103-551: The Tartan Army are fans of the Scotland national football team . They have won awards from several organisations for their friendly behaviour and charitable work. They have also been criticised at times for aspects of their behaviour, however, such as indecent exhibitionism and jeering at " God Save the Queen ". Tartan is part of the symbolic national dress of Scotland , and the name Tartan Army first came into common usage in
206-598: A celebrity , a sport , a sports team , a genre , a politician , a book , a movie , a video game or an entertainer. Collectively, the fans of a particular object or person constitute its fanbase or fandom . They may show their enthusiasm in a variety of ways, such as by promoting the object of their interest, being members of a related fan club , holding or participating in fan conventions or writing fan mail . They may also engage in creative activities (" fan labor ") such as creating fanzines , writing fan fiction , making memes or drawing fan art . Merriam-Webster,
309-492: A penalty shootout . The knockout stage was different from that of past tournaments. Teams in groups A and B were separated from teams in groups C and D until the final. This meant that two teams who meet in the same group would meet again in the semi-finals instead of the final if they got this far. Also, in another major change, for the first time in a European Championship, only two venues ( St. Jakob-Park , Basel and Ernst-Happel-Stadion , Vienna—the two largest of
412-413: A "team base camp" for its stay between the matches. The teams trained and resided in these locations during the tournament, and travelled to games that took place away from their bases. The 16 teams validated their option with UEFA on 18 December 2007. Teams were required to select a squad of 23 players, three of whom had to be goalkeepers, with the final squad to be submitted to UEFA by 28 May 2008. If
515-438: A 'groupie'. A groupie, according to Cheryl Cline, is [A] person (a woman, usually), who 'chases after' rock stars, as my mother would say. But 'groupie' is also used more or less synonymously with 'girl Rock fan', 'female journalist', and 'woman Rock musician'; it's used to mean anyone working in the music field who isn't actually a Rock musician; it's used as an all-purpose insult and a slut on one's professionalism; it's used as
618-445: A crush on their idols. There are also fans who want to become their friends or respect an idol's relationship. In fact, there are fans who idolize a celebrity couples. Gaming fans, or "gamers", are fans focused on playing non-sport games, usually role-playing games , board games , miniature wargames , collectible card games or video games . Music fans can differ somewhat from fans of particular musicians, in that they may focus on
721-544: A cute term for 'hero worship'; and it's used interchangeably with 'fan'. In other words, the term 'groupie' (used synonymously with the term 'fan' or 'fangirl') is frequently used to shame women involved within the music community, restricting their involvement to sexual relations with band members or worshipping male rock stars. This trend can also be observed within other fan communities, such as comic book fandoms, where women are frequently portrayed as "Fake Geek Girls", only interested in comic books to impress guys or to view
824-700: A favorable sports feat. This is most common when a member of the home team scores a hat trick in hockey. Other, more mild forms of displeasure shown by sports fans at sporting events involve simple groans of disappointment, and silence. These actions often denote that the favored home team is being outperformed by, or has lost to the much less-favored road team. In North America, extremely enthusiastic fans are often called "superfans": fans who dress up in outrageous and ostentatious costumes or outfits showing their devotion. Fanbases well known for their tenacious love and undying support are called rabid fans or fanatics. These fans often congregate hours before kickoff in what
927-574: A finale, the programme included reactions to Scotland's victory on penalties against Serbia in Belgrade to qualify for UEFA Euro 2020 , their first major tournament since 1998, which was played behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic . Fan (person) A fan or fanatic , sometimes also termed an aficionado , stan or enthusiast , is a person who exhibits strong interest or admiration for something or somebody, such as
1030-427: A genre of music. Many of the trade journals around music, such as Rolling Stone , were created by music fans. A notable music fan was groupie Cynthia Plaster Caster , famous for making numerous plaster casts of rock stars' penises. Another was Pamela Des Barres , author of the book I'm With The Band . Fans who are not groupies prefer the term supporter . In the 1960s, the extreme frenzy of music fans surrounding
1133-452: A good example of such attacks, whereby multiple women working within the gaming industry were victims of sexual harassment and violent threats, some even forced to leave their homes for fear of a physical confrontation. The fangirls', often stereotyped as female, so-called 'hysteria' is described as the product of sexual repression. However, while it is expected for women to be involved in certain fandoms for physical or sexual reasons, this
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#17327837869551236-401: A group tied on an equal number of points , the finishing positions were determined by the following tie-breaking criteria in the following order: However, these criteria would not apply if two teams tied on points and goals scored played against each other in their final group match and no other team in the group finishes with the same number of points; in that case, the tie would be broken by
1339-409: A man to be indulgent about the crushes of teenage girls than it is for him to be fair-minded about the sexual fantasies of the woman he loves when they're about someone else. And the same guy who'll leave Penthouse in the bathroom will yell, 'No woman of mine is gonna hang a poster of Prince naked to the waist on the inside of the closet of the spare room where no one will see it!' […] [U]ntil you reach
