37-701: Te Rata Mahuta ( c. 1878 – 1 October 1933) was the fourth Māori King , reigning from 1912 to 1933. Te Rata was the eldest son of the third king, Mahuta , and Te Marae , daughter of the fighting chief Amukete Te Kerei , who was killed at the Battle of Rangiriri in November 1863. Te Rata was born sometime between 1877 and 1880. He had four younger brothers: Taipu (who died in March 1926), Tumate , Tonga and Te Rauangaanga. He married Te Uranga , daughter of Iriwhata Wharemaki and Hira Wati of Ngāti Korokī . Te Rata
74-554: A Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1841. Originally, the Legislative Council consisted of the governor, colonial secretary , and colonial treasurer , and a number of senior justices of the peace. The Legislative Council had the power to issue ordinances ( statutory instruments ). With the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , the first Legislative Council
111-528: A Labour MP, argued that other political reforms in New Zealand such as the strengthening of the select committee system, and the introduction of proportional representation , provided adequate checks and balances, which would simply be duplicated by a second chamber. The Legislative Council Chamber remains the location of the speech from the throne —as following the British tradition, the sovereign (or
148-584: A further eleven members in 1951 after abolition of the Council. It was specified in the Constitution Act 1852 that the Council would consist of at least ten members. Although not actually a part of the Act, instructions were issued that the number of members should not exceed fifteen. One member was to be selected as speaker of the Legislative Council , corresponding roughly to the position of speaker of
185-757: A petition concerning breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi ; namely, that Māori land had been unjustly confiscated following the New Zealand wars . However, during his voyage to England, Te Rata ended up suffering repeated attacks of rheumatics . For example, during a stop-over in Honolulu , he was unable to accept an invitation from the nation's ageing Queen Liliʻuokalani , the last ruler of her people prior to annexation. Furthermore, these attacks continued following his arrival in England on 21 May 1914. Indeed, Te Rata
222-762: A representative) does not enter the elected House. The usher of the Black Rod summons the members of the House of Representatives to attend the Opening of Parliament in the Legislative Council Chamber, where a speech is read usually by the governor-general. It is also used for some select committee meetings, as well as meetings of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and other official functions. Most of
259-462: A seven-year term. The new members were Charles Johnston and John Davies Ormond on 20 January; and Harry Atkinson (elected as speaker), James Fulton , William Downie Stewart , and John Blair Whyte on 22 January. John Hall had written to Ormond: "It will be a serious disaster if the Council is not strengthened before the Reds get into the saddle." Petitions were tabled against the "stacking of
296-543: The 1963 election . In 1990, the National government of Jim Bolger proposed an elected Senate, an idea advanced partly as an alternative to New Zealand's electoral reform process . Unicameralists in New Zealand, like former Prime Minister Sir Geoffrey Palmer , argued that the country is a small and relatively homogeneous unitary state , and hence does not need the same arrangements as federal states like Australia or Canada . In addition, Peter Dunne , then also
333-649: The First Labour Government . In 1950, when the First National Government appointed several new members to vote the council out of existence, three women were included; Cora Louisa Burrell , Ethel Gould and Agnes Weston . Māori were slightly better represented. The first two Māori councillors were appointed in 1872, not long after the creation of the Māori electorates in the House; Mōkena Kōhere and Wi Tako Ngātata . A convention
370-531: The House of Representatives , the Legislative Council was wholly appointed by the governor-general . The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 had authorised the appointment of a minimum of ten councillors. Beginning in the 1890s, the membership of the upper house became controlled by government of the day. As a result, the Legislative Council possessed little influence. While intended as a revising chamber, in practice, debates and votes typically simply replicated those in
407-711: The Legislative Council , Mahuta regained a little influence for his people, though the last years of his life were fraught with personal troubles. He was a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 22 May 1903 to 21 May 1910, when his term ended. He was appointed by the Liberal Government , and was a Minister without Portfolio and a Member of the Executive Council from 22 June 1903 to 21 June 1906 in
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#1732786567311444-457: The New Zealand Legislative Council from 1903 to 1910. Born Whatiwhatihoe in the Waikato , probably in 1854 or 1855, Mahuta was the eldest son of King Tāwhiao and his first wife Hera. Mahuta had many half-brothers and -sisters from his father's other marriages and connections. During his childhood in the 1860s, New Zealand was embroiled in war and in his adolescence his family took refuge in
