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48-677: In 2021, Terhathum district had a population of 88,731. Tehrathum had a literacy rate of 81.9% and a sex ratio of 1036 females per 1000 males. 34,079 (38.41%) lived in urban municipalities. Ethnicity/caste of Tehrathum district (2021) Ethnicity/caste: 36.40% were Limbu , 19.41% Chhetri , 11.11% Hill Brahmin , 6.91% Tamang , 4.32% Kami , 3.44% Damai /Dholi, 3.26% Gurung , 2.84% Newar , 2.78% Magar , 1.80% Rai , 1.58% Sherpa , 1.50% Sarki and 1.36% Gharti/ Bhujel . Religion: 50.96% were Hindu , 33.20% Kirati , 13.51% Buddhist , 2.08% Christian , and 0.25% others. Languages of Tehrathum district (2021) As their first language in 2021, 50.64% of

96-493: A Limbu wedding take place in the groom's house rather than in the bride's because the bride has to stay with her husband. There are two special dances in this ceremony, one is called Yalakma or dhan nach in Nepali (rice harvest dance) and "Kelangma" IPA: [ke laːŋma] or Chyabrung IPA: [t͡ɕjabruŋ] in Nepali. The Yalakma IPA: [jaˀlaːkma] is characterized by men and women dancing in

144-546: A location in the Tehrathum District of Nepal is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Limbu people The Limbu ( exonym ) / Yakthung ( endonym ) or ( Limbu : ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ) are a Sino-Tibetan ethnolinguistic group indigenous to the Himalayan region of eastern Nepal , Sikkim , Assam , Nagaland , northern West Bengal ( North Bengal ), and western Bhutan . The original name of

192-888: A rich tradition of the Limbu singing their folk songs. Their folk songs can be divided into the following groups: The traditional ritual are done according to the tribes and clans. Some tribes will not eat chicken or buff or mutton while some tribes have different way in celebrating war dance ritual. Alcohol is significantly and religiously important to the Limbu culture. Limbu usually made their traditional dish from homegrown domesticated livestock meats like pork, fish and yak over factory farming . They are also domesticated for religious purpose. In general, they consume dhal bhat tarkari with pickle. Dhal (Lentils soup), bhat (rice), tarkari (vegetables) and different kinds of achar(pickle). Limbu people always use Phedza to prepare meats. Famous Limbu cuisines are There are some taboos while eating

240-468: A slow circle, whereas the Kelangma IPA: [ke laːŋma] consists of complex footwork synchronized with the beat of the drums. Anyone can join the dance, which can last for many hours. The Yalakma IPA: [jaˀlaːkma] can also be a celebration of the harvest season or other social occasions. It is conventionally said that the customs and traditions of Limbus were established in

288-464: A sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu -speaking northern districts of Madras State . The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry , comprising

336-459: A woman's hand is an important ceremony. In that system, the woman can ask for anything, including any amount of gold, silver, etc. This is practiced to confirm that the man is financially secure enough to keep the bride happy. A few days after the wedding, the man's family members have to visit the woman's house with a piglet and some alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, depending upon the financial status of his house. The most important ceremonies of

384-424: Is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories , for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into 806 districts and smaller administrative divisions . The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a state government . The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the union government . On

432-559: Is a title given by the Shah Kings only to Limbu village chiefs. Subba was not an indigenous Yakthung terminology, but now the two terms are almost interchangeable. People often debate about the use of term "Subba" as their surname in Limbu/Yakthung tribe. Only the village chiefs were allowed to use the term Subba in their name. It was how the village chiefs were distinguished from other villagers in Limbu tribe. Family lineage of

480-450: Is an abundance of arable land, productivity is greatly limited by inefficient technology. Excess crops are often traded for food that cannot be grown in the region. Limbu women weave Dhaka fabric cloth on their traditional small hand looms made from bamboo and wood. In the olden days, the Limbu were skilled in silk farming. The Yakthungs (limbus) were also known as silk traders. Limbu generally marry within their own community. A Limbu

528-411: Is becoming popular. The Limbu people also have their own clergy, such as Phedangma IPA: [pʰɛdaŋma] , Samba, Yeba (male) Yeba-Yema IPA: [jɛba/jɛma] (female). Limbu people follow Kirat religion. Some limbu have converted to Christianity. A very different reformist tradition was established by the Limbu guru Phalgunanda , who established the 'Satyahang' religion. Majority of

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576-453: Is described as a forceful power the creator of life on earth. In earthly form, Tagera Ningwaphuma is worship as the goddess Yuma Sammang IPA: [jumɔˀ] and her male counterpart Theba Sammang. The deity Yuma IPA: [jumɔˀ] (literally: "Grandmother" or "Mother Earth") known as "Yuma Samyo" or "Niwaphuma" is the most important and popular among some Limbu and is worshiped in all occasions. Yuma IPA: [jumɔˀ]

