Teutônia is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil.
53-458: Teutônia is a region that began being developed in 1858, when the merchant Carlos Schilling acquired vacant lands in the region. The name Teutônia has its origin in the prefix " Teuto -", which means of Germanic origin. The first inhabitants arrived in greater number starting from 1865 and were German immigrants from the former colony of São Leopoldo, a settlement around 100 km from Teutônia. In 1868, more immigrants came from Germany, mainly from
106-517: A Germanic language . Evidence such as the tribal name, and the names of their rulers, as they were written up by Roman historians, indicates a strong influence from Celtic languages . On the other hand, the indications that classical authors gave about the homeland of the Teutones is considered by many scholars to show that they lived in an area associated with early Germanic languages, and not in an area associated with Celtic languages. The ethnonym
159-543: A sister language to Proto-Indo-European , rather than as a daughter language . Their Indo-Hittite hypothesis is that the parent language (Indo-Hittite) lacked the features that are absent in Hittite as well, and that Proto-Indo-European later innovated them. Other linguists, however, prefer the Schwund ("loss") Hypothesis in which Hittite (or Anatolian) came from Proto-Indo-European, with its full range of features, but
212-520: A verbal noun , a supine , and a participle . Rose (2006) lists 132 hi verbs and interprets the hi / mi oppositions as vestiges of a system of grammatical voice ("centripetal voice" vs. "centrifugal voice"). The mi -conjugation is similar to the general verbal conjugation paradigm in Sanskrit and can also be compared to the class of mi -verbs in Ancient Greek. The following example uses
265-555: A lower-class connotation, as opposed to an elite group or a ruling class and its original meaning in PIE times may have been 'the people under arms', as suggested by the Hittite tuzzi - and the Luwian tuta ('army'). The name Teutones may be interpreted as deriving from Proto-Celtic * towtā ('people, tribe'), or it may have been from a stage of Germanic language development prior to
318-623: A part of the landscape they did not have good information for – either in Zealand or Scandinavia, or else somewhere on the southern Baltic coast. The name of the district of Thy in Jutland has been connected to the name of the Teutons, a proposal in line with ancient reports that they came from that area. After achieving decisive victories over the Romans at Noreia and Arausio in 105 BC,
371-471: A rudimentary noun-class system that was based on an older animate–inanimate opposition. Hittite inflects for nine cases : nominative , vocative , accusative , genitive , dative - locative , ablative , ergative , allative , and instrumental ; two numbers : singular, and plural; and two animacy classes: animate (common), and inanimate (neuter). Adjectives and pronouns agree with nouns for animacy , number , and case . The distinction in animacy
424-409: A second he named "Ḫattuša Hittite" (or Hittite proper). The first is attested in clay tablets from Kaniš/Neša ( Kültepe ), and is dated earlier than the findings from Ḫattuša. Hittite was written in an adapted form of Peripheral Akkadian cuneiform orthography from Northern Syria. The predominantly syllabic nature of the script makes it difficult to ascertain the precise phonetic qualities of some of
477-495: Is also evidence for a length distinction. He points out that the word " e-ku-ud-du – [ɛ́kʷːtu]" does not show any voice assimilation. However, if the distinction were one of voice, agreement between the stops should be expected since the velar and the alveolar plosives are known to be adjacent since that word's "u" represents not a vowel but labialization . Hittite preserves some very archaic features lost in other Indo-European languages. For example, Hittite has retained two of
530-588: Is attested in Latin as Teutonēs or Teutoni (plural) or, more rarely, as Teuton or Teutonus (singular). It transparently derives from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stem * tewtéh₂- ('people, tribe, crowd') attached to the suffix -ones , which is commonly found in both Celtic (Lingones, Senones, etc.) and Germanic (Ingvaeones, Semnones, etc.) tribal names during the Roman era. The stem apparently had
583-410: Is rudimentary and generally occurs in the nominative case , and the same noun is sometimes attested in both animacy classes. There is a trend towards distinguishing fewer cases in the plural than in the singular. The ergative case is used when an inanimate noun is the subject of a transitive verb . Early Hittite texts have a vocative case for a few nouns with -u , but it ceased to be productive by
