Jewish families from Tiberias to form the core of a renewed Jewish presence in Jerusalem and the importance of Tiberias to Jewish life declined. The caliphs of the Umayyad Dynasty built one of its square-plan palaces on

6960-465: The city has an almost exclusively Jewish population. After the war ended, the new Israeli authorities destroyed the Old City of Tiberias. A large number of Jewish immigrants to Israel subsequently settled in Tiberias. Today, Tiberias is an important tourist center due to its proximity to the Sea of Galilee and religious sanctity to Judaism and Christianity . The city also serves as a regional industrial and commercial center. Its immediate neighbour to

7080-425: The city. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Tiberias had a population of 6,950 inhabitants, consisting of 4,427 Jews, 2,096 Muslims, 422 Christians, and five others. Initially the relationship between Arabs and Jews in Tiberias was good, with few incidents occurring in the Nebi Musa riots in 1920 and the Arab riots throughout Palestine in 1929 . The first modern spa

7200-419: The city. However, during the Third Crusade , the Crusaders drove the Muslims out of the city and reoccupied it. Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, ( Maimonides ) also known as Rambam, a leading Jewish legal scholar, philosopher and physician of his period, died in 1204 in Egypt and was later buried in Tiberias. His tomb is one of the city's important pilgrimage sites. Yakut , writing in the 1220s, described Tiberias as

7320-400: The country, Josephus retrieved the money and items when they came to him at Tarichæa, secretly hoping to return such items to the king, and withal blamed them for the violence they had offered the king. However, thinking that Josephus was not of like mind with them and that he secretly entertained notions of betraying them to the king who was allied with the Romans, they raised a commotion in all

SECTION 60

#1732802234478

7440-437: The current year; "400 BCE" and "400 BC" are the same year. The expression can be traced back to 1615, when it first appears in a book by Johannes Kepler as the Latin : annus aerae nostrae vulgaris ( year of our common era ), and to 1635 in English as " Vulgar Era". The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708, and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish religious scholars. Since

7560-409: The early 20th century. The phrase "common era", in lower case , also appeared in the 19th century in a "generic" sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews", "the common era of the Mahometans", "common era of the world", "the common era of the foundation of Rome". When it did refer to

7680-428: The entry for CE/BCE: "some people prefer CE (common era, current era, or Christian era) and BCE (before common era, etc.) to AD and BC, which, however, remain our style". In the United States, the use of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks was reported in 2005 to be growing. Some publications have transitioned to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch to BCE/CE, ending

7800-436: The fear that the Arabs would return to the city, when it became known that this was a requirement of Jordan as part of the negotiations conducted in Rhodes . Finally, the authorities acceded to the initiative of the Jewish National Fund , Yosef Nahmani, who argued that the houses of the Old City should be demolished, despite the opposition of Mayor Shimon Dahan. The destruction began in the summer of 1948 and continued until

7920-429: The first months of 1949. A visit by David Ben-Gurion to the city brought an end to the destruction, after 477 out of 696 houses were destroyed according to official estimates. After the destruction remained the remains of the wall and the citadel, several houses on the outskirts of the city, as well as the two mosques that operated in the city. The area stood abandoned for decades, until operations began to restore it in

8040-453: The first of which was but eight days", and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era". The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909) in at least one article reports all three terms (Christian, Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by

8160-413: The first year of Emperor Nero 's reign (54 CE), a stupendous gift was added to Agrippa II 's realm, when Nero entrusted him with the government of a certain part of Galilee, Tiberias and Tarichæa. In the 12th-year of Nero's reign (66 CE), when war broke out between Rome and the Jews of Judea, Josephus was appointed governor of the Galilee by the Jewish leadership in Jerusalem, and took care to build

