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118-442: The Tecumseh Local School District (also known as Tecumseh Local Schools , and as New Carlisle–Bethel Local Schools before 1989) is a school district in western Clark County, Ohio . It consists of one Middle School, one High School and three Elementary Schools. The district encompasses all but the northeastern corner of Bethel Township of Clark County , plus the southwestern corner of Pike Township of Clark County and part of

236-454: A school board ) may be elected, appointed by a political office holder, serve ex officio , or a combination of any of these. An independent school district is a legally separate body corporate and political . Most school districts operate as independent local governmental units with exclusive authority over K–12 public educational operations and policies. The extent of their control is set by state-level law. Litigation against school districts

354-481: A "board of trustees," "board of education," "school committee," etc.. This body usually appoints or hires an experienced public school administrator to function as the district's superintendent of schools – a district's chief executive . The superintendent oversees daily operations, decisions and implements the policies of the board. The school board may also exercise a quasi-judicial function in serious employee or student discipline matters. School districts in

472-626: A certain degree comparable to a school district. Other arrangements are possible: certain types of special schools in North Rhine-Westphalia are run by the Landschaftsverbände . There also exist private schools , mostly funded by the States, but run by private entities like churches or foundations. In Italy , school districts were established in 1974 by the " Provvedimenti Delegati sulla scuola " ("Assigned Laws [to

590-568: A decline in property tax revenues during and after the Great Recession . By 2016 there were about 13,000 school districts, and the average student population was about 5,000. Although these terms can vary slightly between various states and regions, these are typical definitions for school district constitution: These terms may not appear in a district's name, even though the condition may apply. In England and Wales , school boards were established in 1870, and abolished in 1902, with

708-411: A decrease of 38,127 or 35%. Many states had passed laws facilitating school district consolidation. In 1951 the majority of the school districts in existence were rural school districts only providing elementary education, and some school districts did not operate schools but instead provided transportation to other schools. The Midwest had a large number of rural school districts. Previously areas of

826-587: A different soldier had fired the fatal shot. The matter became controversial in the 1830s when Johnson was a candidate for Vice President of the United States to Martin Van Buren . Johnson's supporters promoted him as Tecumseh's killer, employing slogans such as "Rumpsey dumpsey, rumpsey dumpsey, Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh." Johnson's opponents collected testimony contradicting this claim; numerous other possibilities were named. Sugden (1985) presented

944-623: A large swath of densely forested land west of Pennsylvania , northwest of the Ohio River , and east of the Mississippi River . This land was inhabited by Indian tribes, but a boundary set in 1785 by the Treaty of Greenville relegated the natives to the northern and western parts of this "Old Northwest" Territory . Two areas of the remaining land were claimed by Connecticut and Virginia for payment of military veterans. This left what

1062-496: A major Indian victory ( St. Clair's defeat ) on November 4 because he was hunting or scouting at the time. The following year he participated in other skirmishes before rejoining Cheeseekau in Tennessee. Tecumseh was with Cheeseekau when he was killed in an unsuccessful attack on Buchanan's Station near Nashville in 1792. Tecumseh probably sought revenge for his brother's death, but the details are unknown. During this time, he

1180-641: A minority of secondary schools , a few primary schools, and much further education . (Most schools are neither organized geographically nor publicly managed, although the Department of Education inspects and funds them and pays teachers' salaries.) Each ETB area comprises one or more local authority areas , with city or county councilors forming the bulk of the ETB board. The ETBs was formed in 2005 by amalgamating Vocational Education Committees established in 1930, also based on local government areas. In Hong Kong ,

1298-526: A misfit with little promise. In 1805, he began preaching, drawing upon ideas espoused by earlier prophets, particularly the Delaware prophet Neolin . Lalawéthika urged listeners to reject European influences, stop drinking alcohol, and discard their traditional medicine bags . Tecumseh followed his brother's teachings by eating only Native food, wearing traditional Shawnee clothing, and not drinking alcohol. In 1806, Tecumseh and Lalawéthika, now known as

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1416-558: A mock battle within earshot of the fort, hoping the Americans would ride out to assist. The ruse failed and the second siege of Fort Meigs was lifted. Procter then led a detachment to attack Fort Stephenson on the Sandusky River , while Tecumseh went west to intercept potential American advances. Procter's attack failed and the expedition returned to Amherstburg. Tecumseh hoped further offensives were forthcoming, but after

1534-559: A more traditional lifestyle. In 1808, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa established Prophetstown , a village in present-day Indiana , that grew into a large, multi-tribal community. Tecumseh traveled constantly, spreading the Prophet's message and eclipsing his brother in prominence. Tecumseh proclaimed that Native Americans owned their lands in common and urged tribes not to cede more territory unless all agreed. His message alarmed American leaders as well as Native leaders who sought accommodation with

1652-471: A most favorable opportunity for breaking up his Confederacy." In September 1811, Harrison marched toward Prophetstown with about 1,000 men. In the pre-dawn hours on November 7, warriors from Prophetstown launched a surprise attack on Harrison's camp, initiating the Battle of Tippecanoe . Harrison's men held their ground, after which the Prophet's warriors withdrew and evacuated Prophetstown. The Americans burned

1770-621: A new brick structure replaced the old log structure on the Wallace farm near where Whaley Road intersects Union Road. New Carlisle built a school on the northeast corner of Scott and Jefferson Streets in 1838. Over the next several years, school buildings were erected throughout the township in Medway, Donnelsville, the Bellefontaine Road (Route 235, on the present-day Gastineau property), Quick Road and Bethel, where Bethel Baptist Church

