The Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 ( Portuguese : Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990 ) is an international treaty whose purpose is to create a unified orthography for the Portuguese language , to be used by all the countries that have Portuguese as their official language . It was signed in Lisbon , on 16 December 1990, at the end of a negotiation, begun in 1980, between the Sciences Academy of Lisbon and the Brazilian Academy of Letters . The signatories included official representatives from all of the Portuguese-language countries except East Timor , which was under Indonesian occupation at the time, but later adhered to the Agreement, in 2004.
76-529: Tejo River is a river of Acre state in western Brazil . 8°59′01″S 72°42′56″W / 8.9837°S 72.7156°W / -8.9837; -72.7156 This article related to a river in Acre is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Acre (state) Acre ( Portuguese: [ˈakɾi] ) is a state located in the west of the North Region of Brazil and
152-555: A Cearense lawyer, José Carvalho, led an armed movement, which culminated in the expulsion of the Bolivian authorities. Shortly thereafter, Bolivia began negotiations with an Anglo-American trust, the Bolivian Syndicate , in order to promote, with exceptional force (exacting of taxes, armed force), the political and economic incorporation of Acre into its territory. The governor of Amazonas , Ramalho Júnior , informed of
228-729: A "Second Amending Protocol for the Orthographic Agreement" that, apart from permitting the addition of East Timor , provided that, instead of ratification by all countries, ratification by three members would suffice for it to take effect. Vasco Graça Moura , writer and former member of the European Parliament , the best-known of the agreement's detractors, maintains that the Second Amending Protocol, like any other international convention, only obligates its implementation in each country if it
304-460: A consensus among linguists , philologists , scholars , journalists , writers , translators and figures of the arts, politics and business of the Brazilian and Portuguese societies. Therefore, its application has been the object of disagreements for linguistic, political, economic and legal reasons. There are even some who claim the unconstitutionality of the treaty. Some others claim that
380-557: A diverse cuisine. It combines sun-dried meat ( carne-de-sol ) with pirarucu , a typical fish of the region. Such dishes are seasoned with tucupi , a sauce made from manioc . Fluvial transport , concentrated on the Juruá and Moa rivers, in the western part of the state, and the Tarauacá and Envira rivers in the northwest, is the principal form of transportation, especially between November and June. Heavy seasonal rains frequently make
456-620: A plan for colonial settlement. At that time, João Rodrigues Cametá initiated the conquest of the Purús River ; Manuel Urbano da Encarnação, an Indian with extensive knowledge of the region, reached the Acre River , traveling up it as far as the vicinity of the Xapuri ; and João da Cunha Correia reached the drainage basin of the upper Tarauacá . For the most part, these expeditions took place on Bolivian land. Exploitative activities,
532-463: A transliteration by European explorers of the term Umákürü , or Uakiry , from the Ipurinã dialect. Another hypothesis is that Acquiri derives from Yasi'ri , or Ysi'ri , meaning "flowing or swift water". According to one account, agriculturist João Gabriel de Carvalho Melo wrote during an 1878 trip on the Purús River to merchant Viscount of Santo Elias (from Pará), asking him for goods to be sent to
608-401: A treaty was signed that completed the political integration of Acre into Brazilian territory. Exercising a prominent role in national exports until 1913, when rubber was introduced to European and North American markets, Acre enjoyed a period of great prosperity . At the start of the 20th century, in a period of less than ten years, it grew to have more than 50,000 inhabitants. From 1946 on,
684-528: Is Rio Branco . Other important places include Cruzeiro do Sul , Sena Madureira , Tarauacá and Feijó . The state, which has 0.42% of the Brazilian population, generates 0.2% of the Brazilian GDP . Intense extractive activity in the rubber industry, which reached its height in the early 20th century, attracted Brazilians from many regions to the state. From the mixture of sulista , southeastern Brazil , nordestino , and indigenous traditions arose
760-450: Is found the Serra da Contamana or Serra do Divisor, along the western border , with the highest altitudes in the state (609 m; 1,998 ft). About 63% of the state 's surface lies between 200 and 300 m (660 and 980 ft) in height; 16% between 300 and 609 (984 and 1,998 ft); and 21% between 200 and 135 (656 and 443 ft). The climate is hot and very humid , of
836-408: Is ratified by all signatories, something that has not yet occurred. In other words, only after all countries ratify the treaty are they obligated to implement the changes domestically after ratification by three members. The rationality of a legal treaty that obliges a country to adopt another treaty if approved by third countries is disputed. This argument of the 2004 ratification's purported illegality