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#1732794624373636-681: The Cimbri and other groups, in the Cimbrian War with the Roman Republic in the late second century BC. Some generations later, Julius Caesar compared them to the Germanic peoples of his own time, and used this term for all northern peoples located east of the Rhine . Later Roman authors followed his identification. However, there is no direct evidence about whether or not they spoke
689-569: The Guiones (probably either the Inguaeones , or Gutones ). Pomponius Mela (died circa 45 CE) stated that the Teutons lived on a large island, Codannovia , which was one of a group of islands in a large bay called Codanus , open to the ocean. Most scholars have interpreted this bay as being the Baltic Sea , and Codannovia as being Scandinavia. Surviving texts based on the work of
742-543: The Hittite sound inventory . The syllabary distinguishes the following consonants (notably, the Akkadian s series is dropped), The Akkadian unvoiced/voiced series (k/g, p/b, t/d) do not express the voiced/unvoiced contrast in writing, but double spellings in intervocalic positions represent voiceless consonants in Indo-European ( Sturtevant's law ). The limitations of the syllabic script in helping to determine
795-419: The first consonantal shift ("pre-Germanic"). (Compare the later-attested Germanic form * þeudō - 'nation, people, folk'; embodied for example by Gothic þiuda .) A possible corruption of the original name by Greek and Latin writers means however that the real pronunciation may not have been reflected in the spelling. The much later use of Teuton to refer to speakers of West Germanic languages occurred in
848-404: The proto-language . See #Classification above for more details. Hittite is the oldest attested Indo-European language, yet it lacks several grammatical features that are exhibited by other early-attested Indo-European languages such as Vedic , Classical Latin , Ancient Greek , Old Persian and Old Avestan . Notably, Hittite did not have a masculine–feminine gender system. Instead, it had
901-508: The r / n alternation in some noun stems (the heteroclitics ) and vocalic ablaut , which are both seen in the alternation in the word for water between the nominative singular, wadar , and the genitive singular, wedenas . He also presented a set of regular sound correspondences. After a brief initial delay because of disruption during the First World War , Hrozný's decipherment, tentative grammatical analysis and demonstration of
954-480: The 13th centuries BC, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an Old Assyrian context from as early as the 20th century BC, making it the earliest attested use of the Indo-European languages. By the Late Bronze Age , Hittite had started losing ground to its close relative Luwian . It appears that Luwian was the most widely spoken language in the Hittite capital, Hattusa, in
1007-809: The 13th century BC. After the collapse of the Hittite New Kingdom during the more general Late Bronze Age collapse , Luwian emerged in the Early Iron Age as the main language of the so-called Syro-Hittite states , in southwestern Anatolia and northern Syria . Hittite is the modern scholarly name for the language, based on the identification of the Hatti ( Ḫatti ) kingdom with the Biblical Hittites ( Biblical Hebrew : * חתים Ḥittim ), although that name appears to have been applied incorrectly: The term Hattian refers to
1060-926: The 1950s, led by Reinoldo Aschebrock, with the goal of storing water for the generation of electric energy, giving rise to the Cooperativa de Eletrificação Rural Teutônia Ltda (Certel), today the largest and oldest cooperative of its kind in Brazil. Certain categories of the IGSA Championship are often held in Teutônia, where the world's fastest athletes in this sport compete. The following categories are available: Street Sled, Street Luge, Skate Longboard, Inline skates and Dirt Surf. Competing athletes reach speeds up to 140 km/h. The championship always takes place in November, with over 200 athletes from all over
1113-617: The Black Sea, or that the Cimbri were Cimmerians , from even farther east. The Fourth Century BC traveller, Pytheas , as reported by Pliny the Elder (died AD 79), described the Teutones as neighbours of the northern island of Abalus where amber washed up in the spring, and was traded by the Teutones. Abalus was one day's sail from a tidal marsh or estuary facing the ocean ( aestuarium ) called Metuonis inhabited by another Germanic people,
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#17327946243731166-466: The Cimbri and Teutones divided their forces. Gaius Marius then defeated them separately in 102 BC and 101 BC respectively, ending the Cimbrian War . The defeat of the Teutones occurred at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (near present-day Aix-en-Provence ). According to the writings of Valerius Maximus and Florus , the king of the Teutones, Teutobod, was taken in irons after the Teutones were defeated by