1888-422: A new name, Tenskwatawa ("The Open Door"), meaning he was the door through which followers could reach salvation. Like Greenville, Prophetstown attracted numerous followers, comprising Shawnees, Potawatomis , Kickapoos , Winnebagos , Sauks , Ottawas , Wyandots , and Iowas , an unprecedented variety of Natives living together. Perhaps 6,000 people settled in the area, making it larger than any American city in

2006-565: A prominent figure as he built an intertribal confederacy to counter U.S. expansion. In August 1810, Tecumseh met with William Henry Harrison at Vincennes , capital of the Indiana Territory, a standoff that became legendary. Tecumseh demanded that Harrison rescind the Fort Wayne cession, and said he would oppose American settlement on the disputed lands. He said the chiefs who had signed the treaty would be punished, and that he

2124-455: A school system that is separate but similar to a town's or a county's powers. These include the power to enter contacts, use eminent domain , and to issue binding rules and regulations affecting school policies and operations. The power of school districts to tax and spend is generally more limited. For example, many school districts in New York state require a majority of voters living in

2242-498: A settlement established in 1790 by John Paul at the forks of Honey Creek, about one mile northeast of what is now New Carlisle. With the rapid settlement came a need for self-governance and the benefits of statehood. Ohio became the first state to be carved out of the Northwest Territory in 1803. Once settlers cleared the land, built homes, and planted crops, they fashioned institutions that were to bring civilization to

2360-710: A single school district." Noting that most modern school districts were formed by consolidating one-room school districts in the first seven decades of the 20th century, Fischel argues that "outside the South, these consolidations were consented to by local voters" who "preferred districts whose boundaries conformed to their everyday interactions rather than formal units of government" and that "[t]he South ended up with county-based school districts because segregation imposed diseconomies of scale on district operations and required larger land-area districts." In New York , most school districts are separate governmental units with

2478-512: A son, Paukeesaa, born about 1796. Their marriage did not last, and Tecumapease raised Paukeesaa from the age of seven or eight. Tecumseh's band moved to various locations before settling in 1798 close to Delaware Indians , along the White River near present-day Anderson, Indiana , where he lived for the next eight years. He married twice more during this time. His third marriage, to White Wing, lasted until 1807. While Tecumseh lived along

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2596-524: A stand at Chatham , along the Thames River . Tecumseh reluctantly agreed. The British burned Fort Malden and public buildings in Amherstburg, then began the retreat, with William Henry Harrison's army in pursuit. Tecumseh arrived at Chatham to find that Procter had retreated even further upriver. Procter sent word that he had chosen to make a stand near Moraviantown . Tecumseh was angered by

2714-449: A state), most American school districts operate as independent local governmental units under a grant of authority and within geographic limits created by state law. The executive and legislative power over locally-controlled policies and operations of an independent school district are, in most cases, held by a school district's board of education. Depending on state law, members of a local board of education (often referred to informally as

2832-516: A thighbone in a riding accident as a youth and thereafter walked with a limp, but neither thigh of this skeleton had been broken. Nevertheless, in 1941 the remains were buried on nearby Walpole Island in a ceremony honoring Tecumseh. St-Denis (2005), in a book-length investigation of the topic, concluded that Tecumseh was likely buried on the battlefield and his remains have been lost. Initial published accounts identified Richard Mentor Johnson as having killed Tecumseh. In 1816, another account claimed

2950-523: A young war leader, Tecumseh joined Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket 's armed struggle against further American encroachment, which ended in defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and with the loss of most of Ohio in the 1795 Treaty of Greenville . In 1805, Tecumseh's younger brother Tenskwatawa , who came to be known as the Shawnee Prophet, founded a religious movement that called upon Native Americans to reject European influences and return to

3068-528: Is a man!" Tecumseh and Brock "formed an immediate friendship that served to cement the alliance." Brock's high esteem for Tecumseh likely contributed to a popular belief that Tecumseh was appointed a brigadier general in the British Army, though this is a myth. Tecumseh led about 530 warriors in the Siege of Detroit . According to one account, Tecumseh had his men repeatedly pass through an opening in

3186-427: Is common and some law firms specialize in education law. Districts typically maintain professional liability insurance in order to pay its settlements and legal liabilities. As of 2023 in most U.S. states, public school districts may lay taxes to fund their operations. In others, such as Maine , some school districts are able to lay taxes and others are not. Independent school districts often exercise authority over

3304-586: Is fragmentary, and was exaggerated in folklore, but he probably met with Chickasaws , Choctaws , Muscogee, Osages , western Shawnees and Delawares, Iowas, Sauks, Foxes, Sioux , Kickapoos, and Potawatomis. He was aided in his efforts by two extraordinary events: the Great Comet of 1811 and the New Madrid earthquake , which he and other Native Americans interpreted as omens that his confederacy should be supported. Many rejected his overtures, especially in

3422-416: Is now the east, southeast, and southwest areas of the state of Ohio as U.S. Government-owned land to be surveyed, divided into townships , and opened to general settlement. Several other states' competing claims to this area were resolved by 1787, enabling the formal designation of the bulk of the entire region, including Indian land, as the new Northwest Territory . Settlement of the non-Indian portion of

3540-530: Is present-day Indiana and Illinois. Although many Indian leaders signed the treaty, others who used the land were deliberately excluded from the negotiations. The treaty created widespread outrage among Indians, and, according to historian John Sugden, "put Tecumseh on the road to war" with the United States. Before the Treaty of Fort Wayne, Tecumseh was relatively unknown to outsiders, who usually referred to him as "the Prophet's brother." Afterwards he emerged as

