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86-463: The castle was originally built to protect the north-south route in Hollandic territory. Later it became a forester 's castle of the counts of Holland , starting with William IV, count of Holland . One of the best known inhabitants of the castle was Jacoba of Bavaria , who died there. At the time of her death she was married to her fourth husband, Frank van Borssele . The drinking cups dug up in

172-424: A chemin de ronde on top. Later in the 13th century the donjon was added and forms part of the wall. There was also an outer bailey. In the 14th century a comfortable house was built on the outer bailey, but nothing remains of it. The municipality of Teylingen is named after the castle, partly because the name Teylingen was also present in the three former municipalities Sassenheim , Voorhout and Warmond . In

258-455: A "Hollandification" of the other provinces and a more uniform culture for the whole of the Republic. In the early decades of the uprising, a great number of refugees from Flanders and Brabant settled in the big cities of Holland. They had a Frankish influence on the new dialect of urban Holland (that earlier had more Frisian influences) that in later centuries became the standard language of

344-546: A castle at Silva Meriwido , the future Vlaardingen. From this castle, he forced merchants that travelled per ship from Tiel to England to pay toll. The Bishop of Utrecht, Adalbold and the merchants of Tiel complained against this piracy at the Reichstag of Nijmegen in 1018, the merchants of Tiel effectively pointing out that the emperor was losing tax revenue when he allowed the Tiel merchants to being plundered by Dirk III. It

430-530: A confederation between the seven liberated provinces. From then on, the executive and legislative power would again rest with the States of Holland and West Friesland , which were led by a political figure who held the office of Grand Pensionary . The county, now a sovereign state within this larger confederation, became the cultural, political and economic centre of the Dutch Republic , in the 17th century,

516-403: A considerable amount of independence from Holy Roman Empire leadership in the 10th and 11th centuries. Until at least the second half of the 10th century, Holland's leadership valued secular principles, a contrast to the nearby Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht . The count of Holland was in this period more of a military commander who had to resist Viking raids, and be subject to the authority of

602-692: A forest and field between the mouth of the Old Rhine (and presumably Bennebroek ), Suithardeshaga, the border between the former Frankish counties of Rijnland and Kennemerland. A line of Gerulf's descendants became the Counts of Holland. King Charles the Simple gave the church in Egmond and its possessions to Count Dirk I of Holland in 922 in gratitude for Dirk's support in the Battle of Soissons to suppress

688-601: A literal no-man's land . However, during the reclamation the counts of Holland managed to expand their influence at the cost of Utrecht. Frisia Frisia is a cross-border cultural region in Northwestern Europe . Stretching along the Wadden Sea , it encompasses the north of the Netherlands and parts of northwestern Germany . Wider definitions of "Frisia" may include the island of Rem and

774-570: A rebellion of his West Frankish vassals. The West Frankish king was able to do this because the lands and churches he granted to Dirk were outside his jurisdiction; Egmond was just north of possessions which Dirk had received from Gerulf and was a good match. He then founded Egmond Abbey , Holland's oldest monastery. When Charles the Simple was deposed in 923, King Henry the Fowler of East Francia allied with Count Gilbert of Hainaut (son of Duke Reginar of Lorraine ) and re-conquered Lotharingia. By 925,

860-648: A revolt that by severe mismanagement by Philip II and his governor the Duke of Alva turned into the Eighty Years' War . As a consequence, Holland and the other six allied provinces became an independent nation called the Republic of the Seven United Provinces . Over William of Orange Blum says, "His patience, tolerance, determination, concern for his people, and belief in government by consent held

946-479: A series of wars and battles in Holland between 1350 and 1490. Most of these wars were fought over the title of count, but some have argued that the underlying reason was because of the power struggle of the bourgeois in the cities against the ruling nobility. The Cod faction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of Holland . The Hook faction consisted of a large part of the conservative noblemen. Some of