1219-462: The City Council was chaired by city councilor and professor Selby Wallauer, and its first Mayor was Elton Klepker. Miss Brazil 2012, Gabriela Markus, who is from Teutônia, represented Rio Grande do Sul in the contest, on September 29, 2012, and emerged victorious from there. Every year during May, in the celebrations of the city emancipation anniversary, one of the largest motorcycle events in
1272-659: The Hittite kings. The script formerly known as "Hieroglyphic Hittite" is now termed Hieroglyphic Luwian. The Anatolian branch also includes Cuneiform Luwian , Hieroglyphic Luwian , Palaic , Lycian , Milyan , Lydian , Carian , Pisidian , Sidetic and Isaurian . Unlike most other Indo-European languages, Hittite does not distinguish between masculine and feminine grammatical gender, and it lacks subjunctive and optative moods as well as aspect. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain these differences. Some linguists , most notably Edgar H. Sturtevant and Warren Cowgill , have argued that Hittite should be classified as
1325-504: The Hittite noun declension's most basic form: The verbal morphology is less complicated than for other early-attested Indo-European languages like Ancient Greek and Vedic . Hittite verbs inflect according to two general conjugations ( mi -conjugation and hi -conjugation), two voices ( active and medio-passive ), two moods ( indicative mood and imperative ), two aspects (perfective and imperfective), and two tenses ( present and preterite ). Verbs have two infinitive forms,
1378-523: The Indo-European affiliation of Hittite were rapidly accepted and more broadly substantiated by contemporary scholars such as Edgar H. Sturtevant , who authored the first scientifically acceptable Hittite grammar with a chrestomathy and a glossary. The most up-to-date grammar of the Hittite language is currently Hoffner and Melchert (2008). Hittite is one of the Anatolian languages and is known from cuneiform tablets and inscriptions that were erected by
1431-411: The Latin of monastic writers by the ninth century and has continued into modern times. It originally served as a learned classical Latin word to be used instead of the similar sounding " theodiscus ", an older term that was a Latinization of the then-current pronunciations of the related West Germanic word meaning "of the people". By extension the word "Teutonic" is often also used in a broader way to mean
1484-480: The Romans. Under the conditions of the surrender, three hundred married women were to be handed over to the victorious Romans as concubines and slaves . When the matrons of the Teutones heard of this stipulation, they begged the consul that they might instead be allowed to minister in the temples of Ceres and Venus . When their request was denied, the Teutonic women slew their own children. The next morning, all
1537-510: The Teutones, wrote that they and the Cimbri "had not had intercourse with other peoples, and had traversed a great stretch of country, so that it could not be ascertained what people it was nor whence they had set out". He reported that there were different conjectures: that they were "some of the German peoples which extended as far as the northern ocean"; that they were "Galloscythians", a mixture of Scythians and Celts who had lived as far east as
1590-487: The Teutones. The earliest classical writers classified the Teutones as Celts ; more generally, they did not distinguish between Celtic and Germanic peoples. Apparently, this distinction was first made by Julius Caesar, whose main concern was to argue that raids into southern Gaul and Italy by northern peoples who were less softened by Mediterranean civilization, should be seen in Rome as a systematic problem that can repeat in
1643-548: The [speech] of the people of Kaneš". Although the Hittite New Kingdom had people from many diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, the Hittite language was used in most secular written texts. In spite of various arguments over the appropriateness of the term, Hittite remains the most current term because of convention and the strength of association with the Biblical Hittites . The endonymic term nešili , and its Anglicized variants ( Nesite , Nessite , Neshite ), have never caught on. The first substantive claim as to
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1696-410: The affiliation of Hittite was made by Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon in 1902, in a book devoted to two letters between the king of Egypt and a Hittite ruler, found at El-Amarna , Egypt . Knudtzon argued that Hittite was Indo-European, largely because of its morphology . Although he had no bilingual texts, he was able to provide a partial interpretation of the two letters because of the formulaic nature of
