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43-431: The OP-1 is well known for its unconventional design, AMOLED display, and the depth of its synthesis engines. Teenage Engineering was founded in 2005 by Jesper Kouthoofd, David Eriksson, Jens Rudberg and David Mollerstedt. The OP-1 is the first product developed by the company. At the time, the team consisted of nine engineers and software developers. Following an announcement at Frankfurt Musikmesse in 2009, they presented

86-516: A digital audio workstation . In 2012, Teenage Engineering introduced several "accessories" for the OP-1. These can be used to manipulate the unit's macro effect knobs. One of the accessories makes the OP-1 compatible with Lego gears and motors, which can be used to mechanically modulate low-frequency oscillators and other effects. The OP-1 became unavailable for a period from late 2018 to early 2019 due to Teenage Engineering exhausting their stock of

129-420: A noise generator . Dr Wave resembles the sound of a talk box . Digital provides ring modulation and wave shape parameters to distort the sound signal. String creates string instrument emulation, ranging from bass to string pads. Pulse is a square wave engine. Phase provides two pulse waves that can be modulated and distorted. DSynth provides a dual oscillator synthesizer with multiple filter types. Voltage

172-405: A thin-film transistor (TFT) array, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each individual pixel . Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger the luminescence), with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storage capacitor and the second to provide a voltage source at the level needed to create

215-593: A 34-rank organ in the Swiss village of Ursy is equipped with hi-tech features from Syncordia, including what some erroneously claim is the first non-mechanical action that directly controls the opening of a pipe organ's pallets in direct proportion to key movement, ostensibly combining the virtues of electric action with the intimate control of tracker action. However, Vincent Willis' 1884 patent Floating Lever pneumatic action also had this capability. Other more sophisticated sensitivity forms are common in organ keyboards. Both

258-663: A Super AMOLED. Super AMOLED displays, such as the one on the Samsung Galaxy S21+ / S21 Ultra and Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra have often been compared to IPS LCDs , found in phones such as the Xiaomi Mi 10T , Huawei Nova 5T , and Samsung Galaxy A20e . For example, according to ABI Research , the AMOLED display found in the Motorola Moto X draws just 92 mA during bright conditions and 68 mA while dim. On

301-405: A constant current to the pixel, thereby eliminating the need for the very high currents required for passive-matrix OLED operation. TFT backplane technology is crucial in the fabrication of AMOLED displays. In AMOLEDs, the two primary TFT backplane technologies, polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si), are currently used offering the potential for directly fabricating

344-457: A millisecond, and they consume significantly less power . This advantage makes active-matrix OLEDs well-suited for portable electronics, where power consumption is critical to battery life. The amount of power the display consumes varies significantly depending on the color and brightness shown. As an example, one old QVGA OLED display consumes 0.3 watts while showing white text on a black background, but more than 0.7 watts showing black text on

387-538: A music store when he was young, and he was inspired by Japanese synthesizers of the 1980s, such as the VL-Tone and the Casio SK-1 , an inexpensive sampler . Kouthoofd has also stated that "limitations are OP-1's biggest feature". The synthesizer's designers attempted to use the limitation of physical hardware to encourage the unit to stimulate creativity, which might become unfocused in a limitless environment, such as

430-541: A new solution-coated AMOLED display technology that is competitive in cost and performance with existing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology. Using custom modeling and analytic approaches, Samsung has developed short and long-range film-thickness control and uniformity that is commercially viable at large glass sizes. Compared to other display technologies , AMOLED screens have several advantages and disadvantages. AMOLED displays can provide higher refresh rates than passive-matrix, often have response times less than

473-538: A prototype of the OP-1 at the 2010 NAMM Show in Anaheim , and it was released in the following year. The design of the OP-1 was influenced by the VL-Tone , a synthesizer and pocket calculator manufactured by Casio in 1979. The VL-1 is known for its toy-like novelty sounds and cheap build quality, as well as its inorganic design. In an interview with Damian Kulash of OK Go , CEO Kouthoofd explained that he worked in

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516-400: A quieter, shorter sound stopping. The displacement-sensitive keyboard on a digital piano were designed to simulate the similar effect. Acoustic pianos have expression pedals that change the response or tone of the instrument. On small upright pianos, the soft pedal (also called una corda or half-blow pedal) moves the hammers closer to the strings. On grand pianos, the soft pedal moves

