Misplaced Pages

#458541

20-707: The Teberda Reserve's southern border runs along the Main Caucasus ridge from the peak "Klukhori" to the peak "Herzog". The eastern section, Tebardinsky, covers the headwaters of the Tebarda River. The western section, Arkhyz, is the valley of the Kyzgych River. The altitude varies between 1,260 and 4,047 meters above sea level. The highest peaks in the area are Dombay-Ulgen (4042 m), Boo-Ulgen (3915 meters), Dzhalovchat (3870 meters), and Bela Kaya (3861 meters). The mountains were formed by tectonic forces, and

40-702: A mountain range in northern Anatolia , Turkey . They are also known as the Parhar Mountains in the local Turkish and Pontic Greek languages. The term Parhar originates from a Hittite word meaning "high" or "summit". In ancient Greek , the mountains were called the Paryadres or Parihedri Mountains. The name of the mountains is derived from the Greek word "Pontus" (Πόντος), which means "sea." The Pontic Mountains, or Póntos Óri in Greek, stretch along

60-549: Is 2.9 °C, and in July is +15.5 °C. The average frost-free period is 126 days. Snow cover lasts from 21 to 122 days, an average of 73 days. As altitude increases, precipitation increases, and the temperature drops an average of 0.5 °C per 100 meters of ascent. Strong altitude zoning drives the plants in the reserve, with five levels (in ascending order): forest, sub-alpine (2,000 - 2,500 meters), alpine (2,500 - 3,000 meters), sub-nival, and nival (snow). The forest zone (34%)

80-589: Is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion in the Caucasus Mountains , as well as the adjacent Lesser Caucasus range and the eastern end of the Pontic Mountains . The ecoregion covers an area of 170,405 square kilometers (65,794 sq mi), extending across portions of Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Iran , Russia , and Turkey . The main Caucasus chain, known as

100-653: Is an ecoregion which covers most of the range, while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the far-eastern end of the range, known as the Kaçkar Mountains . The narrow coastal strip between the mountains and the Black Sea, known as Pontus , is home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests , which contain some of the world's few temperate rainforests . The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as

120-884: Is dominant between 1000 and 1500 meters elevation, with Caucasian oak ( Quercus macranthera ) dominant in drier areas. Conifers become dominant above 1500 meters elevation, including Nordmann fir ( Abies nordmanniana ), Caucasian spruce ( Picea orientalis ), and Caucasian pine ( Pinus sylvestris var. hamata ). Dwarf forests occur near the treeline at 1800 to 2000 meters elevation, mostly of birches ( Betula pubescens var. litwinowii and Betula raddeana ) in more humid areas, and oriental oak and Caucasian pine in drier areas. Subalpine grasslands occur from 1800 to 2500 meters elevation, and alpine meadows from 2500 to 3000 meters, interspersed with thickets of Rhododendron caucasicum between 2000 and 2800 meters, and areas of rock scree. Sub-nival plants and lichens grow from 3000 to 4000 meters elevation. Large hoofed mammals include

140-566: Is dominated by pine, with an under story of juniper and rhododendron. The southern areas of the reserve are coniferous forest, and the lower floodplains of the Teberda River feature stands of alder. The alpine zones are alpine heath and meadow. There are 46 species of mammals living on the territory, with 1,300-1,600 of the Caucasian ibex, which have large saber horns reaching 1 meter in length on old males. Bison have been reintroduced into

160-724: Is located in the Caucasus mixed forests ecoregion. Located along the Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. One of the highest levels of species endemism and diversity in the world: 23% of vascular species, and 10% of vertebrates. The climate of Teberda is Humid continental climate, cool summer ( Köppen climate classification (Dfc) ). This climate is characterised by long cold winters, and short, cool summers. The average temperature in January

180-496: The East Caucasian tur ( Capra cylindricornis ), West Caucasian tur ( Capra caucasica ), Caucasian chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica ), mouflon ( Ovis orientalis gmelini ), Caspian red deer ( Cervus elaphus maral ), and wild goat ( Capra aegagrus ). The East Caucasian Tur and West Caucasian Tur are endemic to the eastern and western portions of the Caucasus Mountains, respectively. Large mammal predators include