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1032-747: A sizeable minority of the population, though Lower German is far more widespread. A half-million Frisians in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands speak West Frisian . Several thousand people in Nordfriesland and Heligoland in Germany speak a collection of North Frisian dialects. A small number of Saterland Frisian language speakers live in four villages in Lower Saxony , in the Saterland region of Cloppenburg county, just beyond

1118-516: A system of inheritance. This informal rule became more widespread and in 877 was legalised in the Capitulary of Quierzy . Upon the death of a king, the Frankish kingdom was frequently divided among his heirs. The system of partible inheritance often caused internal strife, which made centralized government problematic. The Viking raids further undermined centralized government. At the end of

1204-443: A war broke out, in which it is not clear whether it was against Brabant , Utrecht or Liège. During this war, Floris was ambushed while relaxing too much and in too small a company when he was raiding in the former Teisterbant county, now Utrechtian territory. He was killed by either Utrechtian or Gueldrian troops. His son Dirk V was still a minor, so his mother Gertrude of Saxony became regent. Gertrude remarried in 1063 with Robert

1290-520: The Bishopric of Utrecht . In 985, King Otto III , at the request of his mother Theophanu , granted the ownership ( proprium ) of a number of lands to count Dirk II. These lands had already been given in loan ( beneficium ). This was the area between the rivers Loira or Lier and Hisla (a gouw called Masaland ), villa Sunnimeri (on the Zeelandish island of Schouwen), the area between

1376-673: The Burgundian Netherlands , from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. The territory of the County of Holland corresponds roughly with the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland in the Netherlands . The County of Holland was the first Holy Roman county in the area to reach

1462-660: The Duchy of Burgundy . The titles eventually lost their importance, and the last count, Philip II of Spain , only mentioned them halfway through his long list of titles. Around 800, under Charlemagne , the Frankish Empire covered much of Europe. In much of this empire, an important unit of regional administration (corresponding roughly to a shire or county in England) was the gau ( Frankish ) or pagus (Latin). A comes ( count ) ruled one or more gaue . Because of

1548-489: The Dutch Golden Age , the wealthiest nation in the world. The largest cities in the republic were situated in the province of Holland, such as Amsterdam , Rotterdam , Leiden , Alkmaar , Delft , Dordrecht , Haarlem , and the nation's capital, The Hague . From the great ports of Holland, Hollandic merchants sailed to and from destinations all over Europe , and merchants from all over Europe gathered to trade in

1634-574: The Historische Kring Voorhout (The Historical Circle of Voorhout) as a sign of appreciation for the hard work of all the volunteers and professionals in preserving the Teylingen Castle. The castle started as a round water castle of 37 m diameter with only a ring wall. The ring wall or enceinte dates from the early 13th century. It consists of a massive wall with buttresses on the inside, which support arcs with

1720-585: The Swabia . Lotharingia had considerable self-determination ; this became clear when Louis the Child , East Francia's last Carolingian , died in 911. Although the stem duchies flocked to Duke Conrad I of Franconia , Lotharingia chose the Carolingian king of West Francia , Charles the Simple . In Frisia, the situation was complex. Power was in the hands of Rorik's successor, Godfrid , who became embroiled in

1806-611: The 11th century the 'Great Reclamation' started, under the control of the counts of Holland and the bishops of Utrecht. Until the 13th century, large amounts of land were reclaimed between the IJ bay in the north, the dunes in the west, the Lek and Waal rivers in the south and the Old Rhine in the east. Before the Great Reclamation, the borders between the county of Holland and the bishopric of Utrecht were unclear, and there existed

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1892-583: The 1560s, the Protestant community had become a significant influence in the county, although it clearly formed a minority then. In a society dependent on trade, freedom and tolerance were considered essential. Nevertheless, the Catholic rulers Charles V and his successor Philip II felt it was their duty to defeat Protestantism, which was considered a heresy by the Catholic Church and a threat to

1978-693: The 20th century, the ruins were partially restored, and the partially filled in moat was also restored to its original state. The restoration was made possible by the purchase of grounds by the Foundation Slot Teylingen (with support of the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds ), which then donated the acquired grounds back to the Dutch state. On 24 June 2023, the Teylingen Castle received the HKV-schildje ("shield") from