1442-475: A member of the final squad suffered an injury prior to his team's first game that would keep him out of the entire tournament, another player could be called up to replace him. On 19 December 2007, UEFA announced twelve referees and twenty-four assistants were selected for the tournament. In April 2008, after failing a physical fitness test, Norwegian assistant referee Erik Ræstad was replaced by fellow countryman Jan Petter Randen. Italian referee Roberto Rosetti
1545-481: A more sexualized, emotional, or bodily experience, as opposed to intellectual interests. For example, in music, women are more predominant, and accepted, within pop music fandoms, which Diane Railton describes as evoking an emotional and physical response, in contrast with the 'masculine' rock music, which is defined as 'serious' music with a 'meaning', focusing on political, cultural, and psychological discussion. Due to this, women are rarely given space or voice within
1648-759: A portmanteau of "stalker" and "fan", but this has never been confirmed. A website known as "Stan Wars" or "stanipedia" sprouted up to host discussions and flame wars between rival fanbases. The Korean equivalent for a stan is a sasaeng . Stan culture has been criticized for being toxic and parasocial . Colloquially, the term can be used as both a noun or a verb . Stans of a particular artist are often given more detailed names, such as "Arianators" for fans of Ariana Grande , " Directioner " for fans of One Direction and " Swifties " for fans of Taylor Swift . Some artists, however, do not have specific titles attributed to their stans; fans of Kylie Minogue have been called Kylie Stans. Even for fandoms with specific titles,
1751-478: A regular basis and go to sports games as a family outing to watch events and form a psychological bond with one another and as a family. Others with no biological relations may view the team and fanbase as their family as Arsenal fan Maria Petri stated. Going to sports events can create a borrowed sense of self-esteem if fans identify with their teams to the extent that they consider themselves to be successful when their teams have been successful (e.g., as seen in
1854-474: A sign of maturity to pack up all the posters, photos, magazines, scrapbooks, and unauthorized biographies you so lovingly collected and shove them in the back of the closet. These conflicting accounts of fangirl behaviour are due to the belief that women are not supposed to express such sexual fantasies unless influenced by some hormonal induced craziness, while for men it is normal to be sexual regardless of age. As Cheryl Cline summarizes, It's much easier for
1957-547: A sizable number of 'Rentheads' since its Broadway debut. Similarly, fans devoted to The Phantom of the Opera have been dubbed 'Phans'. In 2018, Playbill included The Phantom of the Opera in its list of the "Top 10 Musical Fandoms" of the year. Otaku is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests. In Japan, the term is normally derogatory, a connotation lacking in English, where it generally refers to people in
2060-409: A sports bar is generally more common inside of one. The intensity of cheering and jeering at a sports bar by sports fans can often range from equal to stronger than that of fans actually at the sporting event for particularly significant games and matches. At home, sports fans may have few fellow fans but also more freedom. This is sometimes where the most intense cheering or jeering will take place. In
2163-625: A stan broke her own leg to emulate the injury. The fan tracked down Jessie J's personal address and sent her a photograph of the self-inflicted injury. The singer was horrified and decided to increase her security. Singer-songwriter Lorde has a different opinion on the matter of giving her followers a nickname. She discouraged it by saying "I find it grating to lump everyone into a really awkward, pun-centric name" and affirmed she will never name her fanbase. Women tend to be "more restricted in their leisure choices and opportunities than men," and their experiences within fandoms are typically demeaned to
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#17327837869552266-403: A study by psychologists from Cambridge University , the more that people publicly express admiration for a public figure , the more likely it is that the fans' faith in the public figure will remain unaffected following "moral violations" by the adored person. A stan is an excessively avid fan and supporter of a celebrity , TV show, group, musical artist, film or film series. The object of
2369-777: Is also used to describe fans of K-pop. The term is not to be confused with Sasaeng fans, which are overly obsessed fans who stalk and sometimes bring harm to idols. The term was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2017. Celebrities have positively reacted to their "stan" followings. Notably, English singer-songwriter Jessie J had this to say about her stans, "They support me and buy my albums and singles, and they stand outside hotels, and they come to shows, and they get tattoos of my lyrics and they cut their hair like me. You have to love your fans. That's why I call them my Heartbeats, because without them I wouldn't be here". In 2012, after Jessie J broke her leg,
2472-483: Is also viewed as undesirable and driven by hormonal changes. These acts of adoration are societally limited to adolescent youth, or menopausal women, in both instances blaming "these two periods of hormonal lunacy" on the irrational, overtly sexual behaviour. For instance, Cheryl Cline, in her text entitled "Essays from Bitch: The Women's Rock Newsletter with Bite", discusses how women need to keep their interests hidden once they pass adolescence. In her own words, "[i]t's