8280-399: The former shore. In October 1938, Arab militants murdered 19 Jews in Tiberias during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine . Between 8–9 April 1948, sporadic shooting broke out between the Jewish and Arab neighborhoods of Tiberias. Arab Liberation Army and irregular forces attacked and closed the Rosh Pinnah road, isolating the northern Jewish settlements. On 10 April, the Haganah launched

8400-531: The hot springs for three days. "Afterwards they dip in another spring which is cold, whereupon ... they become cured." Tiberias was plagued by incursions by the radical Shi'ite Qarmatians at the beginning of the tenth century. During that period, the Academy of Eretz Israel left Tiberias for Jerusalem. Later in the same century, the region came under the control by the Fatimid Caliphate . By this time, Tiberias had experienced its last period of prosperity; dried fruit, oil, and wine had been exported to Cairo via

8520-407: The innovators," in preparation for the war with the insurgents. Sennabris was situated some 30 stadia (ca. 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi)) from Tiberias . Vespasian's army first subdued Tiberias, before engaging the rebel forces in Tarichaea. After entering Tiberias, Vespasian sent against Tarichaea four-hundred horsemen and two thousand archers, under Antonius and Silo, to repel those that were upon

8640-417: The lake itself), and of Tiberias on the west, the hot springs of which are so conducive to the restoration of health" (Naturalis Historia V:27). Another difficulty has been pointed out by archaeologist Mordechai Aviam, who admits that during the archaeological excavations conducted at the site "no remains of fortifications or a destructionlayer were found", against what Josephus says of Tarichaea. Nevertheless,

8760-534: The lake. Common era Common Era ( CE ) and Before the Common Era ( BCE ) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar ), the world's most widely used calendar era . Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original Anno Domini (AD) and Before Christ (BC) notations used for the same calendar era. The two notation systems are numerically equivalent: "2024 CE" and "AD 2024" each describe

8880-428: The late 20th century, BCE and CE have become popular in academic and scientific publications on the grounds that BCE and CE are religiously neutral terms. They have been promoted as more sensitive to non-Christians by not referring to Jesus , the central figure of Christianity , especially via the religious terms " Christ " and Dominus ("Lord") used by the other abbreviations. Nevertheless, its epoch remains

9000-466: The least" during an Arab rebellion which took place in 1834. Around 600 people, including nearly 500 Jews, died when the town was devastated by the 1837 Galilee earthquake . An American expedition reported that Tiberias was still in a state of disrepair in 1847/1848. Rabbi Haim Shmuel Hacohen Konorti, born in Spain in 1792, settled in Tiberias at the age of 45 and was a driving force in the restoration of

9120-566: The mud." As "the capital of Jordan Province, and a city in the Valley of Canaan. ... The town is narrow, hot in summer and unhealthy...There are here eight natural hot baths, where no fuel need be used, and numberless basins besides of boiling water. The mosque is large and fine, and stands in the market-place. Its floor is laid in pebbles, set on stone drums, placed close one to another." According to Muqaddasi, those who suffered from scab or ulcers, and other such diseases came to Tiberias to bathe in

9240-543: The multicultural city may have been the most tolerant of the Middle East. Jewish scholarship flourished from the beginning of the 8th century to the end of the 10th, when the oral traditions of ancient Hebrew , still in use today, were codified. One of the leading members of the Tiberian Masoretic community was Aaron ben Moses ben Asher , who refined the oral tradition now known as Tiberian Hebrew . Both

9360-420: The neighboring cities, saying that Josephus had designs of betraying the people to the Romans. At this accusation, some one-hundred thousand armed men came to him at Tarichæa, which multitude was crowded together in the town's hippodrome (a place that should rather be considered as a race course devoid of monumental construction), and they raised a clamor against Josephus. Josephus' repartee and skill at oration

9480-476: The north of Tiberias, as opined by W.F. Albright and by H.H. Kitchener, respectively, the rebels could not have seen the Roman army encampment at Sennabris, 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) to the south, since this place is completely obstructed by the intervening hills. The difficulty with these identifications is that some historical geographers have reasoned that the movement of the Roman army would have proceeded from

