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77-663: In Ethiopia, tej is often homemade or served at tej houses, and is often served in a flask -like pitcher or bottle, called a berele . A different beverage, berz , is Ethiopian honey water. Tej has an extensive history in Ethiopian society and is thought to be one of the oldest alcoholic beverages ever produced. Although tej is largely consumed in Ethiopia, it is not restricted to Ethiopia. Tej has been consumed for generations in other countries including Eritrea and other variations of fermented honey beverages have been made throughout

154-408: A carcinogenic compound. The United States Food and Drug Administration warns that consumption of aristolochic acid-containing products is associated with "permanent kidney damage, sometimes resulting in kidney failure that has required kidney dialysis or kidney transplantation. In addition, some patients have developed certain types of cancers, most often occurring in the urinary tract." Raw ginger

231-456: A carbonated beverage and also fresh in their homes. Ginger tea is often made from fresh ginger, as well as the famous regional specialty Jamaican ginger cake. In Western cuisine , ginger is traditionally used mainly in sweet foods such as ginger ale , gingerbread , ginger snaps , parkin , and speculaas . A ginger-flavored liqueur called Canton is produced in Jarnac , France. Ginger wine

308-416: A flat bottom. It is designed for uniform heating, boiling, distillation and ease of swirling; it is produced in a number of different glass thicknesses to stand different types of use. They are often made of borosilicate glass for heat and chemical resistance. Traditional Florence flasks typically do not have a ground glass joint on their rather longer necks, but typically have a slight lip or flange around

385-566: A folk medicine. Ginger can be used for a variety of food items such as vegetables, candy, soda, pickles, and alcoholic beverages. Ginger is a fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a mild taste. They are often pickled in vinegar or sherry as a snack or cooked as an ingredient in many dishes. They can be steeped in boiling water to make ginger herb tea , to which honey may be added. Ginger can be made into candy or ginger wine . Mature ginger rhizomes are fibrous and nearly dry. The juice from ginger roots

462-525: A meeting with the Ethiopian emperor at the time, Emperor Theodorus , he was offered a large bottle of old and clear tej. He was requested to drink it despite his aversion towards it, previously describing tej as so sour it was undrinkable. He tried some and stated he enjoyed it more so than any other alcoholic beverage he had tried previously in Ethiopia. Tej and honey wines in general are considered to be primitive types of wine that are cloudy, yellowish in colour, sweet and effervescent . The specific flavour of

539-534: A number of different brands of tej available for purchase, each of which have different flavours and alcohol content. Traditional alcoholic beverages such as tej can be vital sources of calories as well as a source of vitamin B. The presence of vitamin B in tej is a result of the fermenting yeasts, substrate residue and other different microorganisms. Two of the ingredients used in the making of tej, honey and Rhamnus prinoides , also have medicinal importance. Another ingredient occasionally used in tej, Rhamnus staddo ,

616-644: A portion of their produce to village traders who collect produce right at the farm gate. Once the produce is collected, it is transported to the closest assembly market where it is then taken to main regional or district level marketing centres. Farmers with a large yield of produce will directly take their produce to local or regional markets. Once the produce has "reached [the] regional level markets, they are cleaned, graded, and packed in sacks of about 60 kg". They are then moved to terminal markets such as in New Delhi, Kochi, and Bombay. States from which ginger

693-420: A variety of nuts and seeds. In Thailand' where it is called ขิง khing , it is used to make a ginger garlic paste in cooking. In Indonesia , a beverage called wedang jahe is made from ginger and palm sugar . Indonesians also use ground ginger root, called jahe , as a common ingredient in local recipes. In Malaysia , ginger is called halia and used in many kinds of dishes, especially soups. Called luya in

770-461: A variety of these different roots of plants, barks or herbal ingredients to their brew in order to improve the overall flavour and potency of the tej. As a result of this, producers of tej often do not disclose the exact ingredients added to their specific concoction. Generally during the fermentation process, tej is left for a week or longer in warmer weather, and in cooler climates is generally left for 15 to 20 days. The fermentation of tej depends on