481-506: The Seddon Ministry and 21 June 1906 to 6 August 1906 in the interim Hall-Jones Ministry . During his time on the Legislative Council, Mahuta delegated the kingship to his younger brother Te Wherowhero Tawhiao. He died at Waahi on 9 November 1912 and was buried on Taupiri Mountain . New Zealand Legislative Council The New Zealand Legislative Council ( Māori : Whare o Runga , lit. 'Upper House')
518-520: The Australian state of Queensland had done to abolish its upper house in 1922. They included former MPs Harold Dickie and Garnet Mackley . To encourage co-operation from other members, Holland also promised to use the money saved through abolition to set up a fund for retired members. A Statutes Revision Committee (now defunct) was established to carry out some of the scrutiny that the Legislative Council had been intended for. Although abolition
555-515: The Council with seven conservatives shortly before leaving office. Ballance had considerable difficulty in achieving his reform of the Council, with major clashes occurring between him and the Governor, the Earl of Onslow , who had approved the seven appointments. Ballance's victory is seen as establishing an important precedent in the relationship between governor and prime minister. The structure of
592-519: The Council" by MPs and by Aucklanders. But the stacking has been seen as assisting the Liberal Government, which "might not have survived but for this assistance ... [which] provided a useful unifying influence in the critical early years" and "identified with dramatic clarity the reactionary class enemy ... and acted as a convenient brake on the radicals [who] were asked to settle for moderate measures." A number of proposals were made that
629-527: The House of Representatives . A quorum of five members was established. The first appointments to the Legislative Council were made in 1853, when thirteen members were called to the upper house. They were John Salmon , William Swainson and Frederick Whitaker on 26 May 1853; Mathew Richmond on 23 June 1853; and on 31 December 1853 Edmund Bellairs , George Cutfield , William Kenny , John Yeeden Lloyd , Ralph Richardson , Henry Seymour , Henry St. Hill , Henry Petre and John Watts-Russell . Gradually,
666-519: The House of Representatives. It could not initiate bills, and was prohibited from amending money bills (legislation relating to finance and expenditure). The model for the Legislative Council's role was the House of Lords in the United Kingdom. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 provided for councillors to be appointed for life terms by the governor . As the power of the governor over New Zealand politics gradually decreased, it became
703-517: The Legislative Council prior to 1891 was therefore similar to that of the Canadian Senate (which continues as an appointed upper house, although senators are no longer appointed to life terms, and must retire at the age of 75). The style " The Honourable " could be retained from 1894 by a councillor with not less than ten years service if recommended by the governor. This privilege was extended to one member, William Montgomery , in 1906; and
740-400: The Legislative Council should be elected, not appointed. When responsible government had been granted at the beginning of the 2nd Parliament , the governor, Thomas Gore Browne , was given sufficient authority to make the Legislative Council elected, but no action was taken. In 1914, a reform proposal to establish a 42 or 43 member council elected by proportional representation for six years
777-730: The New Zealand Parliament to amend the Constitution Act and abolish the Legislative Council. However, the Labour government did not actually enact the abolition itself, and lost office in the 1949 general election . In 1950, the National Party, now in government, passed the Legislative Council Abolition Act. To assist its passage into law, Holland appointed twenty members (who were dubbed the " suicide squad ") to vote for abolition, just as
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#1732786567311814-448: The convention that appointments were made on the recommendation of the premier (later prime minister), essentially meaning that councillors were selected by the government of the day. However, the life term of councillors meant that the Legislative Council always lagged behind the House of Representatives—premiers were frequently hampered in their activities by a Legislative Council appointed by their predecessors. In 1891, life membership
851-435: The insistence of Te Puea Herangi , Te Rata's influential cousin. As a child, Te Rata had been a chronic invalid and had suffered several illnesses including rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease . The former greatly affected his ability to carry out his role as King. This was particularly apparent during an expedition to England in 1914. This expedition had been undertaken with the aim of presenting British officials with
888-495: The isolated King Country , so Mahuta received very little European education, spoke little English and was very much a traditionalist. During his twenties, Mahuta married Te Marae, a daughter of Amukete (Amuketi) Te Kerei, a chief who was killed at the Battle of Rangiriri in 1863. They had five sons: Te Rata (who succeeded Mahuta as king), Taipu, Tumate , Tonga and Te Rauangaanga. When his father died in August 1894, Mahuta