9600-532: The north-western part of the lake. In 61 CE Herod Agrippa II annexed the city to his kingdom whose capital was Caesarea Philippi . During the First Jewish–Roman War , the Jewish rebels took control of the city and destroyed Herod's palace, and were able to prevent the city from being pillaged by the army of Agrippa II , the Jewish ruler who had remained loyal to Rome. Eventually, the rebels were expelled from Tiberias, and while most other cities in

9720-544: The ordinary people', with no derogatory associations. ) The first use of the Latin term anno aerae nostrae vulgaris may be that in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler . Kepler uses it again, as ab Anno vulgaris aerae , in a 1616 table of ephemerides , and again, as ab anno vulgaris aerae , in 1617. A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English that may be the earliest-found use of Vulgar Era in English. A 1701 book edited by John Le Clerc includes

9840-618: The other side of the lake." Josephus adds that while Gamala belonged to the Lower Gaulonitis , Tarichæa belonged to Lower Galilee . Another geographical feature of Tarichæa, according to Josephus, was that it was situated at the bottom of a mountain, and where there was also a plain before the city. When Vespasian "was informed that Tiberias was fond of innovations, and that Taricheae had revolted," he and his son, Titus, came from Scythopolis and encamped with three legions at Sennabris (Σενναβρís - סנבראי ), south of Tiberias, at

9960-496: The phrase "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra,   6". The Merriam Webster Dictionary gives 1716 as the date of first use of the term "vulgar era" (which it defines as Christian era). The first published use of "Christian Era" may be the Latin phrase annus aerae christianae on the title page of a 1584 theology book, De Eucharistica controuersia . In 1649, the Latin phrase annus æræ Christianæ appeared in

10080-553: The phrase "before the common era" may be that in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German. The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously. In 1835, in his book Living Oracles , Alexander Campbell , wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ,

10200-475: The plain to the north, along the seashore, where there are traces of ruins and springs of water". The main problem for this identification is that Magdala is in the west of the lake of Gennesareth, north of Tiberias, while Pliny the Elder places Tarichaea in the south of lake: The lake "is skirted by the pleasant towns of Julias and Hippo on the east, of Tarichea on the south (a name which is by many persons given to

10320-434: The population (2,000 to 4,000). A population list from about 1887 showed that Tiberias had a population of about 3,640; 2,025 Jews, 30 Latins, 215 Catholics, 15 Greek Catholics, and 1,355 Muslims. In 1901, the Jews of Tiberias numbered about 2,000 in a total population of 3,600. By 1912, the population reached 6,500. This included 4,500 Jews, 1,600 Muslims and 400 Christians. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by

10440-533: The provinces of Judaea, Galilee and Idumea were razed, Tiberias was spared this fate because its inhabitants had decided not to fight against Rome. It became a mixed city after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE; with Judea subdued, the surviving southern Jewish population migrated to Galilee. There is no direct indication that Tiberias, as well as the rest of Galilee, took part in the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132–136 CE, thus allowing it to continue to exist, despite

10560-547: The question of the exact site of Taricheae is the most complicated topographical problem in Palestine." In 1878, H.H. Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund suggested that the citadel of Tarichæa was to be identified with the ruin Khurbet Kuneitrîah , between Tiberias and Al-Majdal , 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) northwest of Tiberias. He retained that the "town itself was probably on

10680-464: The residents of Tiberias. The Arab population of Tiberias (6,000 residents or 47.5% of the population) was evacuated by the British forces on 18 April 1948. The Jewish population looted the Arab areas and had to be suppressed by force by the Haganah and Jewish police, who killed or injured several looters. On 30 December 1948, when David Ben-Gurion was staying in Tiberias, James Grover McDonald ,