2575-443: Is going well for their team, and stress when play is going against their team. This tension between the two emotions generates an unusual sense of pleasure or heightened sensations. Aesthetics are another draw for some fans, who appreciate the precision or skill of play, or of the coordinated movement of the players during a pre-planned "play". Family bonding is a reason for some fan activities. Some families watch televised sports on
2678-400: Is known as a tailgation or tailgating. At sports bars , sports fans will gather together, often while consuming food and alcoholic beverages, with the purpose of following a particular sporting event on television as a group. Sports bars often advertise in hopes of drawing fans of a particular player or team to watch together to increase bonds between fans and prevent fights. This can create
2781-578: Is the nominated charity of the SFA , also organise trips for disadvantaged Scottish children to watch Scotland play at Hampden Park . TACC's main fundraising events are a lottery monthly lottery and the TACC Kiltwalk, an annual 26-mile sponsored walk from Hampden Park to Loch Lomond . In 2007, the Tartan Army joined Scottish folk-rock band Runrig to record a version of Loch Lomond , christened
2884-616: The 1979 British Home Championship match, mainly for drunk and disorderly behaviour and vandalism . The behaviour in that latter match prompted the Scottish Sports Minister Alex Fletcher to apologise to colleagues and led to the creation of the Scotland Travel Club. The Scotland Travel Club was established in 1980 with the expressed purpose of encouraging responsible behaviour by fans. It has been suggested by Professor Eric Dunning that
2987-407: The 2012 Olympic Games , due to concerns that such participation would endanger the separate status of Scotland within international football. Scotland qualified for UEFA Euro 2020 , their first major finals since the 1998 World Cup. The tournament was spread around Europe, meaning that two of three group stage games were played at Hampden Park , but over 20,000 Scotland fans travelled to London for
3090-634: The Netherlands in Pot 1. UEFA came under heavy criticism from Raymond Domenech , manager of France , who was not satisfied with his team's position in the draw, and was also in favour of having 2006 FIFA World Cup winners Italy as top seed. On 22 November 2007, Giorgio Marchetti, UEFA's professional football director, announced that a review of the coefficient ranking system was under way for future European Championships . All teams from each pot, were drawn consecutively into Group A to D. From Pot 1,
3193-670: The Scottish National Party enjoyed the support of almost two in five Tartan Army members. The Tartan Army received a nomination in the inaugural International Scot Award, as part of The Herald newspaper's Scottish Politician of the Year ceremony, for their charitable work. The Tartan Army Children's Charity (TACC) and Tartan Army Sunshine Appeal (TASA) are both registered Scottish charities run by Scotland fans, raising money for disadvantaged children in Scotland and in
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3296-523: The Society for Creative Anachronism , gaming fandom, and furry fandom , sometimes collectively referred to as "fringe fandoms". Science fiction fandom developed its own slang, known as fanspeak after the "Newspeak" of the novel Nineteen Eighty-four . Fanspeak is made up of acronyms , blended words, obscure in-jokes, puns , coinages from science fiction novels or films, and archaic or standard English words used in specific ways relevant or amusing to
3399-545: The United Kingdom . The term supporter is also used in a political sense in the United States, to a fan of a politician , a political party , and a controversial issue. Fans usually have a strong enough interest that some changes in their lifestyles are made to accommodate devotion to the focal object. Fans have a desire for external involvement – they are motivated to demonstrate their involvement with
3502-499: The anime and manga fandom . People who approve of or associate themselves with certain politicians or political groups are generally called "supporters" rather than "fans", although there are politicians with official or unofficial "fan clubs". Intense and organized support for a politician may be referred to as a personality cult , particularly in authoritarian or totalitarian regimes. Fans of professional wrestling can be divided into two groups: marks and smarks . Derived from
3605-706: The letter columns of science fiction magazines . This non-centralized movement has given birth to science fiction fanzines (and amateur press associations ), science fiction conventions , the Hugo Awards (and various imitators/derivatives), filk music , "fan funds" such as the Trans Atlantic Fan Fund , and a variety of other institutions, jargon and customs. It has nurtured writers and artists such as Ray Bradbury , Roger Ebert , Lenny Kaye , Michael Moorcock and Trina Robbins ; and has generated such spin-offs as comic book fandom, media fandom ,
3708-459: The mayor of Zagreb for their behaviour after a match against Croatia in the same competition. In April 2002, during the joint bid by Scotland and Ireland to host the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament, First Minister of Scotland Jack McConnell cited the "worldwide reputation" of the Tartan Army as a strength of the bid, stating that other countries welcome their arrival "with open arms". In 2005,
3811-481: The "artist stan" formula still applies. Some of these monikers are almost universally known and used by fans of the artists as well as outsiders. Other nicknames are not commonly used, neither by outsiders nor by the concerning fan-base, such as Kylie Minogue 's "Kylie Stans", Madonna 's "Madonna Fans", Maroon 5 's "Maroon 5 Stans" or Nick Jonas 's so called "Nick Jonas Fans", usually appearing on social media networks such as Twitter and Tumblr , The term "stan"
3914-564: The 1970s, to describe the " well-refreshed hordes" who would stand on the terracings at Hampden Park , or biannually at Wembley for the England match . Scotland fans were criticised at that time for their hooliganism , particularly after they invaded the Wembley pitch and destroyed the goalposts after the 2–1 win against England in 1977. Two years later, 349 arrests were made and a further 144 fans were ejected from Wembley Stadium during