559-481: A richer sound. Most electronic keyboards also have a sustain pedal that holds notes and chords, but only high-end digital keyboards reproduce the sympathetic vibration effect. Electromechanical keyboards and electronic keyboards offer a range of other expression devices. Electromechanical keyboards such as the Hammond organ offer additional means of keyboard expression by modifying the starting, stopping, or speed of

602-424: A series of dots above or below a note; the number of dots indicates the number of finger movements. On electronic keyboards and synthesizers, pressure sensitivity is usually called aftertouch . The vast majority of such instruments use only channel aftertouch : that is, one level of pressure is reported across the entire keyboard, which affects either all notes pressed (even ones not being pushed into aftertouch) or

645-504: A subset of the active notes in some instruments that allow this level of control. A minority of instruments have polyphonic aftertouch , in which each individual note has its own sensor for pressure that enables differing usage of aftertouch for different notes. Aftertouch sensors detect whether the musician is continuing to exert pressure after the initial strike of the key. Some aftertouch sensors also measure that pressure's intensity. The aftertouch feature allows keyboard players to change

688-656: A toy. It also lacks velocity sensitivity , making it minimally expressive. The OP-1 won one of Sweden's Design S Awards in 2012. The award committee described the OP-1 as "A technological product which through a clever colour scheme and fantastic graphics is intuitive, easily accessible and incredibly inviting. Music and machine in one". In 2014 it was awarded second prize in Georgia Tech 's Margaret Guthman Musical Instrument Competition. The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art includes an OP-1, donated by Teenage Engineering, in its permanent collection. Musicians who have used

731-486: A white background, while an LCD may consume only a constant 0.35 watts regardless of what is being shown on screen. A new FHD+ or WQHD+ display will consume much more. Because the black pixels turn completely off, AMOLED also has contrast ratios that are significantly higher than LCDs. AMOLED displays may be difficult to view in direct sunlight compared with LCDs because of their reduced maximum brightness. Samsung's Super AMOLED technology addresses this issue by reducing

774-542: Is a multi-oscillator synthesizer. The Sampler interface is a sampler, which can take input from the OP-1's built-in microphone, an external audio input, or the builtin FM radio. One of the key features of the OP-1 is its 320 x 160-pixel OLED display, which shows a graphical representation of the device's current mode. Although some of the displays use traditional symbols, such as the fairly straightforward ADSR envelope , others use more literal or unconventional graphics. For example,

817-406: Is held, acting as both the nut and as the initiator of sound. The volume of the note can be changed by striking harder or softer, and the pitch can also be affected by varying the force of the tangent against the string. When the key is released, the tangent loses contact with the string and the vibration of the string is silenced by strips of damping cloth. By applying a rocking pressure up and down

860-404: Is the ability of a keyboard musical instrument to change tone or other qualities of the sound in response to velocity, pressure or other variations in how the performer depresses the keys of the musical keyboard . Expression types include: Keyboard instruments offer a range of expression types. Acoustic pianos , such as upright and grand pianos, are velocity-sensitive—the faster the key strike,

903-454: The AMOLED display screen. Due to rumors that the synthesizer had been permanently discontinued, the resell value of the OP-1 dramatically increased to surpass its original retail price. In February, Teenage Engineering announced that they would resume production of the OP-1; however, the retail price increased by approximately 35% to cover the new parts and redesigned hardware. The price increase

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946-470: The Yamaha EX5 —the player can select the effects to which aftertouch applies. This allows a performer to custom-tailor the effect that they desire. It may also facilitate the imitation of various non-keyboard instruments. For example, a keyboardist who wishes to imitate the sound of a heavy metal guitar solo could use a distortion guitar sound, and then set the aftertouch feature to apply a pitch bend to

989-548: The electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels . Since 2007, AMOLED technology has been used in mobile phones, media players, TVs and digital cameras, and it has continued to make progress toward low-power, low-cost, high resolution and large size (for example, 88-inch and 8K resolution) applications. An AMOLED display consists of an active matrix of OLED pixels generating light (luminescence) upon electrical activation that have been deposited or integrated onto

