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25-538: It is believed that the Tecuexe derived from the dispersion of Zacateco groups from La Quemada . Like the Zacatecos, the Tecuexe were a tribe belonging to the generic " Chichimeca " peoples. It is known that they settled next to rivers which they used to their advantage to grow beans and corn. They were also expert artisans, carpenters and musicians. Toribio de Benavente Motolinia wrote "in any place… all know to work

50-704: A Tecuexe town, contained linguistic idiosyncrasies compared to central Mexican Nahuatl. This raises questions about whether the Tecuexe spoke a dialect of Nahuatl as a native language, or used it as a lingua franca . The Caxcan to the north of the Tecuexe also spoke Nahuatl, although the Spaniards called it "corrupted Nahuatl". They were conquered by Captain Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán who began his siege on December 21 of 1529. His army consisted of 200 Spaniards on horse, 300 infantry on foot, 10,000 Mexicas (Aztecs) and 10,000 Tarascos and Tlaxcaltecas who had switched to

75-708: A partly nomadic , partly sedentary people. Under their leader, Tenamaztle , the Caxcan were allied with the Zacatecos against the Spaniards during the Mixtón Rebellion in 1540-42. During the rebellion, they were described as "the heart and the center of the Indian Rebellion". After the rebellion, they were a constant target of the Zacatecos and Guachichiles due to their ceasefire agreement with

100-537: A position ready to battle. They also had temples in Teocaltiche, San Miguel el Alto, Jalostotitlán, Teocaltitan de Guadalupe and possibly in Tepatitlán. The Tecuexes brought agaves from the wild, and cloned and grew them in open air settings to produce Tequila among other things (called pulque back then and stored in jugs). According to Spanish missionary Juan de Padilla , Tonallan ( Tonalá, Jalisco )

125-560: A serpent) they attacked the settlers of Acatic, Teocaltiche, Mitic, Teocaltitán and Xalostotitlán, but in Tepatitlán, when they encountered the Tecuexe, having heard of their legendary cruelty, the Mexica avoided facing them. The Tecuexes wore dresses with classic tilmatl (tilma) and huipilli, worn with comfortable cactlis and adorned their bodies with necklaces, bracelets, earrings and nose rings that they themselves made. They liked to make their houses in valleys and gorges near rivers, always in

150-417: A stone, to make a house simple, to twist a cord and a rope, and the other subtle offices that do not require instruments or much art." The Tecuexe were known for their fierceness and cruelty towards their enemy. They were known to be so brave, it is said, that once, when the Mexica (Aztecs) came from Chicomostoc, Zacatecas to take control of Xolotl, (and course on to the lagoon where they found an eagle devouring

175-478: Is a Mexican Spanish derivation from the original Nahuatl Zacatecatl , pluralized in early Mexican Spanish as Zacatecas , the name given to the state and city. The name was given by the Aztecs to the people inhabiting a region in which a grass they called the zacatl was abundant. The region was thus called Zacatlan by the Aztecs. ( Mexica ) The Zacateco united militarily with other Chichimeca nations to form

200-492: Is named after. In the end the Spanish power won, but some natives, rather than surrendering and being enslaved, threw their women and their children head first off the cliffs. This was soon stopped by Franciscans. Acts like these were considered in parallel to Leónidas and his 300 soldiers who died fighting until the last man. It is said that by 1854 no one in the tribe could speak their native language, and much of their identity

225-786: The Cerro de la Bufa . They also extended down to what is now Los Altos Jalisco and overlapped territory with the Caxcanes . Most Zacatecos were nomadic, although a few groups were essentially sedentary. Both men and women wore their hair down to their waist. Some Chichimeca tribes wore their head braided, but it is unspecified if any Zacatec tribes did so. They used body paint and tattoos to distinguish themselves from other tribes. Zacatecos were known to wear skin coverings below their knees and skin headbands on their foreheads. Occasionally they wore leather-soled sandals. They were "graceful, strong, robust and beardless". Juan Bautista de Pomar commented, "In

250-641: The Mixtón War broke. Padilla attributes the victory of the Spaniards to the divine help of Saint James Matamoros , which explains why the first chapel built by the Tecuexe Catholics was named after Santiago. The Tecuexe language is now extinct and very little is known. It was likely a Uto-Aztecan language . The study of the toponyms of the Rio Verde region in Los Altos de Jalisco infers

275-479: The Spaniards . Their principal religious and population centers were at Teul , Tlaltenango , Juchipila , and Teocaltiche . Over time, the Caxcans lost their culture due to warfare, disease, and marriage to non-Caxcans. Also, most of the Caxcans were sent into slavery by the Spanish to work in silver mines. During the colonial period, many Spanish (and some Basque settlers) had intermarried, or had relations, with

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300-469: The Uto-Aztecan language family. The last generation of natively fluent Caxcan language speakers came to an end in the 1890s. Despite this having long been conflated by anthropologists with an extinction of the Caxcan people themselves, much of Caxcan culture has persisted via oral tradition . There is currently an ongoing revitalization of Caxcan language, scholarship, and culture. The Caxcan were