3658-529: Is situated. The Linden Hill Academy was built in New Carlisle in 1850. Students came from throughout southwestern Ohio and even other states to attend this finishing school. By the conclusion of the Civil War, public opinion, in general, was positive and more progressive toward providing for schooling needs of our youth. Citizens were giving more willingly of their resources for the erection of buildings,

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3776-520: Is unknown. The earliest account stated that his body had been taken by Canadians and buried at Sandwich . Later stories said he was buried at the battlefield, or that his body was secretly removed and buried elsewhere. According to another tradition, an Ojibwe named Oshahwahnoo, who had fought at Moraviantown, exhumed Tecumseh's body in the 1860s and buried him on St. Anne Island on the St. Clair River . In 1931, these bones were examined. Tecumseh had broken

3894-462: The Battle of Maguaga , successfully thwarting Hull's attempt to reopen his line of communications. Two days later, Hull pulled the last of his men from Amherstburg, ending his attempt to invade Canada. On August 14, Major-General Isaac Brock , British commander of Upper Canada, arrived at Fort Malden and began preparations for attacking Hull at Fort Detroit . Tecumseh, upon hearing of Brock's plans, reportedly turned to his companions and said, "This

4012-535: The Chickamauga Cherokees near Lookout Mountain in what is now Tennessee . Some Shawnees already lived among the Chickamaugas, who were fierce opponents of U.S. expansion. Cheeseekau led about forty Shawnees in raids against colonists; Tecumseh was presumably among them. During his nearly two years among the Chickamaugas, Tecumseh probably had a daughter with a Cherokee woman; the relationship

4130-788: The Education Bureau divides primary schools into 36 districts, known as school nets, for its Primary One Admission System . Of the 36 districts, districts 34 and 41 in Kowloon and districts 11 and 12 in Hong Kong Island are considered the most prestigious. In Iranian cities school kids normal registrations are limited by school districts, register is online at my.medu.ir and the parent sees schools within range online. Tecumseh Tecumseh ( / t ɪ ˈ k ʌ m s ə , - s i / tih- KUM -sə, -⁠see ; c.  1768  – October 5, 1813)

4248-485: The Mekoche Shawnee division, signed the Treaty of Fort Finney , surrendering most of Ohio to the Americans. Later that year, Moluntha was murdered by a Kentucky militiaman, initiating a new border war. Tecumseh, now about eighteen years old, became a warrior under the tutelage of his older brother Cheeseekau , who emerged as a noted war chief. Tecumseh participated in attacks on flatboats traveling down

4366-790: The Midwest and West tend to cross municipal boundaries, while school districts in New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions tend to adhere to city, township, and/or county boundaries. As of 1951 school districts were independent governmental units in 26 states, while in 17 states there were mixes of independent school districts and school districts subordinate to other local governments. In nine states there were only school districts subordinate to local governments. In most Southern states, school systems operate either as an arm of county government or at least share coextensive boundaries with

4484-636: The Scioto River valley, near present-day Chillicothe, Ohio , or in a nearby Kispoko village. Tecumseh's father, Puckeshinwau, was a Shawnee war chief of the Kispoko division. Tecumseh's mother, Methoataaskee, probably belonged to the Pekowi division and the Turtle clan, although some traditions maintain that she was Muscogee . His mother may have been a blood relative of William Weatherford . Tecumseh

4602-621: The Shawnee language include "I Cross the Way", and "Shooting Star", references to a meteor associated with the Panther clan. Later stories claimed that Tecumseh was named after a shooting star that appeared at his birth, although his father and most of his siblings, as members of the Panther clan, were named after the same meteor. Tecumseh was likely born in the Shawnee town of Chillicothe, in

4720-710: The Unorganized Borough of Alaska were not served by school districts but instead served by schools directly operated by the Alaska Department of Education and by Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) schools. The state schools were transferred to the Alaska State-Operated School System (SOS) after the Alaska Legislature created it in 1971; that agency was terminated in 1975, with its schools transferred to

4838-442: The county council and county borough councils becoming the local education authorities . In France, the system of the carte scolaire was dismantled by the beginning of the 2007 school year. More school choice has been given to French students; however, priority is given to those who meet the following criteria: In Germany , schools and teachers are predominately funded by the states of Germany , which also are in control of

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4956-506: The "principal chief" of the Shawnees. Black Hoof and other leaders around the Shawnee town of Wapakoneta urged Shawnees to accommodate the United States by adopting some American customs, with the goal of creating a Shawnee homeland with secure borders in northern Ohio. The Prophet's movement represented a challenge to the Shawnee chiefs who sat on the tribal council at Wapakoneta. Most Ohio Shawnees followed Black Hoof's path and rejected

5074-569: The American naval victory in the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 1813, Procter decided to retreat from Amherstburg. Tecumseh pleaded with Procter to stay and fight: "Our lives are in the hands of the Great Spirit. We are determined to defend our lands, and if it is his will, we wish to leave our bones upon them." Procter insisted the defense of Amherstburg was untenable now that the Americans controlled Lake Erie, but he promised to make

5192-404: The Americans. Tecumseh did not attend the signing of the Treaty of Greenville (1795), in which about two-thirds of Ohio and portions of present-day Indiana were ceded to the United States. By 1796, Tecumseh was both the civil and war chief of a Kispoko band of about 50 warriors and 250 people. His sister Tecumapease was the band's principal female chief. Tecumseh took a wife, Mamate, and had