10800-458: The residents to take leave only by the road that led to Tiberias, and when they had gone a certain distance, without suspecting anything, the Roman soldiers conducted them into the Stadium that was built in Tiberias. Of these, the aged and useless, numbering some 1,200, were slain by the soldiers at Vespasian's orders. Of the young men, he picked out 6,000 of the strongest and sent them to Nero at

10920-595: The rumours and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity. In 2013, the Canadian Museum of Civilization (now the Canadian Museum of History) in Gatineau (opposite Ottawa ), which had previously switched to BCE/CE, decided to change back to BC/AD in material intended for the public while retaining BCE/CE in academic content. The notation

11040-407: The same Aviam maintains that could be due to the fact that the walls "had been built with no deep foundations and in a very simple way" and therefore they "were taken apart either at the commandof the Romans or when the towns and cities grew many years after the war", and therefore he maintains the identification of Magdala and Tarichaea. Pliny the Elder , in his Natural History , placed Tarichæa to

11160-475: The same as that used for the Anno Domini era. The idea of numbering years beginning from the date that he believed to be the date of birth of Jesus , was conceived around the year 525 by the Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus . He did this to replace the then dominant Era of Martyrs system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. He numbered years from an initial reference date (" epoch "), an event he referred to as

11280-466: The same trade. Albright thought the name to mean "Fish-curing plants", or in modern parlance, "Fish canneries." Suetonius ( Til . 4.3) mentions Tarichaea and Gamala as being "potent Judean cities" ( Latin : urbes Iudaeae validissimae ). In ca. 52 BCE, Judea was invaded by the Roman governor of Syria , Gaius Cassius Longinus , who fell upon the town of Tarichæa and carried away thirty thousand Jews into slavery. Roughly one-hundred years later, in

11400-501: The site ritually unclean for the Jews and particularly for the priestly caste . Antipas settled many non-Jews there from rural Galilee and other parts of his domains in order to populate his new capital, and built a palace on the acropolis . The prestige of Tiberias was so great that the Sea of Galilee soon came to be named the Sea of Tiberias; however, the Jewish population continued to call it Yam HaKineret , its traditional name. The city

11520-546: The slopes and filled the streets and buildings with water so rapidly that many people did not have time to escape; the loss of life and property was great. The city rebuilt on the slopes and the British Mandatory government planted the Swiss Forest on the slopes above the town to hold the soil and prevent similar disasters from recurring. A new seawall was constructed, moving the shoreline several yards out from

11640-410: The south of the Sea of Galilee, while Tiberias is to the west of the lake. Accordingly, the German traveller, Ulrich Jasper Seetzen , described Tarichaea in 1806 as being on the banks of the Sea of Galilee at its "southward extremity," near the town of Sennabris , saying that some ruins and some walls were still visible, and that the place still bore the name of el-Malahha , or Ard-el-Malahha , which

11760-470: The south, Hammat Tiberias , which is now part of modern Tiberias, has been known for its hot springs , believed to cure skin and other ailments , for some two thousand years. Jewish tradition holds that Tiberias was built on the site of the ancient Israelite village of Rakkath or Rakkat , first mentioned in the Book of Joshua . In Talmudic times, the Jews still referred to it by this name. Tiberias

11880-524: The subject of intensive debate; scholars not readily agreeing with each other on the site's location. Josephus frequently refers to a wealthy Galilean town, destroyed by the Romans in the Jewish War (66-73 CE) that has the Greek name Tarichaia from its prosperous fisheries. Josephus does not give a Hebrew name. Josephus places Tarichæa along the shores of Lake of Gennesaret , 30 stadia from Tiberias, and places Gamala "over against Tarichæa, but on

12000-417: The title of an English almanac. A 1652 ephemeris may be the first instance found so far of the English use of "Christian Era". The English phrase "Common Era" appears at least as early as 1708, and in a 1715 book on astronomy it is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era". A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to "the common era of the Jews". The first use of