847-430: Is 7 to 11% or 7 to 14%. Research has been conducted on tej with alcohol content levels as low as 2.7% and as high as 21.7%. The pH of tej was found to range from 3.02 to 4.90, meaning it is acidic. This was further confirmed by the titratable acidity levels. These levels, again, could vary as a result of the spontaneous nature of fermentation. However, the mean pH level identified by Bahiru, Mehari & Ashenafi (2001)

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924-653: Is 79% water, 18% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and 1% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw ginger supplies 333 kilojoules (80 kilocalories) of food energy and moderate amounts of potassium (14% of the Daily Value , DV), magnesium (10% DV) and manganese (10% DV), but otherwise is low in micronutrient content (table). If consumed in reasonable quantities, ginger has few negative side effects , although large amounts may cause adverse events , such as gastrointestinal discomfort, and undesirable interactions with prescription drugs . It

1001-412: Is a cysteine protease and has similar properties to rennet . Evidence that ginger use is associated with reduced nausea during pregnancy is of low quality. There is no good evidence ginger helps alleviate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. There is no clear evidence that taking ginger to treat nausea during pregnancy is safe. Ginger is not effective for treating dysmenorrhea . There

1078-482: Is a perennial reed -like plant with annual leafy stems, about a meter (3 to 4 feet) tall. Traditionally, the rhizome is gathered when the stalk withers ; it is immediately scalded , or washed and scraped, to kill it and prevent sprouting . The fragrant perisperm of the Zingiberaceae is used as sweetmeats by Bantu , and also as a condiment and sialagogue . Source: Food and Agricultural Organization of

1155-653: Is a ginger-flavoured wine produced in the United Kingdom, traditionally sold in a green glass bottle. Ginger is also used as a spice added to hot coffee and tea. On the island of Corfu , Greece, a traditional drink called τσιτσιμπύρα ( tsitsibira ), a type of ginger beer , is made. The people of Corfu and the rest of the Ionian islands adopted the drink from the British, during the period of the United States of

1232-438: Is a result of the different stages that the randomized microflora , present in the ingredients of tej, are in. The amount and type of the specific yeast species present in each tej also creates differentiations, as it results in differing chemical compositions that would create variations even if the tej came from the same source. It is also due to the spontaneous nature of fermentation which makes each tej unique. The honey which

1309-470: Is a summer yogurt drink made with ginger as a key ingredient, along with green chillies, salt and curry leaves. Ginger powder is used in food preparations intended primarily for pregnant or nursing women, the most popular one being katlu , which is a mixture of gum resin, ghee , nuts, and sugar. Ginger is also consumed in candied and pickled form. In Japan, ginger is pickled to make beni shōga and gari or grated and used raw on tofu or noodles . It

1386-413: Is added to the grand mixture. The vessel containing the mixture is then sealed airtight at the mouth using a cotton cloth. It is then left to ferment for a period of time that can generally range from a few days to months; however, the mixture needs to be stirred daily. After the mixture has fermented for the desired period of time, it needs to be filtered through a cloth before consumption in order to remove

1463-433: Is an ingredient in traditional Indian drinks, both cold and hot, including spiced masala chai . Fresh ginger is one of the main spices used for making pulse and lentil curries and other vegetable preparations. Fresh ginger together with peeled garlic cloves is crushed or ground to form ginger garlic masala . Fresh, as well as dried, ginger is used to spice tea and coffee, especially in winter. In south India, "sambharam"

1540-461: Is being examined as a possible antimalarial candidate. As an alcoholic beverage and ergo a depressant , tej also has potential negative impacts. These impacts are usually associated with risk of dependency and the related potential health risks. Tej has been linked to alcoholism in Ethiopia as a result of two main factors. One such factor is its strong presence and sociocultural significance, which causes it to appear in multiple celebrations throughout

1617-535: Is commonly paired with meat, when it is cooked. Candied ginger is sometimes a component of Chinese candy boxes, and a herbal tea can be prepared from ginger. Raw ginger juice can be used to set milk and make a dessert , ginger milk curd . In the Caribbean , ginger is a popular spice for cooking and for making drinks such as sorrel , a drink made during the Christmas season. Jamaicans make ginger beer both as