5310-576: The Americans. The left, commanded by Procter, collapsed almost immediately, and Procter fled the battlefield. Colonel Richard Mentor Johnson led the American charge against the Indians. Tecumseh was killed in the fierce fighting, and the Indians dispersed. The Americans had won a decisive victory. After the battle, American soldiers stripped and scalped Tecumseh's body. The next day, when Tecumseh's body had been positively identified, others peeled off some skin as souvenirs. The location of his remains

5428-564: The British into Upper Canada , where American forces engaged them at the Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813, in which Tecumseh was killed. His death caused his confederacy to collapse. The lands he had fought to defend were eventually ceded to the U.S. government. His legacy as one of the most celebrated Native Americans in history grew in the years after his death, although details of his life have often been obscured by mythology. Tecumseh

5546-528: The British, a region the Shawnee and other tribes used for hunting. Shawnees attempted to organize further resistance against colonial occupation of the region, culminating in the 1774 Battle of Point Pleasant , in which Puckeshinwau was killed. After the battle, Shawnees ceded Kentucky to the colonists. When the American Revolutionary War between the British and their American colonies began in 1775, many Shawnees allied themselves with

5664-632: The British, raiding into Kentucky with the aim of driving out American settlers. Tecumseh, too young to fight, was among those forced to relocate in the face of American counterraids. In 1777, his family moved from the Scioto River to a Kispoko town on the Mad River , near present-day Springfield, Ohio . General George Rogers Clark , commander of the Kentucky militia, led a major expedition into Shawnee territory in 1780. Tecumseh may have witnessed

5782-572: The Cincinnati United Methodist Conference. The agitation for a new school at Olive Branch began in February 1900. It would be seven years later (1907) before the first round structure was built. That building was destroyed by fire in 1913. A second structure was built on the same foundation. It was identical to the first building, with one exception. Doors were added to each classroom so students could easily exit

5900-533: The District and the year they were built: Below are the names of the old buildings, the year they were built, and their current status: School district In the U.S., most K–12 public schools function as units of local school districts. A school district usually operate several elementary , middle , and high schools . The largest urban and suburban districts operate hundreds of schools. While practice varies significantly by state (and in some cases, within

6018-557: The Government] about the school"). Each district must contain a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The national government attempted to link the local schools with local society and culture and local governments. The school districts were dissolved in 2003 by the "legge finanziaria" (law about the government budget) in an attempt to trim the national budget. In the Republic of Ireland, 16 Education and Training Boards (ETBs) administer

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6136-515: The Mississippi River. Tecumseh was widely admired in his lifetime, even by Americans who had fought against him. His primary American foe, William Henry Harrison, described Tecumseh as "one of those uncommon geniuses, which spring up occasionally to produce revolutions and overturn the established order of things." After his death, he became an iconic folk hero in American, Indigenous, and Canadian history. For many Native Americans in

6254-645: The Nazi elements. An East German film, Tecumseh , was released in 1972. In the United States, Tecumseh became a legendary figure, the historical details of his life shrouded in mythology. According to Edmunds (2007) , "the real Tecumseh has been overshadowed by a folk hero whose exploits combine the best of fact and fiction." Only in the late 20th century did academic historians begin to unravel fact from fiction. The fictional Tecumseh has been featured in poems, plays, and novels, movies, and outdoor dramas . Examples include George Jones 's Tecumseh; or, The Prophet of

6372-403: The Northwest Territory commenced in 1788 with the establishment of Marietta along the southeastern border. Tens of thousands of settlers that soon poured into the surrounding area; by 1800, there were 45,000 residents scattered throughout the eastern and southern parts of the territory, plus about 100 to 150 settlers within a 40 square mile radius of the settlement of Urbana—an area which includes

6490-717: The Ohio Country following its victory in the French and Indian War . That year, Cheeseekau took part in Pontiac's War , a pan-tribal effort to counter British control of the region. Tecumseh was born in the peaceful decade after Pontiac's War, a time when Puckeshinwau likely became the chief of the Kispoko town on the Scioto. In a 1768 treaty , the Iroquois ceded land south of the Ohio River (including present-day Kentucky ) to

6608-637: The Ohio River, carrying waves of immigrants into lands the Shawnees had lost. He was disturbed by the sight of prisoners being cruelly treated by the Shawnees, an early indication of his lifelong aversion to torture and cruelty, for which he would later be celebrated. In 1788, Tecumseh, Cheeseekau and their family moved westward, relocating near Cape Girardeau, Missouri . They hoped to be free of American settlers, only to find colonists moving there as well, so they did not stay long. In late 1789 or early 1790, Tecumseh traveled south with Cheeseekau to live with

6726-450: The Prophet's movement. Important converts who joined the movement at Greenville were Blue Jacket, the famed Shawnee war leader, and Roundhead , who became Tecumseh's close friend and ally. American settlers grew uneasy as Indians flocked to Greenville. In 1806 and 1807, Tecumseh and Blue Jacket traveled to Chillicothe, the capital of the new U.S. state of Ohio, to reassure the governor that Greenville posed no threat. Rumors of war between

6844-408: The Shawnee Prophet, established a new town near the ruins of Fort Greenville (present-day Greenville, Ohio ), where the 1795 Treaty of Greenville had been signed. The Prophet's message spread widely, attracting visitors and converts from multiple tribes. The brothers hoped to reunite the scattered Shawnees at Greenville, but they were opposed by Black Hoof , a Mekoche chief regarded by Americans as

6962-502: The Shawnees, Wyandots, and Senecas . After returning to Prophetstown, he sent a delegation to the Iroquois in New York. In July 1811, Tecumseh again met Harrison at Vincennes. He told the governor he had amassed a confederacy of northern tribes and was heading south to do the same. For the next six months, Tecumseh traveled some 3,000 miles (4,800 km) in the south and west to recruit allies. The documentary evidence of this journey