4017-657: The 2007 edition of the UEFA national team coefficient ranking, which measured performance of teams in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying and Euro 2008 qualifying , with each group having one team drawn from each pot. In a return to the format used at Euro 1992 and Euro 1996 the games in each group were held at just two stadia, with the seeded team playing all three matches in the same city. Switzerland and Austria , as co-hosts, were automatically assigned to positions A1 and B1, respectively. The remaining 14 teams were split into four pots, with title-holders Greece seeded alongside
4120-528: The Beatles became known as Beatlemania . In 2019, Billboard observed that popular musicians such as Tyler, the Creator had leveraged the power of fans to drive digital downloads using merchandise bundles. Similarly, GQ recognized Vampire Weekend for their commitment to extensive band merchandising for dedicated fans. Popular musicals have their own particular sets of fans. Rent has boasted
4223-525: The European Championship itself, matching France's achievement from 1984 . Spain were also the first team since Germany in 1996 to win the tournament undefeated. Greece were the defending champions going into the tournament, having won UEFA Euro 2004 . They recorded the worst finish in Euro 2008, losing their three group fixtures and collecting the least prize money. Throughout 31 matches,
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4326-721: The Hampden Remix, for BBC Children in Need . The song peaked at #9 on the UK Singles Chart and at #1 in Scotland. in April 2022, their recording was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales and streams exceeding 200,000 units. Prior to the 1998 FIFA World Cup , Ian and Alan Adie, two Glasgow businessmen, trademarked the name "Tartan Army" in 1997. They approached
4429-477: The Netherlands with two extra-time goals. The last quarter-final match saw Spain defeat Italy on penalties, after a goalless draw in regular time. Turkey's progress was halted by Germany in the semi-finals. Turkey entered the game with nine of their squad members missing due to injury or suspension, but still scored the first goal. Later, they levelled the score at 2–2, before Germany scored the winning goal in
4532-559: The Nordic bid were recommended, in that order, before the final vote by UEFA 's National Teams Committee. The final vote by the UEFA executive committee was: The Austria–Switzerland bid became the second successful joint bid in the competition's history, following the UEFA Euro 2000 hosted by Belgium and the Netherlands . The following tournament , held in Poland and Ukraine , became
4635-601: The Oxford dictionary and other sources define "fan" as a shortened version of the word fanatic . Fanatic itself, introduced into English around 1550, means "marked by excessive enthusiasm and often intense uncritical devotion". It comes from the Modern Latin fanaticus , meaning "insanely but divinely inspired". The word originally pertained to a temple or sacred place [Latin fanum , poetic English fane ]. The modern sense of "extremely zealous" dates from around 1647;
4738-625: The Scotland Travel Club became the Scotland Supporters Club, with sections for younger fans being established. Membership had grown to 17,000 by this time. The UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign saw membership numbers increase dramatically to a capacity of 27,500, with a waiting list of over 10,000. The Scotland Supporters Club is operated by the Scottish Football Association , with membership guaranteeing one match ticket for all home fixtures and offering
4841-635: The Scottish Tartans Authority to assist in creating a tartan. Keith Lumsden designed the corporate tartan on their behalf and it was registered on 1 March 1997 under number 2389 with both the Scottish Tartans Authority (STA) and the Scottish Tartans World Register (STWR). It is mostly Balmoral Blue and Torea Bay , with Freedom Red , Gainsboro White , and Golden Poppy . The Scottish Tartans Society notes that
4944-876: The age when everybody thinks you're crazy anyway, so why not admit to an intense hankering to run your fingers through Willie Nelson's whiskers? According to Jackson Katz in the documentary Tough Guise 2 , boys are taught early on that to be "real men" they need to be tough and not to show their feelings. [Men] can't show any emotion except anger. We can't think too much or seem too intellectual. We can't back down when someone disrespects us. We have to show we're tough enough to inflict physical pain and take it in turn. We're supposed to be sexually aggressive with women. And then we're taught that if we step out of this box, we risk being seen as soft, weak, feminine, or gay. He later elaborates, stating that, UEFA Euro 2008 The 2008 UEFA European Football Championship , commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2008 or simply Euro 2008 ,
5047-705: The anthem, admitted that they were also "disappointed" by the booing. The Scottish Government also criticised the Tartan Army, commenting that it had "tarnished" their reputation. Scotland were not punished for the booing because the match was a friendly , which fell outside the jurisdiction of UEFA . The British anthem was used by Scotland until the 1970s, but it was replaced by " Scotland the Brave " and subsequently " Flower of Scotland ", due to consistent booing at matches. This issue recurred when Scotland played Liechtenstein in September 2010, as their national anthem uses
5150-652: The area of interest through certain behaviors (attending conventions , posting online, displaying team banners outside their homes, etc.). Fans often have a "wish to acquire" material objects related to the area of interest, such as a baseball hit by a famous slugger or a used guitar pick from their musical hero. As well, some fans have a desire for social interaction with other fans. This again may take many forms, from casual conversation, e-mail, chat rooms, and electronic mailing lists to regular face-to-face meetings such as fan club meetings and organized conventions. There are several groups of fans that can be differentiated by