12120-497: The traditional Jewish designations – B.C.E. and C.E. – cast a wider net of inclusion." In the World History Encyclopedia , Joshua J. Mark wrote "Non-Christian scholars, especially, embraced [CE and BCE] because they could now communicate more easily with the Christian community. Jewish, Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist scholars could retain their [own] calendar but refer to events using

12240-488: The very water, for the bed of the lake in this part is rock; and they have built pleasure houses that are supported on columns of marble , rising up out of the water. The lake is very full of fish. [] The Friday Mosque is in the midst of the town. At the gate of the mosque is a spring, over which they have built a hot bath. [] On the western side of the town is a mosque known as the Jasmine Mosque (Masjid-i-Yasmin). It

12360-483: The wall of Tarichæa, as well as the defensive walls of other towns in Galilee, in anticipation of a Roman assault against these cities. At that time, Josephus chose Tarichæa for his place of residence. When certain young men of the village Dabarittha had robbed the king's steward of six-hundred pieces of gold, no small number of silver vessels and of many costly garments, at a time when he passed through their region of

12480-463: The wall. Josephus informs his readers that "after the battle, Vespasian held a court-martial in Tarichaea. Making a distinction between the residents and the newcomers whom he considered responsible for the war, he put the question to his staff whether these too should be spared. The verdict was that it would be against the public interest to set them free." By way of a contrivance, Vespasian permitted

12600-484: The waterfront to the north of Tiberias, at Khirbat al-Minya . Tiberias was revitalised in 749, after Bet Shean was destroyed in an earthquake. An imposing mosque, 90 metres (300 feet) long by 78 metres (256 feet) wide, resembling the Great Mosque of Damascus , was raised at the foot of Mount Berenice next to a Byzantine church, to the south of the city, as the eighth century ushered in Tiberias's golden age, when

12720-834: The year number. Unlike AD, which still often precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all). Thus, the current year is written as 2024 in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as 2024 CE, or as AD 2024), and the year that Socrates died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with periods (e.g., " B.C.E. " or "C.E."). The US-based Society of Biblical Literature style guide for academic texts on religion prefers BCE/CE to BC/AD. Tiberias Tiberias ( / t aɪ ˈ b ɪər i ə s / ty- BEER -ee-əs ; Hebrew : טְבֶרְיָה , Ṭəḇeryā ; Arabic : طبريا , romanized :  Ṭabariyyā )

12840-473: Was Justus of Tiberias ), having them transported by boats to Tarichæa where they were incarcerated. With the exception of Jesus ben Shafat and his party who escaped from Tiberias and joined the seditious in Tarichæa, the people of Tiberias received the Roman army into their city and made peace with the Romans. Josephus, in his extensive accounts of the military history of Tarichaea, relates that Vespasian ,

12960-425: Was Khirbet Kerak , a place situated to the south of Tiberias. This opinion was followed by almost all 19th-century authors, Conder, C.R. , W.M. Thomson , D.F. Buhl , E. Schürer and Ernest W.G. Masterman, among others. Victor Guérin thought that Tarichaea was to be placed either at Kh. el-Mallaḥa or Kh. Kerak , both south of Tiberias. In 2010, archaeologist and historian Nikos Kokkinos proposed that Tarichaea

13080-489: Was a mixed city ; under British rule it had a majority Jewish population, but with a significant Arab community. During the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine , fighting broke out between the Jewish residents of Tiberias and its Palestinian Arab minority. As the Haganah took over, British troops evacuated the entire Palestinian Arab population; they were refused reentry after the war, such that today

13200-514: Was a big city ... and now it is ruined and desolate". He described the village there, in which he said there were "ten or twelve" Muslim households. The area, according to Bassola, was dangerous "because of the Arabs", and in order to stay there, he had to pay the local governor for his protection. As the Ottoman Empire expanded along the southern Mediterranean coast under Sultan Selim I ,