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#1732771993884912-399: Is thought to have been inhabited by Pre-Columbian civilizations since at least 2,100 years ago. Evidence includes complex geoglyphs of this age found in the area. The natives who crafted them are believed to have had a relatively advanced knowledge of this technology. Since at least the early 15th century, the region has been inhabited by peoples who spoke Panoan languages ; their territory
988-584: The Am type in the Köppen climate classification system, and the monthly average temperatures vary between 24 and 27 °C (75 and 81 °F), being the lowest average of the North Region. The rainfall reaches an annual total of 2,100 mm (83 in), with a clear dry season in the months of June, July, and August. The Amazon Rainforest covers all of the state territory. Very rich in rubber trees of
1064-483: The Amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine " wilderness ", has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years. Traditional ancient practices included forest gardening . Ondemar Dias is credited as the first to discover the geoglyphs in 1977. Alceu Ranzi expanded their findings by flying over Acre. During the 17th century, Portuguese expeditions reached many of the far ends of present-day Brazil. The expansion of
1140-617: The Amazonia Legal . Located in the westernmost part of the country, at a two-hour time difference from Brasília , Acre is bordered clockwise by the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rondônia to the north and east, along with an international border with the Bolivian department of Pando to the southeast, and the Peruvian regions of Madre de Dios , Ucayali and Loreto to the south and west. Its capital and largest city
1216-557: The BR-364 impassable in those months; it usually connects Rio Branco to Cruzeiro do Sul. The name, which was given to the territory in 1904, and to the state in 1962, is derived from one of the local rivers, perhaps originates from the Tupi word a'kir ü "green river", or from the form a'kir , of the Tupi word ker , "to sleep, to rest". It is believed more likely to be derived from Aquiri ,
1292-621: The Beni and Mamoré rivers, running eastward to the headwaters of the Javari River , even though the source of this river was not yet known. As the price of rubber rose in the market, the demand for it grew. The race to the Amazon increased. Plantations multiplied in the valleys of the Acre, Purús and, farther west, the Tarauacá . In the year 1873–1874, in the drainage basin of the Purús,
1368-693: The Mamoré and Guaporé to their maximum western limits on the left bank of the Javari as the border between the Spanish and Portuguese territories. The Portuguese created the new royal captaincy of Mato Grosso (1751), stimulating settlement toward the frontier. New centers developed: Vila Bela (1752) on the banks of the Guaporé, Vila Maria (1778) on the Paraguay River , and Casalvasco (1783). Until
1444-751: The Science Academy of Lisbon and the Brazilian Academy of Letters led successive attempts to establish a common spelling between both countries. In 1931, the first agreement was reached; however, as vocabularies published in 1940 (in Portugal) and in 1943 (in Brazil) continued to contain some divergences, a new meeting was held that created the Orthographic Agreement of 1945. This agreement became law in Portugal, by Decree 35.288/45. In Brazil,
1520-519: The president allowing for a six-year transitional period, during which both orthographies co-existed. On 1 January 2012 the government adopted the spelling reform in official documents and in the Diário da República . The transition period ended on 12 May 2015. As of January 2016, transitions have also ended in Cape Verde and Brazil, making the reformed Portuguese orthography obligatory in three of
1596-707: The "mouth of the Aquiri River". In Belém , the local merchant or his employees either misinterpreted Gabriel's handwriting, or he spelled the name wrong: the goods and invoice which Gabriel received were marked as having been sent to the Acre River . Acre possesses some nicknames: the End of Brazil, The Rubber Tree State, the Latex State (from when it was a center of rubber production) and the Western End. The native inhabitants of Acre are called acr i ano s , in
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#17327719938841672-578: The Agreement of 1945 was approved by Decree-Law 8.286/45, but it was never ratified by the National Congress and was repealed by Law 2.623/55, leaving Brazilians with the rules of the 1943 agreement . A new agreement between Portugal and Brazil – effective in 1971 in Brazil and in 1973 in Portugal – brought the orthographies slightly closer, removing the written accents responsible for 70% of
1748-712: The Amazon in production. But during the Second World War , Japanese forces took over the rubber tree groves of Malaya . Acre was called on to produce rubber for the Allied war effort. The Rubber Soldiers , natives mostly of the Ceará plantation, increased production and provided critical supplies to the Allies. Acre's decisive contribution to the Allied victory may have helped Brazil attract North American investment to form