5253-402: The attractive men present within their content, or sports communities, where women are often made uncomfortable at live sporting events due to the overt sexism and aggressive masculinity displayed by male spectators, and then labelled as 'inauthentic' for viewing the games via television instead. Within hockey, female fans are often called "Puck Bunnies", defined as, [S]omeone who hangs around
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#17327837869555356-622: The best supporters during the 1992 European Championship and also received an award for their behaviour at the 1998 World Cup in France. BBC News described the Scotland fans as "one of the highlights" of that World Cup, noting their colourful appearance. Matches against England, which used to be played on an annual basis as part of the British Home Championship , were eventually stopped after 1989 due to violence and organised hooliganism. Both matches that were played between
5459-551: The city's venue, but legal challenges delayed the plan to a point that would not have allowed the ground to be used in 2008. This created a problem, as the agreement between UEFA and the organisers stipulated that four venues would be used in each country. The problem was solved when the organisers proposed renovating Letzigrund instead; UEFA approved the revised plan in January 2005. The Letzigrund stadium hosted its first football match on 23 September 2007. Each team had access to
5562-500: The countries in November 1999 in qualification for UEFA Euro 2000 had associated problems. Strathclyde Police made 230 arrests in connection with the tie played at Hampden, while trouble at the second leg in Wembley resulted in 56 supporter injuries and 39 arrests. Police spokesmen downplayed the incidents after both games, however. Comments after the first game indicated that the arrests were for minor public order offences and that
5665-619: The countries visited by fans following the team. The Sunshine Appeal was first launched after Scotland's away fixture against Bosnia-Herzegovina in Sarajevo in September 1999 during UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying , when a group of Scotland fans, who had traveled despite the Foreign Commonwealth Office discouraging travel in the wake of the Bosnian War , were introduced to Kemal Karic, a local boy who had lost his leg in
5768-558: The design was taken originally from Royal Stewart and modified having Black Watch added as a background. It was first seen in common use at the 1998 FIFA World Cup . In June 2021, the BBC produced a documentary hosted by Off the Ball ' s Stuart Cosgrove and Tam Cowan counting down the top 10 great Scotland supporting memories ranked by a group of journalists, pundits and former players and including interviews with Tartan Army members. As
5871-599: The exact same group position number as their pot number. The draw resulted in the following groups: The tournament was played at eight venues throughout the two host nations; four in Austria and four in Switzerland. Each venue had a capacity of at least 30,000 for the tournament; the largest stadium was Ernst-Happel-Stadion in Vienna with a capacity of 53,295. It was for this reason that Ernst-Happel-Stadion hosted
5974-433: The fan's own home, unbridled and lengthy screaming, crying, acts of destruction to household objects, and other manifestations of joy or anguish, are perhaps seen as most acceptable in comparison to the sports bar or sporting venue simply because such acts taken to such an extreme can be seen as disruptive to a large number of fellow fans even if they share the same sentiment if it is of less intensity. The greatest variables of
6077-699: The fan, or alienating themselves from said others. Often sports fans will invite other fans of relatively similar rooting intensity over to their house to experience a sporting event together so that all involved can voice pleasure or displeasure to their heart's content and increase shared bonds in the process. It is becoming common for this type of bonding to take place over sports-related social networks . The drivers that make people fans, and in particular sports fans, have been studied by psychologists, such as Dan Wann at Murray State University , and communication scholars, such as Adam Earnheardt at Youngstown State University . They attribute people becoming fans to
6180-615: The feed of German-speaking Swiss channel SF 1 . This act ensured that the German goal was actually broadcast in Germany although not in Turkey. Spain won the second semi-final against Russia by three goals to nil, through second-half goals from Xavi , Daniel Güiza and David Silva , earning Spain their first appearance in a major final for 24 years. In the final, held at Vienna 's Ernst-Happel-Stadion , Spain became European champions for
6283-412: The field of play and ultimately, the favorable object. Likewise, displeasure toward a particular incident, player, or team may be met by fans with booing, shouting of expletives, and sometimes throwing of objects onto the field. This violent type of fan reaction is often called hooliganism . Lighter, more harmless objects are also occasionally thrown onto certain fields of play as a form of celebration of
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#17327837869556386-479: The final minute. The world television feed of the match was intermittently lost during the match, which prevented the broadcast of Germany's second goal. This was due to a thunderstorm at the broadcasting relay station in Austria, despite the game being played in Switzerland. Swiss Television SRG SSR still had a feed, because of their own broadcasting facilities at the venue. During the lost world feed, German and Austrian television ZDF and ORF started to broadcast