13320-449: Was able to save himself from imminent danger, by suggesting that he had retrieved the money, not to return to the king, but to finish building the wall of Tarichæa. The indigenous people of Tarichæa, numbering then forty thousand, rose up to his defense and prevented his bloodshed. When the people of Tiberias eventually revolted against Josephus, Josephus devised methods to detain many of the city's governors and principal persons (among whom

13440-544: Was at first a strictly pagan city, but later became populated mainly by Jews, with its growing spiritual and religious status exerting a strong influence on balneological practices. Conversely, in Antiquities of the Jews , the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus calls the village with hot springs Emmaus, today's Hammat Tiberias, located near Tiberias. This name also appears in his work The Jewish War . Under

13560-414: Was built in 1929. The landscape of the modern town was shaped by the great flood of 11 November 1934. Deforestation on the slopes above the town combined with the fact that the city had been built as a series of closely packed houses and buildings – usually sharing walls – built in narrow roads paralleling and closely hugging the shore of the lake. Flood waters carrying mud, stones, and boulders rushed down

13680-404: Was deemed a strategic necessity, as it prevented those insurgents who fled from seeking refuge in Tarichaea. Had Tarichaea been situated to the north of Tiberias, moving the Roman army to Ammathus would not have prevented insurgents from escaping to the rebel stronghold. When Tarichaea was eventually subdued, it was from Ammathus also that the Roman army launched its attack against Gamala , opposite

13800-584: Was founded sometime around 18–20 CE in the Herodian Tetrarchy of Galilee and Perea by the Roman client king Herod Antipas , son of Herod the Great . Herod Antipas made it the capital of his realm in Galilee and named it after the Roman emperor Tiberius . The city was built in immediate proximity to a spa which had developed around seventeen natural mineral hot springs, Hammat Tiberias . Tiberias

13920-468: Was governed by a city council of 600 with a committee of ten until 44 CE , when a Roman procurator was set over the city after the death of Herod Agrippa I . Tiberias is mentioned in John 6:23 as the location from which boats had sailed to the opposite, eastern side of the Sea of Galilee. The crowd seeking Jesus after the miraculous feeding of the 5000 used these boats to travel back to Capernaum on

14040-443: Was gradually decreasing, with the decline of the Tiberias lake level, due to continuing droughts and increased pumping of fresh water from the lake. It was expected that the lake of Tiberias will regain its original level (almost 6 metres (20 feet) higher than today), with the full operational capacity of Israeli desalination facilities by 2014. In 2020, the lake raised above the level it was in 1990. In 2012, plans were announced for

14160-522: Was north or south of Tiberias, he places the city some thirty stadia ( furlongs ) from Tiberias, or what are a little more than 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi), which is approximately the distance from Tiberias to Magdala . Indeed, his description of the war against Tiberias and Tarichaea (cf. The Jewish War , book iii, chapter ix, § 7), putting Vespasian's camp at Sennabris, taking first Tiberias and then attacking Tarichaea, makes very plausible this position. Josephus, however, points out that Vespasian had left

14280-536: Was obliged to grant the request under the terms of his treaty with Saladin. Saladin's force left Caesarea Philippi to engage the fighting force of the Knights Templar . The Templar force was destroyed in the encounter . Saladin then besieged Tiberias; after six days the town fell. On 4 July 1187 Saladin defeated the Crusaders coming to relieve Tiberias at the Battle of Hattin , 10 kilometres (6 miles) outside

14400-493: Was to be sought somewhere between the two Kinneret settlements, Moshava and Kvutza , or what is 1 to 1.5 km north and north-west of Tel Bet Yerach /Khirbet Kerak . One of the arguments advanced by Kokkinos for locating Tarichaea south of Tiberias is that the Roman army was encamped at the station called Sennabris , a place "well within view ( Greek : εὐσύνοπτος ) of the rebels" ( The Jewish War iii.443). Had Tarichaea been situated at Magdala or at Khurbet Kuneitrîah to

#477522