7080-510: The United States and First Nations people in Canada , he became a hero who transcends tribal identity. Tecumseh's stature grew over the decades after his death, often at the expense of Tenskwatawa, whose religious views white writers found alien and unappealing. White writers tended to turn Tecumseh into a "secular" leader who only used his brother's religious movement for political reasons. For many Europeans and white North Americans, he became

7198-482: The United States and Great Britain followed the Chesapeake incident of June 1807. To escape the rising tensions, Tecumseh and the Prophet decided to move west to a more secure location, farther from American forts and closer to potential western Indian allies. In 1808, Tecumseh and the Prophet established a village Americans would call Prophetstown , north of present-day Lafayette, Indiana . The Prophet adopted

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7316-403: The United States tend to be different from the demographics of the students. This difference is "most pronounced in majority nonwhite jurisdictions and school districts with the largest racial achievement gaps ." There were 130,000 school districts in the country in 1930, with an average student population of 150. From 1942 to 1951 the number of school districts declined from 108,579 to 70,452,

7434-464: The United States without the consent of all the tribes. This idea made a strong impression on Tecumseh, who was just fifteen years old when he attended the conference. As an adult, he would become such a well-known advocate of this policy that some mistakenly thought it had originated with him. The United States, however, insisted on dealing with the tribes individually, getting each to sign separate land treaties. In January 1786, Moluntha , civil chief of

7552-551: The United States. A more sagacious or a more gallant warrior does not I believe exist. He was the admiration of every one who conversed with him. Brock likely assured Tecumseh that the British would support Native American land claims. He wrote his superiors that restoration of land "fraudulently usurped" from the Native Americans should be considered in any peace treaty. News of Detroit's capture revived British discussion of creating of an Indian barrier state to ensure

7670-673: The United States. In 1811, when Tecumseh was in the South recruiting allies, Americans under William Henry Harrison defeated Tenskwatawa at the Battle of Tippecanoe and destroyed Prophetstown. In the War of 1812, Tecumseh joined his cause with the British, recruited warriors, and helped capture Detroit in August 1812. The following year he led an unsuccessful campaign against the United States in Ohio and Indiana. When U.S. naval forces took control of Lake Erie in 1813, Tecumseh reluctantly retreated with

7788-616: The West (1844 play), Mary Catherine Crowley 's Love Thrives in War (1903 novel), Brave Warrior (1952 film), and Allan W. Eckert 's A Sorrow in Our Hearts: The Life of Tecumseh (1992 novel). James Alexander Thom 's 1989 novel Panther in the Sky was made into a TV movie, Tecumseh: The Last Warrior (1995). The outdoor drama Tecumseh! has been performed near Chillicothe, Ohio , since 1973. Written by Allan Eckert ,

7906-462: The West" was intended to "preserve the memory of one of the noblest and most gallant spirits" in history. Canadian writers such as Charles Mair ( Tecumseh: A Drama , 1886) celebrated Tecumseh as a Canadian patriot, an idea reflected in numerous subsequent biographies written for Canadian school children. The portrayal of Tecumseh as a Canadian patriot has been criticized for obscuring his true aim of protecting Native homelands outside of Canada. Among

8024-525: The White River, Native Americans in the region were troubled by sickness, alcoholism, poverty, the loss of land, depopulation, and the decline of their traditional way of life. Several religious prophets emerged, each offering explanations and remedies for the crisis. Among these was Tecumseh's younger brother Lalawéthika, a healer in Tecumseh's village. Until this time, Lalawéthika had been regarded as

8142-472: The battle was a setback for Tenskwatawa, but he continued to serve as the confederacy's spiritual leader, with Tecumseh as its diplomat and military leader. Harrison hoped his preemptive strike would subdue Tecumseh's confederacy, but a wave of frontier violence erupted after the battle. Native Americans, many who had fought at Tippecanoe, sought revenge, killing as many as 46 Americans. Tecumseh sought to restrain warriors from premature action while preparing

8260-416: The battle, so Procter was compelled to lift the siege. One of the most famous incidents in Tecumseh's life occurred after the battle. American prisoners had been taken to the nearby ruins of Fort Miami . When a group of Indians began killing prisoners, Tecumseh rushed in and stopped the slaughter. According to Sugden (1997), "Tecumseh's defense of the American prisoners became a cornerstone of his legend,

8378-402: The beginning of the 2011–2012 school year, Medway Elementary was closed, and the elementary schools were rearranged from neighborhood schools to grade-level schools. Donnelsville Elementary houses grades K–1, Park Layne Elementary houses grades 2–3, New Carlisle Elementary houses grades 4–5. In 2003, the district received a grant to build new schools. Below are the names of the current schools in

8496-472: The building in case of fire. The building served the district into the early 1970s. Today it is used as a district warehouse and storage center. The fourth generation of schools commenced with the building of the New Carlisle School on West Madison Street in 1921. The Medway, Donnelsville and Olive Branch buildings were erected over the next seven years. These schools served the district through

8614-578: The building, were privileged to hold Baccalaureate and Commencement exercises in the auditorium–gymnasium of the new complex in May of that year. The school was named after Tecumseh , a famous chief of the Shawnee Nation who lived in the area in the 19th century. The completion of Tecumseh ushered in the fifth generation of schools to be built in Bethel Township. For the next seventeen years,

8732-424: The change in plans, but he led a rearguard action at Chatham to slow the American advance, and was slightly wounded in the arm. Many of Tecumseh's despairing allies deserted during the retreat, leaving him 500 warriors. Procter and Tecumseh, outnumbered more than three-to-one, faced the Americans at the Battle of the Thames on October 5. Tecumseh positioned his men in a line of trees along the right, hoping to flank