1032-728: The iriver Clix 2 portable media player. In 2008 it appeared on the Nokia N85 followed by the Samsung i7110 - both Nokia and Samsung Electronics were early adopters of this technology on their smartphones. Manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, integrating the production of capacitive sensor arrays in the AMOLED module fabrication process. In-cell sensor AMOLED fabricators include AU Optronics and Samsung . Samsung has marketed its version of this technology as "Super AMOLED". Researchers at DuPont used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to optimize coating processes for

1075-571: The "punch" effect (a low-pass filter ) is represented by a line art illustration of a boxer . The OP-1 has a fixed-velocity keyboard with 24 keys. Arrow keys are provided to transpose up or down octaves while in synthesizer or drum mode. Four octave shifts up and four shifts down are available giving the user a total range of ten octaves. Reception for the OP-1 was largely positive, citing its powerful synthesizer engines and unconventional format and design. However, it has received some criticism for its small size and simplicity, which make it resemble

1118-453: The OP-1 include Amason , Beck , Depeche Mode , Jean-Michel Jarre , Tourist , Chvrches , Justin Vernon of Bon Iver , and Ivan Dorn . AMOLED AMOLED ( active-matrix organic light-emitting diode ; / ˈ æ m oʊ ˌ l ɛ d / ) is a type of OLED display device technology. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in which organic compounds form

1161-628: The Pratt Reed and Kimber Allen 61-key (5-octave) keyboards have provision for up to nine rails so they can sense various amounts of displacement, as well as velocity in various regimes of distance from the top to the bottom of the key travel of each key. Some modern instruments, such as the Continuum , a MIDI controller for keyboards, have extremely sophisticated human interface schemes that provide dynamic control in three dimensions. In principle, displacement can be differentiated to get velocity, but

1204-494: The active-matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150 °C) onto flexible plastic substrates for producing flexible AMOLED displays. AMOLED was developed in 2006. Samsung SDI was one of the main investors in the technology, and many other display companies were also developing it. One of the earliest consumer electronics products with an AMOLED display was the BenQ-Siemens S88 mobile handset and, in 2007,

1247-401: The amount of force applied after initial impact—they are pressure-sensitive . This can be used by a skilled clavichord player to slightly correct the intonation of the notes when playing on a clavichord, and/or to play with a form of vibrato known as bebung . Unlike in a piano action, the tangent does not rebound from the string; rather, it stays in contact with the string as long as the key

1290-444: The converse is not entirely practical, without some amount of baseline drift . Thus a displacement sensing keyboard may be better at providing both organ and piano feel in a single keyboаrd controller. Most digital pianos implement a displacement-sensitive keyboard, in order to simulate the sound-stopping length of the note after the key is released. On an acoustic piano, releasing a key after being partially depressed will result in

1333-722: The first generation AMOLED. The generic term for this technology is One Glass Solution (OGS). Below is a mapping table of marketing terms versus resolutions and sub-pixel types. Note how the pixel density relates to choices of sub-pixel type. (bits) 3040x1440 2280x1080 3040x1440 3040x1440 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.8 550 401 522 498 Samsung Galaxy S10 Samsung Galaxy Note 10 Samsung Galaxy S10+ Samsung Galaxy Note 10+ Samsung Galaxy Fold Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 2400x1080 3200x1440 6.1 6.4 6.7 6.8 6.9 386 (External display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2) 563 525 511 421 394 515 411 Keyboard expression Keyboard expression

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1376-434: The hammers sideways so each hammer strikes only part of its string group. The sustain pedal (also called damper pedal) prevents individual key dampers from lifting when the player releases the key. All notes played with the sustain pedal ring until the player releases the sustain pedal (or until the note completely decays). With the dampers not applied, octave, fifth, and other overtones vibrate sympathetically, producing

1419-412: The harder the hammer hits the strings. Baroque-style clavichords and professional synthesizers are aftertouch-sensitive—applied force on the key after the initial strike produces effects such as vibrato or swells in volume . Tracker pipe organs and some electronic organs are displacement-sensitive—partly depressing a key produces a quieter tone. The piano , being velocity-sensitive, responds to