325-478: The Caxcans making many Caxcan descendants Mestizos. The allied tribes and Mestizos settled the Caxcan lands in Zacatecas and Jalisco. Their elected rulers were called tlatoani. Caxcan society was divided up into several different city-states. The Chichimeca War (1550–1590) was a military conflict waged between Spanish colonizers and their Indian allies against a confederation of Chichimeca Indians. It

350-595: The Chichimeca Confederation to defeat the Spaniards during the Chichimeca War (1550-90). See Chichimeca War . The Zacatecos as a culture have vanished or faded, due to assimilation and mestizaje of the Mexican people. However, many of their direct descendants still live in large concentrations in central Mexico. Taking all this into account, it is extremely difficult to even approximate

375-506: The Spanish side. In the fight many died, some took refuge in the mountain areas and those that remained in the plains were enslaved and forced into hard labor. About ten years later they took revenge. They were one of many tribes who fought under Tenamaxtli in the Mixtón War (1540–41). It is said that about 100,000 natives were gathered on the Mixton Mountain, ready to end Spanish rule, and that behind every stone, land, tree or brush

400-552: The Spanish. The war was fought in the Bajío region known as La Gran Chichimeca , specifically in the Mexican states of Zacatecas , Guanajuato , Aguascalientes , Jalisco , and San Luis Potosi . The Council of the Caxcan indigenous people was formed in the 1920s by Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza , a Caxcan from Durango. She also published Alto! , a book which stressed Mexican Nationalism through indigenous roots and, even after

425-491: The opinion of men experienced in foreign lands, the Zacatecos are the best archers in the world." The Zacatecos were a nomadic tribe and others were sedentary which means they lived in one area. Some tribes did in fact have temples dedicated to some kind of worship in the southwestern part of the state of Zacatecas. In a town called El Teul Gonzalez De Ortega there is a hill called El Cerro del Sombrero. And upon this hill there are temples ball courts and also ancient channels where

450-693: The population of their descendants. It is equally hard to elaborate on their culture, language, art, and traditions. To the east and north they overlapped lands with the Guachichiles . They extended to border the Tepehuanes to the west near Durango. To the north their land bordered that of the Irritilas or Laguna tribes, up to were Cuencamé and Parras are located. Their principal population centers were in Malpaís, around Peñón Blanco , and around

475-570: The presence of abundant words ending in íc/tíc, which is consistent with a similar phenomenon in the Valles de Tequila region, where very similar locative suffixes are usually related to the presence of groups speaking languages of the Corachol branch of the Uto-Aztec family. In the local toponymy, cases were also detected where the locative is expressed in the endings lí or chi, clearly derived from

500-401: The tribe extracted fresh water from the hill. Caxc%C3%A1n The Caxcan are an ethnic group who are Indigenous to western and north-central Mexico , particularly the regions corresponding to modern-day Zacatecas , southern Durango , Jalisco , Colima , Aguascalientes , Nayarit . The Caxcan language is most often documented as an ancient variant of Nahuatl and is a member of

525-635: The íc/tíc (e.g. Temacapulí and Teocaltichi). It is highly probable that these suffixes are of Tecuexe origin, and equivalent to the Nahua "tlan". On the island of Atitlán (place in the middle of the water in Nahuatl) it was also known as Atlitíc, whose meaning would be equivalent to the Nahua word. Some colonial era Tecuexe wrote documents in Nahuatl . A 1611 Petition to Remove a Priest in Jalostotitlan,

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550-410: Was a native Caxcán , Tecuexe, Coca or Chichimeca, ready to subdue the invaders. During the colonial era, several Tecuexe pueblos petitioned for indigenous ownership of the land. "The most usual way to justify the old indigenous possession was to appeal to it. Sometimes allusion was made only to the immemorial use of the land..." The last Tecuexe chief is said to be Chapalac, who the lake of Chapala

575-677: Was forgotten. Although collective memory and cultural vestiges remain among Tecuexe descendants, they no longer exist as a distinct cultural group. Zacateco The Zacatecos (or Zacatecas ) are an indigenous group, one of the peoples called Chichimecas by the Aztecs . They lived in most of what is now the state of Zacatecas and the northeastern part of Durango . They have many direct descendants, but most of their culture and traditions have disappeared with time. Large concentrations of modern-day descendants may reside in Zacatecas and Durango, as well as other large cities of Mexico. "Zacateco"

600-404: Was the biggest town under Tecuexe ruling. Tecuexe warriors had horizontal black bands tattoos right below their eyes. Tonallan was led by a woman, Cihualpilli (meaning queen ) Tzpotzinco (meaning distinguished and fine zapote fruit ), that Padilla described as tall and very beautiful, and who resided in a palace on the hilltops of Tonallan (Xitépec hill). It was during a dinner at her palace that

625-513: Was the longest and most expensive conflict between Spaniards and the indigenous peoples of New Spain in the history of the colony. The Chichimeca wars began eight years after the Mixtón Rebellion (1540–1542). It can be considered as a continuation of that rebellion as the fighting did not come to a halt in the intervening years. Unlike in the Mixtón rebellion, the Caxcanes were now allied with

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