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1694-515: Is effective for treating any disease, and use of ginger as a drug has not been approved by the FDA . In 2020, world production of ginger was 4.3 million tonnes , led by India with 43% of the world total. The English origin of the word "ginger" is from the mid-14th century, from Old English gingifer , which derives in turn from the Medieval Latin gingiber , gingiber from

1771-475: Is exported follow the marketing channels of vegetable marketing in India, and the steps are similar to those when transported domestically. However, instead of reaching a terminal market after the regional forwarding centres, the produce will reach an export market and then be sent off by vehicle, plane or boat to reach its final international destination, where it will arrive at a local retail market and finally reach

1848-485: Is made into a candy called shoga no sato zuke . In the traditional Korean kimchi , ginger is either finely minced or just juiced to avoid the fibrous texture and added to the ingredients of the spicy paste just before the fermenting process. In Myanmar , ginger is called gyin . It is widely used in cooking and as a main ingredient in traditional medicines . It is consumed as a salad dish called gyin-thot , which consists of shredded ginger preserved in oil, with

1925-485: Is often used as a seasoning in Indian recipes and is a common ingredient of Chinese , Korean , Japanese , Vietnamese , and many South Asian cuisines for flavoring dishes such as seafood , meat , and vegetarian dishes . In Indian cuisine, ginger is a key ingredient, especially in thicker gravies, as well as in many other dishes, both vegetarian and meat-based. Ginger has a role in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It

2002-533: Is on the FDA 's " generally recognized as safe " list, though it does interact with some medications, including the anticoagulant drug warfarin and the cardiovascular drug nifedipine . The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from volatile oils that compose 1–3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of sesquiterpenes , such as beta-bisabolene and zingiberene , zingerone , shogaols , and gingerols with [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as

2079-560: Is some evidence for it having an anti-inflammatory effect, and improving digestive function, but insufficient evidence for it affecting pain in osteoarthritis . The evidence that ginger retards blood clotting is mixed. A 2018 review found evidence that ginger could decrease body weight in obese subjects and increase HDL-cholesterol . Although generally recognized as safe , ginger can cause heartburn and other side effects, particularly if taken in powdered form. It may adversely affect individuals with gallstones , and may interfere with

2156-577: Is the "largest producer of ginger in the world". Regions in southwest and Northeast India are most suitable for ginger production due to their warm and humid climate, average rainfall and land space. Ginger has the ability to grow in a wide variety of land types and areas, however is best produced when grown in a warm, humid environment, at an elevation between 300 and 900 m (1,000 and 3,000 ft), and in well-drained soils at least 30 cm deep. A period of low rainfall prior to growing and well-distributed rainfall during growing are also essential for

2233-492: Is the harvesting stage. When the rhizome is planted for products such as vegetable, soda, and candy, harvesting should be done between four and five months of planting, whereas when the rhizome is planted for products such as dried ginger or ginger oil, harvesting must be done eight to ten months after planting. Dry ginger is one of the most popular forms of ginger in commerce. Ginger rhizomes for dry ginger are harvested at full maturity (8–10 months). After soaking them in water,

2310-514: Is the root cooked in sugar until soft, and is a type of confectionery . Fresh ginger may be peeled before eating. For longer-term storage, the ginger can be placed in a plastic bag and refrigerated or frozen. Ginger is used in Iranian cuisine . Ginger bread is a kind of cookie traditionally prepared in the city of Gorgan on the holiday of Nowruz (New Year's Day). Other members of the family Zingiberaceae are used in similar ways. They include

2387-676: The Analects , written by the Disciples of Confucius in China during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). In it, Confucius was said to eat ginger with every meal. In 406, the monk Faxian wrote that ginger was grown in pots and carried on Chinese ships to prevent scurvy . During the Song dynasty (960–1279), ginger was being imported into China from southern countries. Ginger