6489-561: The final. Switzerland played all three group stage matches at St. Jakob Park in Basel, which also hosted the opening match of the tournament as a compromise for the final being held in Vienna. Austria played all of their group stage matches at Ernst-Happel-Stadion. In 2004, the Zürich venue became a problem for the organisers. Originally, the Hardturm stadium was to be renovated and used as
6592-400: The first team to be eliminated from the tournament, after losing their first two matches. Switzerland managed to beat the group winner Portugal in their last game. In Group B , Austria managed to set up a decisive final game against Germany, dubbed "Austria's final". However, they lost by one goal, making Euro 2008 the first European Championship not to have one of the host nations present in
6695-508: The first time since 1980. Bulgaria and Latvia also failed to qualify after playing in Euro 2004. As of 2024, this is the last time England and Ukraine have failed to qualify for the European Championship. The draw for the final tournament took place on 2 December 2007 at the Lucerne Culture and Congress Centre in Switzerland. As was the case at the 2000 and 2004 finals, the finalists were divided into four seeding pots, based on
6798-471: The following factors: One element is entertainment, because sports spectatorship is a form of leisure. Sports is also a form of escapism, and being a fan gives one an excuse to yell at something, an activity that may be constrained in other areas of one's life. Fan activities give participants a combination of euphoria and stress (about the potential for their team to lose) for which they coin the name " eustress ". Fans experience euphoria during moments when play
6901-506: The game against England . This was despite Scotland only being allocated 2,600 tickets, due to COVID-19 restrictions. Research carried out in 1996 noted that the proportion of the Tartan Army comprising Rangers supporters, "traditionally the backbone of the Tartan Army", had declined since the 1980s. However, Rangers still provided the single largest proportion with 21%, while west-of-Scotland Catholics, traditionally associated with Celtic , were still notably under-represented. Politically,
7004-424: The games, and facing competition from six other bids: Bosnia and Herzegovina – Croatia , Greece – Turkey , a 4-way Nordic bid (from Denmark , Finland , Norway and Sweden ), Hungary , Russia and Scotland – Republic of Ireland . Austria and Hungary had previously bid together to host Euro 2004 , losing out to Portugal , while Sweden had hosted Euro 1992 . Austria–Switzerland, Hungary, Greece–Turkey and
7107-519: The ground. The Turks joined Portugal as the qualifiers from Group A. France were the high-profile victims of Group C, recording just one point from a goalless draw against Romania in their opening game. Italy beat the French, on the final day, to finish on four points and join the Netherlands in the quarter-finals. Finally, in Group D , Greece failed to reproduce the form of their shock 2004 win , and ended
7210-511: The improvement in behaviour arose mainly from a desire to look better than the English fans, who experienced significant problems with hooliganism during the 1980s and 1990s. The Tartan Army have won a number of awards for their vocal support and friendly nature. The organisation of the Travel Club had an immediate impact, with the Scotland matches at the 1982 FIFA World Cup being played in a "family atmosphere". The Tartan Army were named as
7313-408: The intellectual realm of music. According to Frank Zappa , "men come to hear the music and chicks come for the sex thrills," implying that women's involvement in fan communities is purely sexual, and that they are incapable of displaying intellectual or artistic interest in the music itself. Those who do manage to become involved within the world of 'serious' music are often relegated to the realm of
7416-423: The intensity level of their level of involvement or interest in the hobby (level of fanaticism ) The likelihood for a subject of interest to be elevated to the level of fandom appears to be dictated by its complexity. Complexity allows further involvement of fans for a longer period of time because of the time needed to work the subject of interest 'out.' It also contributes to a greater sense of belonging because of
7519-516: The knockout stage. In an exciting final game in Group A, an injury- and suspension-hit Turkey came back from 2–0 down to beat the Czech Republic 3–2, after an uncharacteristic handling mistake by Petr Čech , in the last few minutes, left Nihat Kahveci with the simplest of finishes. In the same game, goalkeeper Volkan Demirel was shown a red card for pushing Czech striker Jan Koller to
7622-538: The many patrons would purchase his beer; the low ticket price helped him lead the stats in attendance. He called the fanatics filling his stands "fans". Supporter is a synonym to "fan" that predates the latter term and is still commonly used in British English , especially to denote fans of sports teams. However, the term "fan" has become popular throughout the English-speaking world, including
7725-406: The mental effort invested in the subject. These fans will often hold a crush on a major movie star , pop star , athlete or celebrity (see teen idol ). The groupie is an example, a fan of a particular band or musician, who will follow them on concert tours. The degree of devotion to celebrities can range from a simple crush to the deluded belief that they have a special relationship with
7828-503: The only goal of the game, which Spain dominated despite Germany having the majority of the possession, and Spain were crowned UEFA Euro 2008 champions. The draw for the qualifying round took place in Montreux , Switzerland on 27 January 2006 at 12:00 CET . The qualifying process commenced a month after the 2006 World Cup . Austria and Switzerland automatically qualified for the tournament finals as host nations. The qualifying format