2064-458: The 840s, until these were expelled between 885 and 920. Recently, it has been suggested that the Vikings did not conquer Frisia, but settled peacefully in certain districts (such as the islands of Walcheren and Wieringen ), where they built simple forts and cooperated and traded with the native Frisians. One of their leaders was Rorik of Dorestad . During the 12th century Frisian noblemen and

2150-634: The Bishopric of Utrecht. After the death of Henry II in 1024, Dirk III supported the candidature of Conrad II in an attempt to reconcile with the imperial authorities, so as to keep the lands he had acquired or expand them even further. Emperor Conrad II died during a stay in Utrecht in 1039 during the rule of bishop Bernold , after which his organs were interred in the Cathedral of Utrecht . His son and successor, Henry III , granted numerous favors to

2236-689: The Danish author of Knútsdrápa celebrating the 11th-century Canute the Great used "Frisians" as a synonym of "English". The historian and sociologist George Homans has made a case for Frisian cultural domination in East Anglia since the 5th century, pointing to distinct land-holdings arrangements in carucates (these forming vills assembled in leets ), partible inheritance patterns of common lands held in by kin, resistance to manorialism and other social institutions. Some East Anglian sources called

2322-521: The Dutch together and kept alive their spirit of revolt." The main breakthrough came when Holland, along with Zeeland, was conquered in 1572 and following years by the Watergeuzen , a somehow effective maritime force of mainly Calvinists who turned pirate and pirates who turned Calvinist. The States General of the Netherlands signed the Act of Abjuration , deposing Philip as Count of Holland and forming

2408-666: The Frisian , a younger brother of the count of Flanders , Baldwin VI and a grandson of a former French king, Robert II , who also acted as regent for Dirk V. In 1064, Emperor Henry IV donated lands belonging to the county of Holland, 'west of the Vlie and around the banks of the Rhine' (the gouw of Westflinge), to William, Bishop of Utrecht , on whose support the Emperor could count. Dirk V

2494-422: The Frisian managed however against some odds to become count of Flanders in 1076 when in the battle of Cassel he managed to beat a grand coalition of Hainaut, French and Normandian forces. Being now the count of Flanders he was able to assist his stepson to reclaim the county of Holland. The pair started by taking out their most dangerous adversary. Godfrey IV was killed at night while defecating. Shortly afterwards

2580-514: The Frisian trade network played a significant role in maintaining regional peace during the late Middle Ages . While interpersonal violence was on the rise almost everywhere else in Europe, Northern Europe and especially Frisia managed to maintain low levels of violence due in part to its well-developed society and established rule of law , which were results of extensive trade. The Frisian coastal areas were partly occupied by Danish Vikings in

2666-660: The Frisians lived along a broader expanse of the North Sea (or "Frisian Sea") coast. At this time, Frisia comprised the present-day provinces of Friesland , Groningen , North Holland and parts of South Holland . Frisian presence during the Early Middle Ages has been documented from North-Western Flanders up to the Weser River Estuary. According to archaeological evidence, these Frisians were not

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2752-893: The Frisians of Roman times, but the descendants of Anglo-Saxon immigrants from the German Bight , arriving during the Great Migration . By the 8th century, ethnic Frisians also started to colonize the coastal areas North of the Eider River under Danish rule. The nascent Frisian languages were spoken all along the southern North Sea coast. Today, the whole region is sometimes referred to as Greater Frisia ( Latin : Frisia Magna ). Distant authors seem to have made little distinction between Frisians and Saxons. The Byzantine Procopius described three peoples living in Great Britain: Angles, Frisians and Britons, and

2838-623: The Lotharingian nobles accepted his rule and Lotharingia (with the Frisian lands) became a fifth German stem duchy. Henry's power was limited by his vassal, Gilbert (Duke of Lotharingia), whose power was limited to his own counties. The rising status of the House of Holland was shown when in 938 Count Dirk II , probably the grandson of Count Dirk I, married at the age of 8 with Hildegard of Flanders, daughter of Count Arnulf I of Flanders . The County of Holland and other nearby territories had