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2464-400: The myoga ( Zingiber mioga ), the several types of galangal , the fingerroot ( Boesenbergia rotunda ), and the bitter ginger ( Zingiber zerumbet ). A dicotyledonous native species of eastern North America, Asarum canadense , is also known as " wild ginger ", and its root has similar aromatic properties, but it is not related to true ginger. The plant contains aristolochic acid ,

2541-742: The Pacific Islands in prehistory, long before any contact with other civilizations. Reflexes of the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian word * laqia are found in Austronesian languages all the way to Hawaii . They also presumably introduced it to India along with other Southeast Asian food plants and Austronesian sailing technologies , during early contact by Austronesian sailors with the Dravidian -speaking peoples of Sri Lanka and South India at around 3,500 BP . It

2618-468: The Philippines , ginger is a common ingredient in local dishes and is brewed as a tea called salabat . In Vietnam , the fresh leaves, finely chopped, can be added to shrimp-and-yam soup ( canh khoai mỡ ) as a top garnish and spice to add a much subtler flavor of ginger than the chopped root. In China, sliced or whole ginger root is often paired with savory dishes such as fish, and chopped ginger root

2695-476: The Rhamnus prinoides and any sediment. Other ingredients and modifications in the steps of production can be introduced to create different variations of tej with different flavours. These can include smoking the fermentation pot in order to achieve a smoky flavour, adding various spices such as ginger or tamarind , other plants such as khat ( Catha edulis ), and using crude honey as opposed to refined due to

2772-423: The 1500s. He wrote of his experience with Ethiopian wine, specifically mentioning that 'wine of honey' was the best of all. He also recounted a celebration he attended which involved the consumption of tej. He detailed the fact that they were encouraged to continuously drink copious amounts of the honey wine during the celebration. Another Portuguese missionary, Jeronimo Lobo , had experience with tej in Ethiopia in

2849-407: The 1600s. He wrote that the Ethiopian people commonly drank beer and mead, and people generally drank in excess when gathered together. He also mentioned that it was considered poor manners to allow guests to go without a drink and that the tej was always served by a servant. Hormuzd Rassam , an Iraqi-Assyrian Assyriologist , wrote of his own experiences with tej in his book published in 1869. After

2926-712: The Greek ζιγγίβερις zingiberis from the Prakrit (Middle Indic) siṅgabera , and siṅgabera from the Sanskrit śṛṅgavera . The Sanskrit word is thought to come from an ancient Dravidian word that also produced the Tamil and Malayalam term iñci-vēr (from vēr , "root"); an alternative explanation is that the Sanskrit word comes from srngam , meaning "horn", and vera , meaning "body" (describing

3003-512: The Ionian Islands . Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of six to one, although the flavours of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavouring for recipes such as gingerbread , cookies , crackers and cakes, ginger ale , and ginger beer . Candied or crystallized ginger , known in the UK as " stem ginger ",

3080-657: The True Cross ( Meskel ). The social events consist of occasions like inaugural ceremonies, weddings and festivals. Its frequent use during these occasions and extensive history make tej Ethiopia's national drink. Ethiopia produces the largest amount of honey in Africa, creating approximately 45,300 tonnes (49,900 short tons) annually. The second largest producer is Tanzania , which produces approximately 8,000 tonnes (8,800 short tons) annually. The amount of honey produced showcases its and tej's importance in Ethiopian society. From

3157-534: The United Arab Emirates, Morocco, the United States, Yemen Republic, the United Kingdom, and Netherlands". Though India is the largest ginger producer in the world, it fails to play the role of a large exporter and only accounts for about 1.17% of total ginger exports. Ginger farming in India is a costly and risky business, as farmers do not gain much money from exports and "more than 65% of

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3234-516: The United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) In 2020, global production of ginger was 4.3 million tonnes , led by India with 43% of the world total. Nigeria , China , and Nepal also had substantial production. Though it is grown in many areas across the globe, ginger is "among the earliest recorded spices to be cultivated and exported from southwest India". India holds the seventh position in ginger export worldwide, however