925-528: The legislative process. The Legislative Council rarely criticised bills sent to it by the House, and many believed that it was now obsolete. Some favoured its reform, while others favoured its abolition; among the latter group was the leader of the National Party , Sidney Holland , who introduced a private member's bill to abolish it in August 1947. However, because the Parliament of New Zealand
962-582: The lower house. It was abolished by an Act of Parliament in 1950, with its last sitting in December 1950. The Council's chamber is no longer utilised as a debating chamber , but it is used for certain ceremonial functions, such as the speech from the throne . The first Legislative Council was established by the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840, which created New Zealand as
999-425: The maximum number of members was raised, and the limit was eventually abolished. The Council reached a peak of 53 members in 1885 and 1950. The Legislative Council was generally less representative of the New Zealand public than was the House of Representatives. Women were not eligible to serve as councillors before 1941, and only five were appointed. Two, Mary Anderson and Mary Dreaver , were appointed in 1946 by
1036-491: Was disestablished and a similar appointed body was established, effective from 1853. The new Legislative Council was constituted as the upper house of the General Assembly (or "Parliament"), which did not actually meet until 24 May 1854, 16 months after the Constitution Act had come into force. The Legislative Council was intended to act as a revising chamber, scrutinising and amending bills which had been passed by
1073-409: Was established that there should always be Māori representation on the Council. In January 1891 the outgoing Atkinson Ministry appointed six new members to the Legislative Council, with the object of blocking any radical bills that John Ballance (who became Premier on 24 January) and his Liberal Government might introduce. They were the last appointments for life as the new government introduced
1110-456: Was intended as an interim measure, no serious attempts were made to introduce a new second chamber, and Parliament has been unicameral since. Support for bicameralism is not completely absent, and there have been occasional proposals for a new upper house or Senate . A constitutional reform committee chaired by Ronald Algie proposed an appointed Senate in 1952. The short-lived Liberal Party campaigned on re-establishing an upper house in
1147-546: Was introduced by the Liberals, but postponed due to World War I . In 1920 it was no longer favoured by the Reform government then in power. But the 1914 Act "remained like a sword of Damocles suspended above the nominated upper house, available at will or whim to any succeeding government". By the middle of the 20th century, the Legislative Council was increasingly being looked on as ineffectual and making little difference to
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1184-418: Was invested with the kingship on 24 November 1912, about two weeks after his father's death. As was the custom for a new Māori King, he assumed the title name of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero , beginning a kingship dogged by ill health and controversy. Te Rata Mahuta had at least five children; Korokī became Te Rata's successor upon his death. Of his other sons, Taipu had died in 1924, and Hori was not recognised at
1221-463: Was made Māori King, taking the throne on 15 September of that year. Under Mahuta's rule, the King Movement 's first courts were created, with judges, clerks and registrars. However, his nation weakened greatly by the turn of the century. The Māori people had very little land, and population crises and poverty ravaged them. Through a series of deals with colonial authorities, including joining
1258-452: Was replaced by a seven-year term by the new Liberal Party government of John Ballance . While many Liberals apparently favoured outright abolition, it offered minimal political benefit for a ruling government, and such a radical move would have unnecessarily provoked fears about the new administration . Instead, term limits were introduced primarily for practical reasons, as Ballance's conservative predecessor, Harry Atkinson , had stacked
1295-462: Was so unwell that he ended up turning down a meeting with important British officials, although he eventually was able to meet with King George and Queen Mary . He died at Waahi on 1 October 1933. New Zealand Labour Party leader Harry Holland died unexpectedly of a heart attack at his funeral. Mahuta T%C4%81whiao Mahuta Tāwhiao I (c. 1855 – 9 November 1912) was the third Māori King , reigning from 1894 to 1912, and member of
1332-419: Was the upper house of the General Assembly of New Zealand between 1853 and 1951. An earlier arrangement of legislative councils for the colony and provinces existed from 1841 when New Zealand became a colony ; it was reconstituted as the upper house of a bicameral legislature when New Zealand became self-governing in 1852, which came into effect in the following year. Unlike the elected lower house ,
1369-677: Was unable to amend the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , it had to first adopt the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which it did with the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 . Following the adoption of the Act, the Parliament of New Zealand passed the New Zealand Constitution Amendment (Request and Consent) Act 1947 , and the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947 , allowing
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