1749-446: The diplomatic correspondence of the period. Knudtzon was definitively shown to have been correct when many tablets written in the familiar Akkadian cuneiform script but in an unknown language were discovered by Hugo Winckler in what is now the village of Boğazköy , Turkey, which was the former site of Hattusa , the capital of the Hittite state. Based on a study of this extensive material , Bedřich Hrozný succeeded in analyzing
1802-406: The discovery of laryngeals in Hittite was a remarkable confirmation of Saussure's hypothesis. Both the preservation of the laryngeals and the lack of evidence that Hittite shared certain grammatical features in the other early Indo-European languages have led some philologists to believe that the Anatolian languages split from the rest of Proto-Indo-European much earlier than the other divisions of
1855-470: The features became simplified in Hittite. According to Craig Melchert , the current tendency (as of 2012) is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations". Hittite and the other Anatolian languages split off from Proto-Indo-European at an early stage. Hittite thus preserved archaisms that would be lost in
1908-492: The future, and thereby demanded pre-emptive military action. This was his justification for invading northern Gaul. After Caesar, Strabo (died circa AD 24) and Marcus Velleius Paterculus (died circa AD 31) classify Teutons as Germanic peoples . Pliny also classified them this way and specified that they were among the Ingaevones , related to the Cimbri and Chauci . Plutarch in his biography of Marius, who fought
1961-436: The geminate series of plosives is the one descending from Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops , and the simple plosives come from both voiced and voiced aspirate stops, which is often referred as Sturtevant's law . Because of the typological implications of Sturtevant's law, the distinction between the two series is commonly regarded as one of voice. However, there is no agreement over the subject among scholars since some view
2014-466: The geographer Ptolemy mentioned both Teutones and " Teutonoaroi " in Germania , but this is in a part of his text that has become garbled in surviving copies. Gudmund Schütte proposed that the two peoples should be understood as one, but that different versions of works based on that of Ptolemy used literary sources such as Pliny and Mela to place them in different positions somewhere near the Cimbri, in
2067-526: The indigenous people who preceded the Hittites, speaking a non-Indo-European Hattic language . In multilingual texts found in Hittite locations, passages written in Hittite are preceded by the adverb nesili (or nasili , nisili ), "in the [speech] of Neša (Kaneš)", an important city during the early stages of the Hittite Old Kingdom . In one case, the label is Kanisumnili , "in
2120-479: The language of the people of Neša ' ), also known as Nesite (Nešite/Neshite, Nessite), is an extinct Indo-European language that was spoken by the Hittites , a people of Bronze Age Anatolia who created an empire centred on Hattusa , as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia . The language, now long extinct, is attested in cuneiform , in records dating from the 17th ( Anitta text ) to
2173-470: The language. He presented his argument that the language is Indo-European in a paper published in 1915 (Hrozný 1915), which was soon followed by a grammar of the language (Hrozný 1917). Hrozný's argument for the Indo-European affiliation of Hittite was thoroughly modern although poorly substantiated. He focused on the striking similarities in idiosyncratic aspects of the morphology that are unlikely to occur independently by chance or to be borrowed. They included
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2226-476: The nature of Hittite phonology have been more or less overcome by means of comparative etymology and an examination of Hittite spelling conventions. Accordingly, scholars have surmised that Hittite possessed the following phonemes: Hittite had two series of consonants, one which was written always geminate in the original script, and another that was always simple. In cuneiform , all consonant sounds except for glides could be geminate. It has long been noticed that