3311-402: The belief it creates a better mead. Early productions of tej also included roasted barley in order to provoke the fermentation process. These early makings of tej would usually only ferment for 5 to 6 days and were meant to be drunk after, not with, the meal. The bark or wood of another related plant, the shrub Rhamnus staddo (sado wood), is also sometimes added to tej. Tej makers generally add

3388-482: The consumer once purchased. Dry ginger is most popularly traded between Asian countries through a unique distribution system involving a network of small retail outlets. Fresh and preserved ginger are often sold directly to supermarket chains, and in some countries fresh ginger is seen exclusively in small shops unique to certain ethnic communities. India frequently exports its ginger and other vegetable produce to nearby Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as "Saudi Arabia,

3465-531: The contents of the yeasts present in it. These yeasts largely come from the Saccharomyces genus; which are commonly the catalysts of the reaction when converting sugars into ethanol . Yeasts in particular are some of the most dominant microorganisms present in tej. Research into these yeasts determined that over 25% of the yeasts that ferment tej are from the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Other yeasts, such as Kluyveromyces bulgaricus which made up 16% of

3542-463: The continent, for example other honey meads such as Tanzanian wanzuki and Kenyan muratina. It is not known exactly when honey, water and gesho were first mixed together to create tej. However, excavations at Axum , an Ethiopian city that was the capital of the ancient Aksumite empire , have found evidence of the consumption of honey wine as well as its possible use in rituals in the city. The Aksumite empire existed from 80BC to 825AD, as such suggesting

3619-444: The different micro-organisms that are present in the ingredients, specifically, their substrates. The lactic acid bacteria present during the making of tej are known to generate an array of chemical compounds during the fermentation process. The acidity, distinctive flavour and aroma of tej are created by the metabolic products of these bacteria. The microorganisms present on the equipment and fermentation vats also cause variations in

3696-508: The existence of tej for many centuries. Furthermore, fermented honey drinks are thought to be some of the oldest alcoholic beverages in existence. The discovery of such drinks has been attributed to people in the Northern and Eastern African regions. Prior to the 1900s, tej was only consumed by the King and others in his presence. It was also only produced in the houses of ruling classes. Honey,

3773-399: The farmer to break up the soil. After the soil is sufficiently ploughed (at least 3–5 times), water channels are made 60–80 feet (18–24 m) apart to irrigate the crop. The next step is planting the rhizome seed. In India, planting the irrigated ginger crop is usually done in the months between March and June as those months account for the beginning of the monsoon, or rainy season. Once

3850-408: The firmness of the soil from rain, and conserve soil moisture. Farmers must ensure that their ginger crops are receiving supplemental irrigation if rainfall is low in their region. In India, farmers must irrigate their ginger crops every two weeks at the least between September and November (when the monsoon is over) to ensure maximum yield and high quality product. The final farming stage for ginger

3927-405: The genus Asarum are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste. Ginger has been used in traditional medicine in China, India and Japan for centuries, and as a dietary supplement . There is no good evidence that ginger helps alleviate nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy or chemotherapy , and its safety has not been demonstrated. It remains uncertain whether ginger

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4004-405: The ginger to thrive well in the soil. Ginger produced in India is most often farmed through homestead farming, with work adaptively shared by available family and community members. The size of the ginger rhizome is essential to the production of ginger. The larger the rhizome piece, the faster ginger will be produced and therefore the faster it will be sold onto the market. Prior to planting

4081-424: The key ingredient in the production of tej, was received as a tax and land rent from the other working classes during that time period. It is now made and available to the broader Ethiopian population and has become the national drink of Ethiopia. One of the first western written accounts of Ethiopia was created by Father Francisco Álvares , a Portuguese priest that lived in Ethiopia with his mission for six years in

4158-440: The leading export crop on both Hispaniola and Puerto Rico by the end of the century, until the introduction of slave labour from Africa made sugar more economical to produce in the 17th century. Ginger produces clusters of white and pink flower buds that bloom into yellow flowers. Because of its aesthetic appeal and the adaptation of the plant to warm climates, it is often used as landscaping around subtropical homes. It