8850-616: The confederacy for future hostilities. By the time the United States declared war on Great Britain in June 1812, as many as 800 warriors had gathered around the rebuilt Prophetstown. Tecumseh's Native American allies throughout the Northwest Territory numbered around 3,500 warriors. In June 1812, Tecumseh arrived at Fort Malden in Amherstburg to join his cause with the British in the War of 1812 . The British had few troops and scant resources in

8968-561: The confrontation with Harrison, Tecumseh traveled widely to build his confederacy. He went westward to recruit allies among the Potawatomis, Winnebagos, Sauks, Foxes , Kickapoos, and Missouri Shawnees. In November 1810, he visited Fort Malden in Upper Canada to ask British officials for assistance in the coming war, but the British were noncommittal, urging restraint. In May 1811, Tecumseh visited Ohio to recruit warriors among

9086-476: The creation of a Native American barrier state in the Old Northwest. The Americans refused and the matter was dropped. The Treaty of Ghent (1814) called for Native American lands to be restored to their 1811 boundaries, something the United States had no intention of doing. By the end of the 1830s, the U.S. government had compelled Shawnees still living in Ohio to sign removal treaties and move west of

9204-658: The depression years and World War II. Following World War II, the community gave their overwhelming support to consolidate the New Carlisle Local Schools and Olive Branch Local Schools into the New Carlisle–Bethel Local School District. This occurred on June 15, 1948. Construction on the district's new high school, Tecumseh, was begun in late 1950 and was completed in March 1952. The class of 1952, while not able to attend classes in

9322-469: The district or the local government to approval their annual budget, but school districts in Virginia have no taxing authority and must depend on another local government (county, city, or town) for funding. A district's governing body, usually called a school board , is typically elected by direct popular vote but may be appointed by other governmental officials. The governing body might also be known as

9440-403: The district would grow from about 1000 to 6800 students. New buildings, building additions and renovations would continue almost non-stop until 1969 when McAdams was completed and opened for use. Beginning in the 1980–1981 school year, corporal punishment (paddling) was abolished in the district, in favor of the detention system , considered more contemporary and less cruel. Corporal punishment

9558-682: The earth like a ground hog. Give me your answer. Tecumseh returned to Amherstburg in April 1813. Meanwhile, the Americans, having suffered defeat at the Battle of Frenchtown in January 1813, were pushing back toward Detroit under the command of William Henry Harrison. Tecumseh and Roundhead led about 1,200 warriors to Fort Meigs , a recently constructed American fort along the Maumee River in Ohio. The Indians initially saw little action while British forces under General Henry Procter laid siege to

9676-407: The eastern side of Bethel Township of Miami County . The district thereby serves residents of the city of New Carlisle , the village of Donnelsville , the unincorporated communities of Medway , Park Layne , and Crystal Lakes , plus adjacent rural land. The conclusion of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 resulted in, among other things, the British ceding to the newly formed United States

9794-563: The ensuing Battle of Piqua on August 8. After the Shawnees retreated, Clark burned their villages and crops. The Shawnees relocated to the northwest, along the Great Miami River , but Clark returned in 1782 and destroyed those villages as well, forcing the Shawnees to retreat further north, near present-day Bellefontaine, Ohio . After the American Revolutionary War ended in 1783, the United States claimed

9912-454: The evidence and argued that Johnson's claim was the strongest, though not conclusive. Johnson became Vice President in 1837, his fame largely based on his claim to have killed Tecumseh. Tecumseh's death led to the collapse of his confederacy; except in the southern Creek War, most of his followers did little more fighting. In the negotiations that ended the War of 1812, the British attempted to honor promises made to Tecumseh by insisting upon

10030-496: The farm of George Lowman of New Carlisle, located near the juncture of present-day Addison-Carlisle Road and Route 235. Both were known as landmarks and used as points of reference by the early settlers. These schools were supported by private subscription, not public taxes. A subscription school was also supported in the village of New Carlisle possibility as early as 1810 or 1812. Other primitive schools in Bethel Township, previous to 1820, include Keifer Detrick, located just north of

10148-430: The first American fatalities of the war. Tecumseh turned his attention to cutting off Hull's supply and communication lines on the U.S. side of the border, south of Detroit . On August 5, he led 25 warriors in two successive ambushes , scattering a far superior force. Tecumseh captured Hull's outgoing mail, which revealed that the general was fearful of being cut off. On August 9, Tecumseh joined with British soldiers at

10266-453: The foremost example of the " noble savage " stereotype. Tecumseh is honored in Canada as a hero who played a major role in Canada's defense in the War of 1812, joining Sir Isaac Brock and Laura Secord as the best-remembered people of that war. John Richardson , an important early Canadian novelist, had served with Tecumseh and idolized him. His 1828 epic poem "Tecumseh; or, The Warrior of

10384-462: The fort. Fighting outside the fort began on May 5 after the arrival of American reinforcements, who attacked the British gun batteries. Tecumseh led an attack on an American sortie from the fort, then crossed the river to help defeat a regiment of Kentucky militia. The British and Native Americans had inflicted heavy casualties on the Americans outside the fort, but failed to capture it. Procter's Canadian militia and many of Tecumseh's warriors left after

10502-477: The influx of 9th graders to the high school, Oscar T. Hawke Elementary was closed and the building was incorporated into the high school campus. Effective the 1989–1990 school year, the district's name changed from New Carlisle–Bethel Local Schools to Tecumseh Local School District, in order to alleviate confusion with Bethel Local Schools in nearby Miami County and Carlisle Local Schools in Carlisle, Ohio . At