7931-530: The opportunity to apply for away match tickets. As of August 2010, the club was at its maximum capacity of 35,000 members and did not accept new applications. In August 2008, Irish Football Association chief executive Howard Wells criticised jeering from Scottish supporters during the British National Anthem, " God Save the Queen ", before a friendly international match against Northern Ireland . The SFA , who had pleaded with fans not to jeer
8034-567: The others contained seven. 12 out of 16 teams who qualified for previous tournament also qualified, but the hosts, Austria, and Poland made their debuts at the European Championship. Romania and Turkey returned after missing out the 2004 tournament. For the first time since 1984, all five teams from the British Isles failed to qualify, including 2006 World Cup quarter-finalists England. Other notable absentees were 2006 World Cup quarter-finalists Ukraine, and Denmark, who failed to qualify for
8137-484: The participating nations totalled 77 goals, the same as the previous tournament. Austria and Switzerland automatically qualified as hosts; the remaining 14 teams were determined through a qualifying tournament , played between August 2006 and November 2007. As European champions, Spain earned the right to compete in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa. Austria and Switzerland jointly bid to host
8240-599: The phrase "we have won"). If a fan identifies strongly with a favorite team, they will respond to the performance of the team as if team success were a personal success and team failure a personal failure. Fan loyalty is the loyalty felt and expressed by a fan towards the object of their fanaticism. Allegiances can be strong or weak. The loyalties of sports fans have been studied by psychologists and have often been reviewed. Fangirls and fanboys in fandoms sometimes, with various meanings, consider their fandom to be their "family", and feel very loyal to it, usually. According to
8343-493: The players, always on the lookout for the chance to get that autograph / photograph / quick pint [drink] / quick knee trem-bler round the back of the Arena from the player or players (or even coach) of their choice, heck let's face it even the water carrier is in with a chance here. Such discrimination against female fans can become violent at times in an effort to police "authenticity". The recent events known as GamerGate provide
8446-506: The quarter-finals, the Portuguese team was unable to give their coach, Luiz Felipe Scolari , a fitting send-off – following the mid-tournament announcement that Scolari would be leaving to join English club Chelsea – losing in an exciting game against Germany. Turkey continued their streak of last-gasp wins, equalising at the end of extra-time against Croatia and advancing on penalties. Coached by Dutchman Guus Hiddink , Russia eliminated
8549-414: The reaction of a sports fan in their own home are the intensity of the fan's desire to see their team win or perform well, and the presence of another: often a wife, children, or friends who may be significantly less ardent sports fans or not sports fans at all, which may significantly temper the fan's reaction to a highly positive or negative moment due to the fear of causing a scene or scaring those close to
8652-432: The remaining two teams for Group C and Group D were first drawn. All Pot 1 teams automatically occupy the first positions of their groups. Next step was to draw all teams in the order from Pot 4, Pot 3 and Pot 2; and for these teams the next group positions 2/3/4 were drawn separately from an extra glass bowl, for the purposes of determining the match schedules in each group. Coincidentally, all teams from Pots 2, 3, and 4 drew
8755-446: The same term for the prey of conmen , a mark is a fan who believes that everything associated with professional wrestling is real. In contrast, a "smark" is a fan who recognizes that they are witnessing a stage-managed work (" kayfabe "), but appreciates it nonetheless, including its backstage aspects. Since the 1920s, an increasingly elaborate sub-culture of organized science fiction fandom has arisen, initially among correspondents to
8858-480: The same tune as the British anthem. SFA acting chief executive George Peat publicly apologised for a section of the fans jeering the anthem. The British anthem was again booed by Scotland fans when the team played Northern Ireland in the 2011 Nations Cup , and England in a September 2023 friendly. The Tartan Army has been a consistent opponent of the concept of a Great Britain team , particularly its participation in
8961-632: The scale of violence witnessed was lower than a typical Friday evening in Glasgow. The Metropolitan Police adopted a "zero tolerance" approach for the second game, but the number of arrests was "comparatively small" and the "vast majority" of supporters were well behaved. The Tartan Army were awarded a Fair Play prize by the Belgian Olympic Committee after a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier in Brussels. The fans had been praised by
9064-555: The science fiction community. Some fanspeak terms, like fanzine have become standard English. Some fanspeak terms relate to fans themselves: Specific sub-groups of science fiction fandom are often known by a collection term. For example: A sports fan can be an enthusiast for a particular athlete, team, sport, or all of organized sports as a whole. Sports fans often attend sporting events in stadiums , in sports bars , or watch them at home on television, and follow news through newspapers, websites, and social media. The mentality of
9167-420: The second time after Fernando Torres ' first-half goal proved enough to defeat Germany. Though Germany had a strong start, Spain started to look more dangerous after they had settled. After half an hour, Xavi played a pass in behind the Germany back line towards Torres, who outmuscled a hesitant Philipp Lahm and clipped the ball over the diving Jens Lehmann and just inside the far post. That goal proved to be