2924-483: The Netherlands . Holland was divided into the present provinces North Holland and South Holland in 1840. The county covered an area roughly corresponding to the current Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland , as well as the northwestern part of the current province of North Brabant (roughly between the towns of Willemstad , Geertruidenberg and Werkendam ), and the islands of Terschelling , Vlieland , Urk and Schokland , though it did not include

3010-588: The Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium. Nominally, the County of Holland formally came to an end in 1795, when the Batavian Revolution ended the republic and reformed it as the Batavian Republic . The territory of the former county was divided between the departments of the Amstel , Delf , Texel , and Schelde en Maas . After 1813, Holland was restored as a province of the United Kingdom of

3096-533: The Saxon leader Widukind . The Carolingians laid Frisia under the rule of grewan , a title that has been loosely related to count in its early sense of "governor" rather than " feudal overlord ". During the 7th to 10th centuries, Frisian merchants and skippers played an important part in the international luxury trade, establishing commercial districts in distant cities as Sigtuna, Hedeby, Ribe, York, London, Duisburg, Cologne, Mainz, and Worms. The establishment of

3182-573: The area living at the east side of North Holland, also confusingly known as "West-Frisians". It was not until 1289 that Count Floris V was able to bring this long war to an end and subjugate these West Frisians, this only after the St. Lucia's flood in 1287 had completely devastated nearly all the lands of the West-Frisians. After this, the county was officially known until 1795 as the county of Holland and West Friesland. The Hook and Cod Wars were

3268-647: The bishop of Cologne and the Emperor), which outsmarted Godfrid and the Danes. The chief conspirator in the murder was Everard Saxo , count of Hamaland . One of those who profited most from the power vacuum was the Frisian Gerolf , comes Fresonum (count of Frisia), from Westergo in the present-day province of Friesland . Gerolf, Godfrid's former envoy to the emperor, demanded lands in the Moselle valley from

3354-483: The bishopric of Utrecht. In this way, the Oversticht was assigned to the bishopric in 1040. Though the count of Holland had been reconciled with the emperor, Henry III still decided to punish the count. In 1046 the emperor forced Dirk IV to relinquish the lands he had conquered. However, the emperor was not able to maintain himself in the area and was forced to retreat, after which Dirk IV started to raid and plunder

3440-506: The bishoprics of Utrecht and Liège. Moreover, Dirk signed treaties with Godfrey the Bearded , duke of Lower Lorraine, as well as the counts of Flanders and Hainaut . The Emperor responded with a second punitive expedition in which Vlaardingen and the castle at Rijnsburg were taken from Dirk IV. The castle was completely destroyed. However, the emperor suffered heavy losses during his retreat, upon which Dirk's allies openly revolted against

3526-685: The boundaries of traditional East Frisia . Many Frisians speak Low Saxon dialects which have a Frisian substratum known as Friso-Saxon , especially in East Frisia, where the local dialects are called Oostfräisk ("East Frisian") or Oostfräisk Plat ( East Frisian Low Saxon ). In the provinces of Friesland and Groningen, and in North Frisia, there are also areas where Friso-Saxon dialects are predominantly spoken, such as Gronings . In West Frisia , there are West Frisian-influenced dialects of Dutch such as West Frisian Dutch and Stadsfries . While

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3612-795: The city of Groningen founded the Upstalsboom League under the slogan of " Frisian freedom " to counter feudalizing tendencies . The league consisted of modern Friesland , Groningen , East Frisia , Harlingerland , Jever and Rüstringen . The Frisian districts in West Friesland West of the Zuiderzee did not participate, neither did the districts North of the Eider River along the Danish North Sea coast ( Schleswig-Holstein ). The former were occupied by