624-428: Is not allowed to marry within their own clans for up to 3 generations back to ensure that they are not related. Cross-cousin marriage is not allowed in Limbu culture. Marriage between a man and a woman outside the clan is also possible either by arrangement or by mutual consent of the man and woman in question. Being matriarchal tribe, females are given due respect. The marriages are mostly arranged by parents. Asking for

672-499: Is seen in places like the entry gates, balcony railing of the house, etc. It is also worn by the community people on their left chest during an event. Currently, the traditional houses are endangered. People are also unable to bear expenses for wood carvings for the embroideries which has resulted in the extinction of local craftsmen and hence the traditional design itself. The Limbu practice subsistence farming traditionally. Rice and maize comprises their principal crops. Although there

720-459: Is the mother of all the Limbus, therefore one regards his or her mother as a goddess. They also have many different classes of ritual specialists, of which "Phedangma", "Yema/Yeba" IPA: [jɛma/jɛba] , and "Shamba" are some. Their religion is enshrined in the evergreen Cynodondactylon (Dubo) grass. Traditionally, the Limbu bury their dead, but due to the influence of Hinduism, cremation

768-803: The Crown Colony of Burma . In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes and the Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces ( East Punjab , United Provinces , Central Provinces , Madras , Bombay , Bihar , Orissa , West Bengal and Assam ) and 562 former Indian states. Between 1947 and 1950,

816-630: The United Kingdom , Hong Kong , the United States , and other countries. Limbu (Yakthung) is one of the few Sino-Tibetan languages of the Central Himalayas that possesses its own pre-20th century scripts. The house of the Limbu is a symbolic representation of a goddess of the Limbu community called yuma. The details of the windows and doors are embroidered with wood carvings depicting different flowers which are used by

864-471: The Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra

912-474: The Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu , effective from 26 January 2020. Ladakh UT The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between

960-491: The Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu 's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu . In November 2000, three new states were created, namely: Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa

1008-420: The Limbu during rituals. Some decorative embroideries done in the wood carvings of the door and windows of the house are the direct representation of gold jewelry worn by Limbu women. In a traditional house of the Limbu, the skirting of the wall is generally painted manually with red mud paint. This is also a symbolic representation of the patuka or the belt worn by the Limbu women. The major distinct element of

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1056-481: The Limbu is Yakthung ( ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ) or Yakthum . Limbu males are called Yakthungba or Yakthumba and Limbu females are called "Yakthumma" or "Yakthungma". Ancient texts state that "Yakthung" or "Yakthum" is a derivative of Yaksha and some interpret its meaning as the "Yaksha winner". In the Limbu language (ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ) it means "heroes of the hills" (Yak – hills, thung or thum – heroes or mighty warriors). Subba

1104-674: The Limbu is 700,000, mainly in the districts of Sankhuwasabha , Tehrathum , Dhankuta , Taplejung , Morang , Sunsari , Jhapa , Panchthar , and Ilam in Nepal . These are all within the Koshi Province or " Limbuwan ". Portions of the Limbu population are also located in the eastern and western districts of Sikkim. A smaller population is scattered throughout the cities of Darjeeling , and Kalimpong in West Bengal , Assam , Nagaland , Bhutan , and Myanmar . Some have migrated to

1152-498: The Limbu men during festivals. This was also used to settle personal matters after a festive drinking in which the losing wrestler would have to pay the winner by buying him a drink or inviting him to his house for a drink of traditional tongba IPA: [tɔːŋba] . naːnt͡ɕʰiŋma is the term for wrestling in Yakthung-pan IPA: [jaktʰuŋ paːn] . States and union territories of India India

1200-452: The Limbus in the Sikkim are Hindus who follow Kirati culture. Limbu have a strong belief in "Yumawad". Yumawad is a type of religious scripture which has been kept alive by their religious leaders and handed down verbally from generation to generation. Some of the retellings of Yumawad are also included in Limbu traditional music with social stories, dreams, and everyday life. There has been

1248-538: The Yi-ti-Sai (barbarians bordering on the north), a name which is an exact equivalent of The Limbu/Yakthung, were also one of the earliest inhabitants of Sikkim . Yakthung are known as Tsong in Sikkim and they are original inhabitant of Sikkim. The name of the Indian state itself is a combination of two Limbu words: su , which means "new", and khyim , which means "palace" or "house". The estimated population of

1296-420: The buildings which is only done by limbu tribe. Besides that, display of the symbol called Silam-sakma (a ritualistic element used by the phedangmas or tribal priests) in the house elevation has been a symbol/logo for identifying with the Limbu community. This symbol is diamond shaped and has 9 concentric diamond layers supported by two axes at the centre, one vertical and one horizontal. These days, this symbol