10620-410: The junction of present-day Whaley and Union Roads was established about 1810 or 1812. The county was sparsely populated and children came on foot and horseback to attend the schools. The early efforts in establishing a free common school system for all in Ohio were haphazard and met with resistance. An act to provide for the "Regulation and Support of common Schools" was passed in 1821. The law committed

10738-515: The lands north of the Ohio River by right of conquest; Britain had renounced its claims to the area in the Treaty of Paris . In response, Indians convened a great intertribal conference at Lower Sandusky in the summer of 1783. Speakers, most notably Joseph Brant of the Mohawk , argued that Indians must unite to hold onto their lands. They put forth a doctrine that Indian lands were held in common by all tribes, and so no further land should be ceded to

10856-761: The many things named for Tecumseh in Canada are the naval reserve unit HMCS Tecumseh and the towns of Tecumseh in Southwestern Ontario and New Tecumseth in Central Ontario. In 1931, the Canadian government designated Tecumseh as a person of national historic significance . Tecumseh has long been admired in Germany, especially due to popular novels by Fritz Steuben , beginning with The Flying Arrow (1930). Steuben used Tecumseh to promote Nazism , though later editions of his novels removed

10974-608: The newly created Alaska Unorganized Borough School District, which was broken apart into twenty-one school districts the following year. In the 2022 Census of Governments, the United States Census Bureau enumerated the following numbers of school systems in the United States: School districts in the US have reduced the number of their employees by 3.3%, or 270,000 between 2008 and 2012, owing to

11092-504: The overall education policies. On the other hand, school buildings are mostly run and funded by municipal governments on different levels of the municipal system (municipalities proper, districts), depending on the size and specialization of a certain school or the population size of a certain municipality. As with other fields of government, for more specialized schools, special government bodies ("Zweckverband") can be established, where municipalities, and not voters, are members; these are to

11210-441: The power to levy taxes and incur debt, except for the five cities with a population of over 125,000 ( Buffalo , Rochester , Syracuse , Yonkers , and New York City ), where the schools are operated directly by the municipalities. The Hawaii State Department of Education functions as a single statewide school district, unique among states. According to a 2021 study, the demographics of voters who elect local school boards in

11328-484: The present George Rogers Clark on Tecumseh Road; and Valley School, at the foot of Minnick's Hill on south Enon Road near the Valley Pike. There is some indication that it may have been the first school in Bethel Township. Apparently, John Layton, an early settler to the area, taught in a shanty at the foot of Minnick's hill in 1808. Wallace School, which was located at the northwest corner of the former Wallace farm at

11446-467: The privilege of free public education placed within the reach of all and paid for by taxes. In 1880, after considerable opposition, a room was set aside in the Olive Branch building for the purpose of establishing a centralized High School for the township. New Carlisle had already established a centralized school in 1869, some eleven years earlier when they took over the old Linden Hill Academy from

11564-443: The provision of furniture, educational materials, and the salaries of teachers. The citizens of New Carlisle and Bethel Township were no less interested in the furtherance of education for their children. From about 1867 through 1887, sub-district schools, numbering eleven different sites, were erected at convenient locations throughout the township most all within two miles of every child in the school districts. These schools provided

11682-580: The region. Jortner (2011) argues that Prophetstown was effectively an independent city-state . At Prophetstown, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa initially worked to maintain a peaceful coexistence with the United States. A major turning point came in September 1809, when William Henry Harrison , governor of the Indiana Territory , negotiated the Treaty of Fort Wayne , purchasing 2.5 to 3 million acres (10,000 to 12,000 km ) of land in what

11800-581: The security of Upper Canada. After his short stay in the area, Brock returned to the Niagara frontier, where he was killed in action several weeks later. Meanwhile, the British had negotiated a temporary armistice and called off further offensives. Tecumseh was frustrated by the unexpected British-American armistice, which came at a time when his confederacy was attacking other American forts and needed British support. In September 1812, he and Roundhead led 600 warriors to assist in an attack on Fort Wayne , but

11918-495: The siege failed before they arrived. Another siege against Fort Harrison also failed. Tecumseh stayed in the Prophetstown region for the remainder of 1812, coordinating Native American war efforts. I have with me eight hundred braves. You have an equal number in your hiding place. Come out with them and give me battle; you talked like a brave when we met at Vincennes, and I respected you; but now you hide behind logs and in

12036-695: The south, most notably the Choctaws and Chickasaws; his most receptive southern listeners were among the Muscogee. A faction among the Muscogee, who became known as the Red Sticks , responded to Tecumseh's call to arms, contributing to the coming of the Creek War . According to Sugden (1997), Tecumseh had made a "serious mistake" by informing Harrison he would be absent from Prophetstown for an extended time. Harrison wrote that Tecumseh's absence "affords

12154-428: The state to the idea of taxation, but it was permissive, not compulsory, and not designed to make "free public schools". Therefore, only the more affluent that could afford to pay a subscription could attend. Some enterprising teachers were paid in "trade". This included trading educational services for lodging, house rent, farm products, and clothing. The second generation of schools in Bethel Township began in 1835 when

12272-556: The state's counties. A 2010 study by economist William A. Fischel found that "two-thirds of medium-to-large American cities have boundaries that substantially overlap those of a single school district" with substantial regional and state variations in the degree of overlap, "ranging from nearly perfect congruence in New England , New Jersey, and Virginia, to hardly any in Illinois, Texas, and Florida." Older and more populous municipalities "tend to have boundaries that closely match those of