200-616: The Eurasian brown bear ( Ursus arctos arctos ), wolf ( Canis lupus ), and Caucasus leopard ( Panthera pardus tulliana ). The ecoregion is home to the raptors golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ) and lammergeier ( Gypaetus barbatus ). Other resident birds include the Caucasian grouse ( Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi ), Caucasian snowcock ( Tetraogallus caucasicus ), great rosefinch ( Carpodacus rubicilla ), and Güldenstädt's redstart ( Phoenicurus erythrogaster ). Native water birds include

220-422: The Eurasian sparrowhawk , golden eagle , eastern imperial eagle , lesser spotted eagle , Caucasian black grouse , red-fronted serin , and wallcreeper . Winter conditions are very harsh, and snow even in summer months isn't unusual above certain elevations. The Anatolian Plateau , which lies south of the range, has a considerably drier and more continental climate than the humid and mild coast, owing to

SECTION 10

#1732775464459

240-688: The Greater Caucasus , run from northwest to southeast, extending from north of the Black Sea eastwards to the Caspian Sea . The Caucasus forms the traditional border between Europe and Asia . The highest point in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m). The ecoregion also includes the Lesser Caucasus or Anti-Caucasus range, which lies south of the Caucasus, as well as the eastern end of the Pontic Mountains , which extends along

260-721: The gadwall ( Mareca strepera ), whooper swan ( Cygnus cygnus ), common pochard ( Aythya ferina ), greater scaup ( Aythya marila ), common goldeneye ( Bucephala clangula ), and Dalmatian pelican ( Pelicanus crispus ). A 2017 assessment found that 30,540 km , or 18%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include the Lagodekhi Protected Areas , Borjomi-Kharagauli and Tusheti National Parks , Zagatala State Reserve , and Caucasus Biosphere Reserve . Pontic Mountains The Pontic Mountains or Pontic Alps ( Turkish : Kuzey Anadolu Dağları , meaning North Anatolian Mountains ) form

280-567: The Bolu Mountains, following the coast. The highest peak in the range is Kaçkar Dağı , which rises to 3,937 m (12,917 ft). The North Anatolian Fault and the Northeast Anatolian Fault , which are east–west-running strike-slip faults , run along the length of the range. The mountains are generally covered by dense forests, predominantly of conifers . The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests

300-405: The area after being exterminated in 1926; the reserve's wild bison numbered 32 as of 2015. Recently, the jackal has penetrated the territory and is now the most common predator. There are three fishes in the streams of the reserve: brown trout, common minnow and European loach. Teberda is an important bird area, with 226 species recorded. The near-threatened Caucasian black grouse is a resident of

320-407: The ecoregion's area. Broadleaf trees are predominant at lower elevations, transitioning to conifer-dominated forests at higher elevations. Between 400 and 1000 meters elevation, Georgian oak ( Quercus iberica ) and European hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus ) are the dominant trees, along with sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ) in the more humid western mountains. Oriental beech ( Fagus orientalis )

340-504: The longitudinal valleys carved by two main periods of glaciation, one in the Jurassic, and the other the more recent. There are 109 glaciers, with a total area of 74.3 km2, and extensive snowfields on the mountains. Feeding streams on steep slopes, the glaciers form powerful rapids and waterfalls. There are 157 lakes are concentrated on the territory, with a maximum depth of 30–50 meters, and most above an altitude of 2,000 meters. Teberda

360-578: The reserve, and endemic to the Caucasus. Much of the Teberda Reserve is a strictly protected nature zone, closed to the general public. There are many 'ecotourist' routes in the reserve, however, that are open to the public, with permits available for purchase the reserve offices or at the trail head of Dombay. There is an extensive tourist infrastructure on the entrance to the reserve, including hotels, restaurants, and conference facilities. Caucasus mixed forests The Caucasus mixed forests

380-581: The southern coast of the Black Sea, known in antiquity as the "Euxine Sea" or simply "Pontus Euxinus" (Πόντος Εὔξεινος). The range runs roughly east–west, parallel and close to the southern coast of the Black Sea . It extends northeast into Georgia , and west into the Sea of Marmara , with the northwestern spur of the Küre Mountains (and their western extension the Akçakoca Mountains) and

400-492: The southern shore of the Black Sea . The climate is temperate to continental, and varies with elevation. Average annual rainfall is generally higher in the western portion of the ecoregion, ranging from 1500 to 2000 mm in the western ranges along the Black Sea, to 600 to 1000 mm at the eastern and southern portions of the range. The ecoregion's plant communities vary with elevation. Temperate mixed forests extend from 400 to 2200 meters elevation, covering about 70% of

#458541