3698-482: The condition that the ruins would not be demolished. This made the ruins one of the first examples of the Dutch National Heritage ( Dutch : Monumentenzorg ). In 1889, the ruins were donated to the Dutch state by Jhr. Mr. W. van Teylingen. They are still owned by the state, and fall under the jurisdiction of the state's building service, Rijksgebouwendienst  [ nl ] . At the end of

3784-416: The count in this southern part of the later county of Holland are known. As a result of a promise he had made during the Frisian rebellion, Dirk III went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When he returned, the northern side of his county had become unsafe, so he travelled south and started granting rights to reclaim lands from nature around present-day Vlaardingen in order to cultivate these lands. He also built

3870-515: The count of Holland in 1289, and the latter were governed by the Duke of Schleswig and the king of Denmark . The same holds true for the district of Land Wursten East of the Weser River . The Upstalsboom League was revived in the early 14th century, but it collapsed after 1337. By then, the non-Frisian city of Groningen took the lead of the independent coastal districts. The 15th century saw

3956-557: The demise of Frisian republicanism. In East Frisia , a leading nobleman from the Cirksena-family managed to defeat his competitors with the help of the Hanseatic League. In 1464 he acquired the title of count of East Frisia. The king of Denmark was successful in subduing the coastal districts North of the Eider River. The Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen remained independent until 1498. By then Friesland

4042-405: The duke of Lower Lorraine, when Godfrey was on the verge of being killed. So as not to weaken the protection the county of Holland offered against the Viking raids, King Henry II decided to let the matter rest, though he did strengthen the position of the Bishop of Utrecht, the nominal feudal lord of the counts of Holland. Nonetheless, Dirk managed to expand his territory to the east at the cost of

4128-406: The early 16th century, the pirate and freedom fighter Pier Gerlofs Donia (Grutte Pier) challenged Saxon authority in Friesland during a prolonged guerrilla war, backed by the Duke of Guelders. He had several successes and was feared by Hollandic authorities, but he died as a farmer in 1520. According to the legend he was seven feet tall. A statue of Grutte Pier by Anne Woudwijk  [ fy ]

4214-549: The emperor to provoke a war. After the elimination of a large portion of the Danish population, Gerulf controlled a large Frisian part of the later county of Holland. This fait accompli was recognised when Gerolf was given lands in full ownership on 4 August 889 by the East Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia , who needed strong warlords in the delta region to keep the Danes and other Vikings out. The lands in question included an area outside Gerulf's county, in Teisterbant, which included Tiel , Aalburg and Asch . It also involved

4300-447: The emperor. In 1049 Dirk IV was lured into a trap and killed by assassins hired by the bishops of Metz , Liège and Utrecht. Dirk died young, unmarried and childless. He was succeeded by his brother Floris I . Floris I managed to expand his territory with a small area within the Rijnland Gouw, an area called Holtland ("Woodland"), or Holland . It is most likely that this name soon became synonymous with Floris' whole territory. In 1061

4386-406: The formidable bishop William of Utrecht also died. After this Robert I and his stepson Dirk V besieged the new Utrecht/Lotharingian castle at a strategic place at the delta in IJsselmonde , where the Hollandse IJssel (still existing) joined the Merwede (not existing any more in the form of 1000 years ago) . In the battle of IJsselmonde they managed to capture the new bishop Conrad of Swabia , who

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4472-407: The island of Goeree-Overflakkee . In the early Middle Ages, large parts of the area covered by the present-day Netherlands were covered by peat bogs . These bogs limited the size of arable land in the Netherlands, but also proved to be a good source of fuel. Around 950, small-scale reclamation was started on the enormous bogs in Holland and Utrecht, probably set in motion by the minor nobility. In

4558-425: The kings Aldegisel and Redbad , had its centre of power in the city of Utrecht . Its ancient customary law was drawn up as the Lex Frisionum in the late eighth century. Its end came in 734 at the Battle of the Boarn , when the Frisians were defeated by the Franks , who then conquered the western part up to the Lauwers . Frankish troops conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785, after Charlemagne defeated