2279-764: The norm for other writings. The Hittite language has traditionally been stratified into Old Hittite (OH), Middle Hittite (MH) and New Hittite or Neo-Hittite (NH, not to be confused with the polysemic use of " Neo-Hittite " label as a designation for the later period, which is actually post-Hittite), corresponding to the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms of the Hittite history ( c. 1750 –1500 BC, 1500–1430 BC and 1430–1180 BC, respectively). The stages are differentiated on both linguistic and paleographic grounds. Hittitologist Alwin Kloekhorst (2019) recognizes two dialectal variants of Hittite: one he calls "Kanišite Hittite", and
2332-541: The other Indo-European languages. Hittite has many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary from the non-Indo-European Hurrian and Hattic languages. The latter was the language of the Hattians , the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before they were absorbed or displaced by the Hittites . Sacred and magical texts from Hattusa were often written in Hattic, Hurrian and Luwian even after Hittite had become
2385-450: The regions of Westphalia, Pomerania, Saxony, Bohemia and Silesia. The Germans acquired land and devoted themselves to agriculture. Subsequently, small industries were created by immigrants, mainly focused on footwear, this industry remains until today. Teutônia became a municipality in 1981, before it was part of the municipality of Estrela. The installation of the new city's government took place on January 31, 1983. The very first session of
2438-416: The same as "Germanic". The Teutons commonly are classified as a Germanic tribe and thought probably to have spoken a Germanic language, although the evidence is fragmentary. However, because of the non-Germanic, possibly Celtic, form of the names of both the Teutones and their associates the Cimbri , as well as the personal names known from these tribes, some historians have suggested a Celtic origin for
2491-428: The series as if they were differenced by length , which a literal interpretation of the cuneiform orthography would suggest. Supporters of a length distinction usually point to the fact that Akkadian , the language from which the Hittites borrowed the cuneiform script, had voicing, but Hittite scribes used voiced and voiceless signs interchangeably. Alwin Kloekhorst also argues that the absence of assimilatory voicing
2544-413: The south of Brazil happen in Teutônia, the event is promoted by the local motorcycle club and has support from the local government. This event attracts visitors from different cities in the state, other states, as well as neighboring countries. Harmony Lake is an artificial lake located at approximately 500 meters of altitude. One of the largest postcards of the municipality, its construction took place in
2597-450: The three laryngeals ( * h₂ and * h₃ word-initially). Those sounds, whose existence had been hypothesized in 1879 by Ferdinand de Saussure , on the basis of vowel quality in other Indo-European languages, were not preserved as separate sounds in any attested Indo-European language until the discovery of Hittite. In Hittite, the phoneme is written as ḫ . In that respect, Hittite is unlike any other attested Indo-European language and so
2650-487: The time of the earliest discovered sources and was subsumed by the nominative in most documents. The allative was subsumed in the later stages of the language by the dative - locative . An archaic genitive plural -an is found irregularly in earlier texts, as is an instrumental plural in -it . A few nouns also form a distinct locative , which had no case ending at all. The examples of pišna- ("man") for animate and pēda- ("place") for inanimate are used here to show
2703-443: The verb ēš-/aš- "to be". Hittite is a head-final language: it has subject-object-verb word order , a split ergative alignment , and is a synthetic language ; adpositions follow their complement , adjectives and genitives precede the nouns that they modify, adverbs precede verbs, and subordinate clauses precede main clauses . Hittite syntax shows one noteworthy feature that is typical of Anatolian languages: commonly,
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#17327946243732756-553: The women were found dead in each other's arms, having strangled each other during the night. Their joint martyrdom passed into Roman legends of Teutonic fury . Reportedly, some surviving captives participated as the rebelling gladiators in the Third Servile War of 73-71 BC. Attribution: Hittite language Hittite (natively: 𒌷𒉌𒅆𒇷 , romanized: nešili , lit. 'the language of Neša ', or nešumnili lit. '
2809-442: The world competing and it attracts more than 3 thousand spectators from the region. This geographical article relating to Rio Grande do Sul is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Teutons The Teutons ( Latin : Teutones , Teutoni , Ancient Greek : Τεύτονες ) were an ancient northern European tribe mentioned by Roman authors. The Teutons are best known for their participation, together with
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