4235-530: The leaves were used to flavour food or eaten directly. The leaves were also used to weave mats. Aside from these uses, ginger had religious significance among Austronesians, being used in rituals for healing and for asking protection from spirits. It was also used in the blessing of Austronesian ships . Ginger was carried with them in their voyages as canoe plants during the Austronesian expansion , starting from around 5,000 BP . They introduced it to

4312-477: The major pungent compound. Some 400 chemical compounds exist in raw ginger. Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma. Shogaols are more pungent, and are formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity. Numerous monoterpenes , amino acids , dietary fiber , protein, phytosterols , vitamins , and dietary minerals are other constituents. Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme zingibain which

4389-453: The outer skin is scraped off with a bamboo splinter or wooden knife by hand as it is too delicate a process to be done by machinery. The whole dried rhizomes are ground in the consuming centres. Fresh ginger does not need further processing after harvest, and it is harvested much younger. Ginger is sent through various stages to be transported to its final destination either domestically or internationally. The journey begins when farmers sell

4466-402: The planting stage is done, farmers go on to mulch the crop to conserve moisture and check weed growth, as well as check surface run-off to conserve soil. Mulching is done by applying mulch (green leaves for example) to the plant beds directly after planting and again 45 and 90 days into growth. After mulching comes hilling, which is the stirring and breaking up of soil to check weed growth, break

4543-422: The pollen functions as a yeast nutrient. The use of honey in the production of tej also results in a significant level of sugar content. Sugars constitute about 80% of honey and dependent on the ratio of honey to water used to create the specific tej, the overall diluted sugar content of the honey generally ranges from 13 to 27%. Alcohol content can also vary greatly between different types of tej. The typical range

4620-488: The rolled bases of leaves) about one meter tall, bearing narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences bear flowers having pale yellow petals with purple edges, and arise directly from the rhizome on separate shoots. Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae , which also includes turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum ), and galangal . Ginger originated in Maritime Southeast Asia and

4697-402: The seed rhizomes, farmers are required to treat the seeds to prevent pests, and rhizome rot and other seed-borne diseases . Various ways Indian farmers do seed treatment include dipping the seeds in cow dung emulsion, smoking the seeds before storage, and hot water treatment. Once the seeds are properly treated, the farmland in which they are to be planted must be thoroughly dug or ploughed by

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4774-761: The shape of its root), but that may be folk etymology . The word probably was readopted in Middle English from the Old French gingibre (modern French gingembre ). Ginger originated from Maritime Southeast Asia . It is a true cultigen and does not exist in its wild state. The most ancient evidence of its domestication is among the Austronesian peoples where it was among several species of ginger cultivated and exploited since ancient times. They cultivated other gingers including turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), white turmeric ( Curcuma zedoaria ), and bitter ginger ( Zingiber zerumbet ). The rhizomes and

4851-634: The southern coast of Sweden in the summer of 1495 while conveying King Hans to a summit with the Swedish Council. Among the luxuries carried on the ship were ginger, cloves, saffron, and pepper. Ginger was smuggled onto the Caribbean islands from Asia sometime in the 16th century, along with black pepper , cloves , and cinnamon , at the encouragement of the Spanish Crown, though only ginger thrived. It eventually displaced sugar to become

4928-412: The tej. Tej is most often produced through homebrewing and is therefore very readily available to much of the Ethiopian population. As a result of this and the drink's long history, it is used during a number of different important religious and social events. Some of these special religious occasions include Christmas, New Year ( Enkutatash ), Epiphany ( Timkat ), Easter ( Fasika ), and the discovery of

5005-427: The tip of the neck. The common volume for a Florence flask is 1 litre . This glass -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ginger Ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) is a flowering plant whose rhizome , ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine . It is an herbaceous perennial that grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of

5082-411: The total cost incurred is toward labor and seed material purchase". The farm owner may benefit given that there is no losses in production or price decreases, which is not easily avoidable. Production of dry ginger proves to have a higher benefit-cost ratio, as well as ginger cultivated in intercropping systems rather than as a pure crop. Ginger is a common spice used worldwide, whether for meals or as