4644-488: The level of economic, cultural, military, and technological development it did, having had time to undergo this development before the area became classed as a county. The oldest sources refer to the not clearly defined county as Frisia , west of the Vlie (also known as West Frisia ). Before 1101, sources talk about Frisian counts, but in this year Floris II, Count of Holland , is mentioned as Florentius comes de Hollant (Floris, Count of Holland). Another early usage of

4730-411: The low volume of trade, the negative trade balance with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim states and the disappearance of currency, the economy was more or less reduced to barter . The king's vassals could be rewarded only with land ( beneficium or, from the tenth century, feodum ) and usufruct , and feudalism developed from that. The vassals, who were generally appointed by the king, strove for

4816-490: The main figures in this multi-generational conflict were William IV , Margaret , William V , William VI, Count of Holland and Hainaut , John and Philip the Good. Perhaps the most well known, however, is Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut . By the end of the Hook and Cod Wars, Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy , had taken control of Holland. Leading noblemen in Holland had invited the duke to conquer Holland, even though he had no historical claim to it. Some historians say that

4902-412: The mainland inhabitants Warnii , rather than Frisians. During the 7th and 8th centuries, Frankish chronologies mention the northern Low Countries as the kingdom of the Frisians. According to Medieval legends, this kingdom comprised the coastal seelande provinces of the Netherlands , from the Scheldt River to the Weser River and further East. Archaeological research does not confirm this idea, as

4988-444: The majority of the inhabitants. In East Frisia, the idea of "Frisian freedom" became entangled with regional sentiments as well, though the East Frisian language had been replaced by Low German dialects as early as the 15th century. In Groningen, on the other hand, Frisian sentiments faded away at the end of the 16th century. In North Frisia, regional sentiments concentrate around the surviving North Frisian dialects, which are spoken by

5074-408: The manner of serfs , but in later times might buy their freedom. The basic land-holding unit for assessment of taxes and military contributions was – according to Homans – the ploegg (cf. "plow") or teen (cf. tithing , cf. " hundred "), which, however, also passed under other local names. The teen was pledged to supply ten men for the heer , or army. Ploegg or teen formed a unit of which

5160-429: The members were collectively responsible for the performance of any of the men. The ploegg or East Frisian rott was a compact holding that originated with a single lineage or kinship, whose men in early times went to war under their chief, and devolved in medieval times into a union of neighbors rather than kith and kin. Several, often three, ploeggs were grouped into a burar , whose members controlled and adjudicated

5246-495: The numerous cities had their own legal rights and local governments, usually controlled by the merchants, On top of this, however, the Burgundians had imposed an overall government, the Estates General of the Netherlands, with its own officials and courts. During the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation rapidly gained ground in northern Europe, especially in its Lutheran and Calvinist forms. Protestants in Holland, after initial repression, were tolerated by local authorities. By

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5332-406: The other Danish Wadden Sea Islands . The region is traditionally inhabited by the Frisians , a West Germanic ethnic group. The contemporary name for the region stems from Latin Frisii , an ethnonym used for a group of ancient tribes in modern-day Northwestern Germany , possibly being a loanword of Proto-Germanic * frisaz , meaning "curly, crisp", presumably referring to the hair of

5418-415: The owner in 1506, but in 1515 he left to become king of Spain and later became the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles turned over control to regents (his close relatives), and in practice rule was exercised by mostly French speaking Burgundians he controlled. Holland retained its own governments and court, controlled by the local nobility, and its own traditions and rights ("liberties") dating back centuries. Likewise

5504-527: The petty kingdoms appear to have been rather small and short-lived. The earliest Frisian records name four social classes, the ethelings ( nobiles in Latin documents) and frilings , who together made up the "Free Frisians" who might bring suit at court, and the laten or liten with the slaves , who were absorbed into the laten during the Early Middle Ages , as slavery was not so much formally abolished, as evaporated. The laten were tenants of lands they did not own and might be tied to it in