9270-435: The sense of unity in a sports bar as all cheers and boos will appear to be synchronized due to similar feelings and reactions by nearly all fans at the fortunes and misfortunes of the favored team or athlete. Due to the level of devotion and intensity of feeling towards the favored team or athlete by sports bar patrons, as well as partially due to the alcohol being served, behavior that would be seen as unruly or fanatical outside
9373-462: The shelling of Sarajevo. TASA's aim is to make a donation in every country where Scotland play a game, which they have done since 2003. TACC has donated funds to projects for disabled and blind children in Ukraine , Georgia and North Macedonia . In 2009, £30,000 was donated to each of two projects in South Africa, where the Tartan Army had hoped to visit for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The TACC, which
9476-432: The sports fan is often such that they will experience a game, or event while living vicariously through players or teams whom the fan favors. This behavior manifests itself in a number of different ways, depending on the venue. At a stadium or arena, sports fans will voice their pleasure with a particular incident, player, or team by cheering , which consists of clapping, fist-pumping, or shouting positive exclamations toward
9579-399: The stan's affection is often called "bias" (or "fave", although that is an outdated term). The term comes from the 2000 song " Stan " by American rapper Eminem , which tells the story of an obsessive and delusional fan. The term has frequently been used to describe artist devotees whose fanaticism matches the severity of the obsessive character in the song. The word is sometimes described as
9682-526: The star which does not exist. In extreme cases, this can lead to celebrity worship syndrome or stalking behavior. This can easily switch to hatred of the previously loved celebrity, and result in attempts at violent attacks; one notable incident being the death of Rebecca Schaeffer by a stalking fan, Robert John Bardo , in 1989. The latter is somewhat related to the concept of parasocial interaction where audiences develop one-sided relationships with media personalities and celebrities. Not all fans have
9785-494: The third jointly hosted tournament. Qualification for Euro 2008 started in August 2006, just over a month after the end of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The qualifying tournament was contested by national teams from each of UEFA 's member associations except Austria and Switzerland , who had automatically qualified for the final tournament as hosts, and Montenegro , who came into existence too late to be admitted to UEFA. England
9888-455: The tournament structure meant they could not meet Italy, France, the Netherlands or Spain until the final. In the group stage, Croatia , Spain and the Netherlands all qualified with maximum points. Austria and Switzerland were not expected to progress, despite the advantage of being the hosts. In Group A , the Swiss lost their captain, Alexander Frei , to injury in their first game and became
9991-481: The tournament with no points. Russia qualified at the expense of Sweden , after beating them in a final game decider, joining Spain in the knockout stage. Torrential rain during the Group A match between Switzerland and Turkey on 11 June resulted in the pitch at St. Jakob-Park in Basel requiring to be re-laid. The new pitch was installed in advance of the quarter-final match between Portugal and Germany on 19 June. In
10094-453: The use of fanatic as a noun dates from 1650. However, the term "fancy" for an intense liking of something (a usage attested by 1545), while being of a different etymology, coincidentally carries a less intense but somewhat similar connotation to "fanatic". Use of "the fancy" to mean avid sports enthusiasts emerged as an Americanism in the mid-19th century. The Dickson Baseball Dictionary cites William Henry Nugent's work asserting that it
10197-526: Was changed compared to previous tournaments. The winners and runners-up from seven groups automatically qualified for the Championship, with the hosts filling the other two slots in the 16-team tournament. The change means there were no play-offs between teams finishing in second place in the groups – they qualified directly for the finals. Teams that finished outside the top two positions in their groups failed to qualify. Group A contained eight teams, and
10300-530: Was derived from the fancy , a term referring to the fans of a specific hobby or sport from the early 18th century to the 19th, especially to the followers of boxing . According to that theory, it was originally shortened to fance then just to the homonym fans . The Great American Baseball Scrapbook attributes the term to Chris Von der Ahe , owner of the Saint Louis Brown Stockings in 1882. Von der Ahe sold tickets for 25 cents, hoping
10403-514: Was selected to officiate both the opening match between Switzerland and the Czech Republic and the final between Germany and Spain. Fourth officials The teams finishing in the top two positions in each of the four groups progressed to the quarter-finals, while the bottom two teams were eliminated from the tournament. All times are local, CEST ( UTC+2 ). For the three-game group stage of this tournament, where two or more teams in
10506-494: Was the 13th UEFA European Championship , a quadrennial football tournament contested by the member nations of UEFA (the Union of European Football Associations). It took place in Austria and Switzerland (both hosting the tournament for the first time) from 7 to 29 June 2008. The tournament was won by Spain , who defeated Germany 1–0 in the final . Spain were only the second nation to win all their group stage fixtures and then
10609-489: Was the only seeded team not to qualify for the tournament proper, whereas Russia was the only unseeded one to qualify. The tournament also marked the debuts of Austria and Poland . The draw for the final tournament took place on 2 December 2007, and saw Group C immediately labelled as the " group of death ", with Italy , France , Romania and the Netherlands competing for the two qualifying places. In contrast, Germany and Portugal were deemed to have an easy draw, as
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