1344-647: The direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions ) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as the representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province. The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as

1392-425: The distant past by Sawa Yethang IPA: [sawa jethaŋ] (council of eight kings). The Limbu follow the social rules and regulation of Mundhum oral 'scripture' and a religious book. Their religion is known as Yumanism. The high god of the Limbu is called Tagera Ningwaphumang IPA: [niŋwaˀpʰuːmaŋ] , which may be translated simply as "Supreme Body of Knowledge". Their God Tagera Ningwaphuma

1440-660: The fierceness from the Yakthung IPA: [jaktʰuŋ] -Tribes' horseback archers for years during the Limbuwan–Gorkha War. Thus, the name "Limbu" was recorded on the papers of the Gorkhas to describe the Yakthung IPA: [jaktʰuŋ] people. However, after the success of the Gorkha invasion, horse breeding and keeping declined swiftly in Limbu territories. Bare-hand Wrestling has also been practised among

1488-549: The foods. They use a variety of plants and herbs for medicine. Limbu always welcome their guests with foods, Tongba (traditional beverage millet beer), Rakshi (traditional alcoholic beverage), Lassi (yoghurt milk drink), water and homemade fruit juices. Limbu musical instruments include the following: For the Limbu people, Archery has always been considered as the main traditional sport. Archery often involves religious demonstrations and rituals. Historically, Limbu cavalry archers were important when resisting invasions before

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1536-587: The former French enclaves of Pondichéry , Karikal , Yanaon and Mahé , was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962. Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli , declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli . In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised

1584-541: The house in the muring-sitlam or the main pillar/column of the house which is in the centre of the house in the ground floor. This pillar is generally believed by the Limbu people as the shrine where Yuma goddess resides in the house. Thus, to pay their gratitude they perform ritualistic prayers and offerings around the pillar, usually twice a year. These houses can be found at Eastern Nepal and western part of Sikkim, India. These houses are similar to other communities due to acculturation between different communities living in

1632-472: The other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government. The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown . The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies. A province consisted of territory under

1680-431: The population spoke Nepali , 33.96% Limbu , 6.26% Tamang , 2.50% Magar , 1.36% Gurung , 1.25% Sherpa and 1.06% Newar . In 2011, 49.84% of the population spoke Nepali as their first language. Tehrathum District consists of the following six subdivisions: Official website [REDACTED] 27°15′N 87°35′E  /  27.250°N 87.583°E  / 27.250; 87.583 This article about

1728-564: The pre-Nepal era. The word Limbu itself came from the word Lim-pfungh which in translation means "Shooting-Arrows" or "Act of archery". There are legends about the beginning of the Limbuwan–Gorkha War . In these legends, a Gorkha military general met a Yakthung IPA: [jaktʰuŋ] hunter in a forest. When the general asked the hunter about his presence and what he was doing, the Yakthung IPA: [jaktʰuŋ] hunter replied "Lim-pfungh". The Gorkha army later experienced

1776-466: The provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule. The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a Premier in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and

1824-639: The provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency. In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures . All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma

1872-526: The representative of the Emperor . In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government. A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within

1920-495: The states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states. As a result of this act: Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and

1968-552: The territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union . Most were merged into existing provinces. Others were organised into new provinces and states , such as Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh , Malwa Union , Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union , and Patiala and East Punjab States Union , made up of multiple princely states. A few, including Mysore , Hyderabad , Bhopal , and Bilaspur , became separate states. The new Constitution of India , which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India

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2016-415: The transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh . The act designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana. Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur , Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of

2064-404: The vicinity. The evolution of the form and spaces of the houses have been inspired by the everyday lifestyle and culture of the people which is similar in many communities. Therefore, nowadays a Limbu house is difficult to identify through an exterior perspective. Use of geometrical shapes as circle, triangle and square in certain pattern, painted with different colors can be found on the facade of

2112-416: The village chiefs are often found with their surname as Subba. Their history is said to be written in a book called Bangsawoli (Genealogy), also known as Bansawali. Some ancient families have kept copies. There are hundreds of Limbu clans and tribes , classified under their tribe or subnational entity or according to their place of origin. The Chinese text Po-ou-Yeo-Jing , translated in 308 AD, refers to

2160-506: Was given a special status and made an autonomous province. The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One of the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors. This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all

2208-593: Was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh . In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 , which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh , effective from 31 October 2019. Later that year in November,

2256-399: Was responsible to the provincial legislature. Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as

2304-501: Was separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh . The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the governor-general of India , who functioned as

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