5590-411: The politics of the Frankish empire and was allied with the children of Lothair II. Danish rule ended in 885 with the murder of Godfrid at Herispijk , and all Danes east of the coastal areas of West Frisia were killed or driven out in what must have been a complex, successful conspiracy. Henry of Franconia led a coalition of Babenberg Franks, Hamaland Saxons and Teisterbant Frisians (in cooperation with

5676-447: The preservation of civil liberties. Actual power, however, was usurped by the landowning gentry. Protests against aristocratic rule led to a democratic movement in the 1780s. During the late 19th and early 20th century, "Frisian freedom" became the slogan of a regionalist movement in Friesland, demanding equal rights for the Frisian language and culture within the Netherlands. The West Frisian language and its urban dialects are spoken by

5762-428: The primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital to the people of Holland, because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained. Charles (1500–58) became

5848-441: The reign of Emperor Louis the Pious , royal power had weakened by the flood of 838 and by infighting between the king's sons. After Louis died in 840, his son, Emperor Lothair I , who was king of Middle Francia , rewarded the Danish Viking brothers Rorik and Harald with Frisia in an attempt to resist Viking attacks. When Lothair died in 855, the northern part of Middle Francia was awarded to his second son, Lothair II , and

5934-461: The rivers Medemelaka and Chinnelosara gemerchi ( Kinheim ) and the gouw Texla . In 993, count Arnulf of Ghent was killed in a battle against Frisian land reclaimers who did not want to pay their due to the count. It is unknown where this battle took place but it was probably in the Rijnland or in the Maas estuary. Arnulf's son, count Dirk III of Holland was too young to rule, so his mother Lutgardis of Luxemburg acted as regent. In 1005 Dirk

6020-417: The ruling class in Holland wanted Holland to integrate with the Flemish economic system and adopt Flemish legal institutions. Under the Burgundians, Holland's trade developed rapidly, especially in the areas of shipping and transport. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests. The fleets of Holland defeated the fleets of the Hanseatic League several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became

6106-425: The series Bassie and Adriaan , the villains hid in the castle, and the castle was filmed extensively for the series. [REDACTED] Media related to Slot Teylingen at Wikimedia Commons County of Holland 52°9′47.7″N 4°32′12.4″E  /  52.163250°N 4.536778°E  / 52.163250; 4.536778 The County of Holland was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1433 part of

6192-532: The stability of the whole hierarchical political system. The Catholic Spanish responded with harsh persecution and introduced the Spanish Inquisition . Calvinists rebelled. First, there was the iconoclasm in 1566, which was the systematic destruction of statues of saints and other Catholic devotional depictions in churches. After 1566 William the Silent , more or less by accident became the leader of

6278-547: The subdivisions of Frisia have their own regional flags, Frisia as a whole has not historically had a flag of its own. In September 2006, a flag for a united Frisia – known as the "Interfrisian Flag" – was designed by the Groep fan Auwerk . This separatist group supports the unification of Frisia as an independent country. The design was inspired by the Nordic Cross flag . The four pompeblêden (water lily leaves) represent

6364-406: The surrounding area are called Jacobakanntjes . The castle was heavily damaged around 1570 during the Eighty Years' War , and partially restored thereafter. The donjon was partially burnt in 1675, after which decay set in. Other parts were gradually demolished. The lands (and the ruins) became possessions of the province of Holland, and were nationalised in 1795. The grounds were later sold under

6450-515: The tribesmen. In some areas, the local translation of "Frisia" is used to refer to another subregion. On the North Frisian islands , for instance, "Frisia" and "Frisians" refer to (the inhabitants of) mainland North Frisia . In Saterland Frisian, the term Fräislound specifically refers to Ostfriesland . During the French occupation of the Netherlands , the name for the Frisian department

6536-444: The uses of pasturage (but not tillage) which the ploeggs held in common, and came to be in charge of roads, ditches and dikes. Twelve ploeggs made up a "long" hundred, responsible for supplying a hundred armed men, four of which made a go (cf. Gau ). Homans' ideas, which were largely based on studies now considered to be outdated, have not been followed up by Continental scholars. The 7th-century Frisian Realm (650–734) under