1462-511: The key with the finger, a performer can slightly alter the vibrating length of the string itself, producing a vibrato quality known as bebung . While the vibrato on fretless string instruments such as the violin typically oscillates in pitch both above and below the root note, clavichord bebung only produces pitches above the note. Sheet music does not often explicitly indicate bebung. Composers generally let players apply bebung at their discretion. When sheet music does indicate bebung, it appears as

1505-406: The note. A third form of sensitivity is displacement sensitivity. Displacement-sensitive keyboards are often found on organs . Most mechanical organs, and some electrically actuated organs, are displacement-sensitive, i.e., when a key is partially pressed, the corresponding note (pipe, reed, etc.) in the organ produces a different, quieter sound than when the key is fully pressed. In some organs,

1548-535: The other hand, compared with the IPS, the yield rate of AMOLED is low; the cost is also higher. "Super AMOLED" is a marketing term created by Samsung for an AMOLED display with an integrated touch screen digitizer : the layer that detects touch is integrated into the display, rather than overlaid on top of it and cannot be separated from the display itself. The display technology itself is not improved. According to Samsung, Super AMOLED reflects one-fifth as much sunlight as

1591-417: The pitch or tone frequency may also be altered. Small tabletop organs and accordions often respond similarly, with sound output increasing as keys are pressed further down. Even the small circular accompaniment ("one button chord") keys found on accordions and on some organs exhibit this phenomenon. Accordingly, some electrically actuated organs have retained this form of keyboard expression   —  

1634-670: The rotating Leslie speaker or by engaging a variety of vibrato or chorus effects. Digital "clones" of Hammond organs offer recreations of these effects, along with other effects. The VK-9 digital organ, for example, offers a proximity-sensitive detector that triggers the Leslie speaker, a ring modulator, or other effects. Some effect pedals used with electromechanical keyboards such as the Fender Rhodes electric piano or digital keyboards respond to loudness and so, indirectly, to key velocity. Examples include overdrive pedals, which produce

1677-568: The size of gaps between layers of the screen. Additionally, PenTile technology is often used for a higher resolution display while requiring fewer subpixels than needed otherwise, sometimes resulting in a display less sharp and more grainy than a non-PenTile display with the same resolution. The organic materials used in AMOLED displays are very prone to degradation over a relatively short period of time, resulting in color shifts as one color fades faster than another, image persistence , or burn-in . Flagship smartphones sold in 2020 and 2021 used

1720-749: The speed of the key-press in how fast the hammers strike the strings, which in turn changes the tone and volume of the sound. Several piano predecessors, such as the harpsichord , were not velocity-sensitive like the piano. Some confuse pressure-sensitive with velocity-sensitive . To avoid this confusion, pressure sensitivity is often called aftertouch . The MIDI standard supports both velocity and aftertouch. In general, only high-end electronic keyboards implement true pressure sensitivity, while most professional-quality electronic keyboards support velocity sensitivity. Cheap toy or beginning student electronic keyboards may not even have velocity sensitivity. The clavichord and some electronic keyboards also respond to

1763-442: The tone or sound of a note after it is struck, the way that singers, wind players, or bowed instrument players can do. On some keyboards, sounds or synth voices have a preset pressure sensitivity effect, such as a swell in volume (mimicking a popular idiomatic style of vocal performance with melodies) or the addition of vibrato. On some keyboards—a good example of such an instrument being Yamaha's programmable synthesiser-workstation,

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1806-447: Was met with criticism due to a perception of poor resource planning. The OP-1 includes eleven synthesis engines. For each engine, the OP-1's four knobs act as different macro controllers. In addition to a sampler, the OP-1 is preloaded with sampled drum hits. The synthesizer is monotimbral , with six voices of polyphony . It also includes an FM radio, which can be recorded into the sampler or used to modulate effects. The operating system

1849-463: Was updated in 2014 adding additional effects and features. The OP-1's eleven synthesis engines are FM, Cluster, Digital, DNA, DSynth, Dr Wave, String, Phase, Pulse, Sampler, and Voltage. Each is represented by a different graphic on the display screen. The FM engine is a simple FM synthesizer . The Cluster engine produces a distorted sound reminiscent of the Roland JP-8000 supersaw. DNA is

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