12390-507: The story features a fictional, doomed romance between Tecumseh and a white settler woman, an example of the " vanishing Indian " scenario popular with white Americans. William Tecumseh Sherman , a Union general during the American Civil War , was also named after Tecumseh. In 2024, the main-belt asteroid 47069 Tecumseh was named in his honor. Also in 2024, Firaxis Games worked with chief Ben Barnes and other members of

12508-488: The ultimate proof of his inherent nobility." Some accounts said Tecumseh rebuked General Procter for failing to protect the prisoners, though this might not have happened. Tecumseh and Procter returned to Fort Meigs in July 1813, Tecumseh with 2,500 warriors, the largest contingent he would ever lead. They had little hope of taking the strongly defended fort, but Tecumseh sought to draw the Americans into open battle. He staged

12626-776: The village the following day and returned to Vincennes. Historians have traditionally viewed the Battle of Tippecanoe as a devastating blow to Tecumseh's confederacy. According to a story recorded by Benjamin Drake ten years after the battle, Tecumseh was furious with Tenskwatawa after the battle and threatened to kill him. Afterwards, it was said, the Prophet played little part in the confederacy's leadership. Modern scholarship has cast doubt on this interpretation. Dowd (1992), Cave (2002), and Jortner (2011) argued that stories of Tenskwatawa's disgrace originated with Harrison's allies and are not supported by other sources. According to this view,

12744-502: The west, so Native allies were essential to the defense of Upper Canada. The British quickly recognized Tecumseh as the most influential of their Indian allies and relied upon him to direct the Native forces. He and his warriors scouted and probed enemy positions as American General William Hull crossed into Canada and threatened to take Fort Malden. On July 25, Tecumseh's warriors skirmished with Americans north of Amherstburg, inflicting

12862-467: The wilderness. Codes of law were drawn up and churches were established. Wherever half a dozen or more families lived reasonably close together, a log schoolhouse was usually to be found. Nevertheless, as early as 1805, according to Beers 1881 History, a schoolhouse was erected on the farm of Captain McPherson, located on Section 21, near the present site of Tecumseh High School . Another was located on

12980-445: The woods to create the impression that thousands of Native Americans were outside the fort, a story that may be apocryphal. To almost everyone's astonishment, Hull decided to surrender on August 16. Afterwards, Brock wrote of Tecumseh: He who attracted most of my attention was a Shawnee chief, Tecumset [ sic ], brother to the Prophet, who for the last two years has carried on, contrary to our remonstrances, an active warfare against

13098-438: Was a Shawnee chief and warrior who promoted resistance to the expansion of the United States onto Native American lands. A persuasive orator, Tecumseh traveled widely, forming a Native American confederacy and promoting intertribal unity. Even though his efforts to unite Native Americans ended with his death in the War of 1812 , he became an iconic folk hero in American, Indigenous, and Canadian popular history. Tecumseh

13216-467: Was born in Shawnee territory in what is now Ohio between 1764 and 1771. The best evidence suggests a birthdate of around March 1768. The Shawnee pronunciation of his name has traditionally been rendered by non-Shawnee sources as "Tecumthé". He was born into the Panther clan of the Kispoko division of the Shawnee tribe. Like most Shawnees, his name indicated his clan: translations of his name from

13334-438: Was born in what is now Ohio at a time when the far-flung Shawnees were reuniting in their Ohio Country homeland. During his childhood, the Shawnees lost territory to the expanding American colonies in a series of border conflicts. Tecumseh's father was killed in battle against American colonists in 1774. Tecumseh was thereafter mentored by his older brother Cheeseekau , a noted war chief who died fighting Americans in 1792. As

13452-617: Was brief, and the child remained with her mother. In 1791, Tecumseh returned to the Ohio Country to take part in the Northwest Indian War as a minor leader. The Native confederacy that had been formed to fight the war was led by the Shawnee Blue Jacket , and would provide a model for the confederacy Tecumseh created years later. He led a band of eight followers, including his younger brother Lalawéthika, later known as Tenskwatawa . Tecumseh missed fighting in

13570-412: Was not banned statewide until 2009. Prior to the 1981–1982 school year, the elementary schools hosted grades K–6, the two junior high schools hosted grades 7–9, and the high school hosted grades 10–12. Thereafter, the district restructured such that the elementary schools only hosted grades K–5, the junior highs became middle schools hosting grades 6–8, and the high school hosted grades 9–12. To facilitate

13688-434: Was somewhat known as "an eloquent speaker" among Native Americans, and this reputation would follow him for the rest of his life as he grew in prominence. Tecumseh returned to the Ohio Country at the end of 1792 and fought in several more skirmishes. In 1794, he fought in the Battle of Fallen Timbers , a bitter defeat for the Indians. The Native confederacy fell apart, especially after Blue Jacket agreed to make peace with

13806-519: Was the fifth of eight children. His parents met and married in what is now Alabama , where many Shawnees had settled after being driven out of the Ohio Country by the Iroquois in the 17th-century Beaver Wars . Around 1759, Puckeshinwau and Methoataaskee moved to the Ohio Country as part of a Shawnee effort to reunite in their traditional homeland. In 1763, the British Empire laid claim to

13924-470: Was uniting the tribes to prevent further cessions. Harrison insisted the land had been purchased fairly and that Tecumseh had no right to object because Native Americans did not own land in common. Harrison said he would send Tecumseh's demands to President James Madison , but did not expect the president to accept them. As the meeting concluded, Tecumseh said that if Madison did not rescind the Fort Wayne treaty, "you and I will have to fight it out." After

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