6622-516: The warehouses of Amsterdam and other trading cities of Holland. Many Europeans thought of the United Provinces first as "Holland" rather than as the "Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands". A strong impression of "Holland" was planted in the minds of other Europeans, which then was projected back onto the Republic as a whole. Within the provinces themselves, a gradual slow process of cultural expansion took place, leading to

6708-499: The word is a deed dated 1083 in which Dirk V used the term "Count of Holland" for himself. Holland is probably from the Old Dutch holt lant , literally "wood land". The counts of Holland generally kept to this single title until 1291, when Floris V, Count of Holland decided to call himself Count of Holland and Zeeland, lord of Friesland . This title was also used after Holland was united with Hainault , Bavaria-Straubing , and

6794-636: Was Frise . In English, both "Frisia" and "Friesland" may be interchangeably used to refer to the region. Frisia is commonly divided into three sections: The people, later to be known as Frisii , began settling in Frisia in the 6th century BC. According to Pliny the Elder , in Roman times, the Frisians (or rather their close neighbours, the Chauci ) lived on terps , man-made hills. According to other sources,

6880-628: Was called Lotharingia . Rorik was granted the right to rule Kennemerland in 862. The 880 Treaty of Ribemont added the Kingdom of Lotharingia (which included the Low Countries ) to East Francia , which attempted to integrate it. However, there were no strong political connections like those between the four German stem duchies of east Francia: Franconia , the Saxony , the Bavaria and

6966-665: Was conquered by Duke Albert of Saxony-Meissen . The city of Groningen , which had started to dominate the surrounding rural districts, surrendered to count Edzard of East Frisia in 1506. The city conveyed its remaining privileges to the Habsburg Empire in 1536. The district of Butjadingen (formerly Rüstringen) was occupied by the Count of Oldenburg in 1514, the Land Wursten by the Prince-bishop of Bremen in 1525. In

7052-440: Was decided to act against Dirk III. An army led by Godfrey II Duke of Lower Lorraine , consisting of a fleet with soldiers from the bishops of Utrecht , Cologne , Cambrai and Liège was however surprisingly ambushed in a swamp and nearly annihilated by Dirk III Frisian subjects in what was called the Battle of Vlaardingen , Dirk III himself playing a coordinating role, only to appear from his castle to officially take prisoner

7138-633: Was erected in Kimswert in 1985. In the 1560s many Frisans joined the revolt led by William of Orange against the Habsburg monarchy. In 1577 the province of Friesland became part of the nascent Dutch Republic , as its representatives signed the Union of Utrecht . The city of Groningen was conquered by the Dutch in 1594. Since then, membership of the Dutch Republic was perceived as a guarantee for

7224-401: Was now forced to return the lands to Dirk V's control. In 1101, the name "Holland" first appears in a deed. Holland's influence continued to gradually grow over the next two centuries. The counts of Holland were able to conquer most of Zeeland , to diminish the power of bishops of Utrecht and from the start of the 12th until the 13th century fight a 150-year-long war against the inhabitants of

7310-549: Was old enough to rule in his own name, but he still made thankful use of the good connections that his mother had made. According to Thietmar of Merseburg, a reconciliation with the Frisians was arranged with help from his uncle-in-law, king Henry II , who travelled with an army and a fleet from Utrecht to the Maas-estuary (probably Vlaardingen ) to force the inhabitants to recognize their count. This expedition appears to have been successful since after 1005 no revolts against

7396-462: Was only allowed to keep the gouw of Masaland. Through battles in 1071 and 1072, William of Utrecht, with support from the highly competent Duke Godfrey IV of Lower Lorraine, managed to gain actual central control over nearly the entire later county of Holland for the first time. Robert the Frisian and Dirk V had to flee to Ghent . This could have been the end of the Gerulfingian dynasty. Robert

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