5159-438: The total honey produced in Ethiopia, around 80% is used in the production of tej. Therefore, tej also plays an important role in daily life, with honey and honey wines being used for bartering. Tej is commonly consumed in and produced by tej houses, called tejbet . These are located across Ethiopia in villages, towns and cities. Tej is also commercially produced by breweries both within Ethiopia and globally. Subsequently, there are

5236-511: The total, also contribute to the fermentation process. The yeasts specifically belonging to the Kluyveromyces and Saccharomyces species have also been reported to be important in the fermentation of various other wines. Tej has been studied due to its various chemical and nutritional properties as well as its unique fermentation process. A study by Bahiru, Mehari & Ashenafi (2001) found that each tej has physico-chemical variations. This

5313-400: The wine largely depends on which area in which the bees have collected nectar to produce the honey and especially the climate there. Whilst the exact steps of tej making may differ between different people, it is most frequently made from a mixture of one part honey to five parts water. However, a less expensive version of tej can be made by replacing some of the honey with sugar. In this case,

5390-399: The year. The other is because of its nature as a largely home-brewed drink, which makes it easier to attain and afford for most people. Studies have also suggested that tej poses health threats due to its high alcoholic strength. High methanol concentration in tej was another factor identified as a potential hazard to human health. Tej takes on its yellow, cloudy and effervescent nature due to

5467-405: The yellow colour is then created by adding a natural yellow food colouring. The mixture of honey and water is then stirred in a Genbo or Etro (a traditional narrow mouthed vessel), until the honey completely dissolves. The stems and leaves of Rhamnus prinoides are then chopped and boiled in either water or a small portion of the grand mixture. This is done for roughly 45 minutes and once finished it

5544-678: Was also carried by Austronesian voyagers into Madagascar and the Comoros in the 1st millennium CE. From India, it was carried by traders into the Middle East and the Mediterranean by around the 1st century CE. It was primarily grown in southern India and the Greater Sunda Islands during the spice trade , along with peppers , cloves , and numerous other spices. The first written record of ginger comes from

5621-579: Was imported into Europe in increased quantity during the Middle Ages after European tastes shifted favorably towards its culinary properties; during this time, ginger was described in the official pharmacopeias of several countries. In 14th century England, a pound of ginger cost as much as a sheep. Archaeological evidence of ginger in northwest Europe comes from the wreck of the Danish-Norwegian flagship, Gribshunden . The ship sank off

5698-798: Was introduced to the Mediterranean by the Arabs, and described by writers like Dioscorides (40–90) and Pliny the Elder (24–79). In 150, Ptolemy noted that ginger was produced in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Ginger—along with its relative, galangal —was imported into the Roman Empire as part of very expensive herbal remedies that only the wealthy could afford, e.g. for the kidneys. Aëtius of Amida describes both ginger and galangal as ingredients in his complex herbal prescriptions. Raw and preserved ginger

5775-519: Was likely domesticated first by the Austronesian peoples . It was transported with them throughout the Indo-Pacific during the Austronesian expansion ( c.  5,000 BP ), reaching as far as Hawaii . Ginger is one of the first spices to have been exported from Asia, arriving in Europe with the spice trade , and was used by ancient Greeks and Romans . The distantly related dicots in

5852-402: Was significantly higher than other alcoholic beverages such as Korean honey wine, Nigerian oil-palm wine and African mango juice wine. Florence flask A Florence flask / boiling flask is a type of flask used as an item of laboratory glassware and is named after the city Florence . It is used as a container to hold liquids. A Florence flask has a round body, a long neck, and often

5929-438: Was used to create tej in the past, and still today, was generally collected from wild nests or produced in ‘traditional barrel-type hives’. As a result of this gathering method, the honey also contained wax, pollen, bees and broken combs. These additions; however, served a purpose in the production of tej. The remaining wax floating on the surface of the mixture can make the fermentation process more anaerobic (less oxygenated) and

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