1824-1037: The Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity . More than 1/3 of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest. Acre is divided into twenty-two municipalities, five immediate regions and two intermediate regions: [REDACTED] Viceroyalty of Peru 1542–1824 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1825–1836 [REDACTED] Peru-Bolivian Confederation 1836–1839 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1839–1899 [REDACTED] First Republic of Acre 1899–1900 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1900 [REDACTED] Second Republic of Acre 1900 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1900–1903 [REDACTED] Third Republic of Acre 1903 [REDACTED] Brazil 1903–present The region of present-day Acre
1900-614: The Empire of Brazil (1868), was considered a model of its time, geographers knew nothing of the Acre River and its principal tributaries, which did not appear at all in the atlas. Some few armed bands of Brazilian explorers exploited the rural and unpopulated region, not knowing and little interested in whether they were "controlled" by Brazil, Peru , or Bolivia . But the rubber boom of the mid-19th century, stimulated exploration by various expeditions to survey this resource and develop
1976-532: The European/African spelling whenever they are silent, the elimination of the diaeresis mark (ü) from the Brazilian spelling, and the elimination of the acute accent from the diphthongs éi and ói in paroxytone words. As for divergent spellings such as anónimo and anônimo , facto and fato , both will be considered legitimate, according to the dialect of the author or person being transcribed. The agreement also establishes some common guidelines for
2052-693: The National Steel Company (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional) in the postwar era. This company aided in the industrialization of the Central-south, which did not yet possess basic heavy industries. On April 4, 2008, Acre won a judicial debate with the state of Amazonas in relation to the dispute surrounding the Cunha Gomes Line. It annexed part of the municipalities of Envira , Guajará , Boca do Acre , Pauini , Eirunepé and Ipixuna . The territorial redefinition consolidated
2128-551: The Orthographic Agreement of 1990 scheduled its taking effect for 1 January 1994, following the ratification of all members. However, as only Portugal (on 23 August 1991), Brazil (on 18 April 1995), and Cape Verde have ratified the document, its complete implementation is pending. On 17 July 1998, in Praia , Cape Verde, an "Amending Protocol for the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement"
2204-508: The Orthographic Agreement serves chiefly geopolitical and economic interests of Brazil. Until the beginning of the 20th century, in Portugal as in Brazil , an orthography was used that, by rule, relied on Greek or Latin etymology to form words, e.g. pharmacia ("pharmacy"), lyrio ("lily"), and diccionario ("dictionary"), among others. In 1911, following the establishment of
2280-623: The Portuguese republic , a wide orthographic reform was adopted – the Orthographic Reform of 1911 – which completely modified the face of the written language, bringing it closer to contemporary pronunciation. However, this reform was made without any agreement with Brazil, leaving both countries with two entirely different orthographies: Portugal with its reformed orthography, Brazil with its traditional orthography (called pseudo-etimológica , "pseudo-etymological"). As time passed,
2356-551: The Portuguese-speaking countries, still without reaching its objectives of unification of the orthography and compilation of a vocabulary common to the Lusophony . The Orthographic Agreement of 1990 intends to establish a single official orthography for the Portuguese language and thus to improve its international status, putting an end to the existence of two official orthographic norms: one in Brazil and another in
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2432-486: The agreement by a functionary of the Bolivian consulate in Belém , Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias , sent military contingents forward to occupy Puerto Alonso . Gálvez proclaimed the independence of Acre, in the form of a republic. He became its president with the acquiescence of the rubber gatherers. Under protests from Bolivia, President Campos Sales abolished the ephemeral republic (March 1900). Bolivians, reinstated in
2508-529: The agreement could not go into effect. At the July 2004 summit of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (including East Timor), São Tomé and Príncipe ratified the agreement, and a modification was made to the text, allowing the reform to go forward in those countries which had already ratified it, and accepting the official orthographies in the other countries as legitimate in the meantime; however, this
2584-643: The annexation of Acre until 1909, with the Velarde-Río Branco Treaty, where the borders between Peru and Brazil were defined. It was signed in Rio de Janeiro , on September 8, 1909, by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, Baron of Rio Branco , and the plenipotentiary minister of Peru in Brazil, Hernán Velarde, by President Augusto B. Leguía (first government) then ruled in Peru, and in Brazil by
2660-499: The arbitrariness of the act, took measures, canceling commercial accords and navigation between the two countries, and suspending the right of travel to Bolivia. At the same time, Brazilians organized a large armed assault on the disputed area. The operations were led by a former student of the Military School of Rio Grande do Sul ( Escola Militar do Rio Grande do Sul ), José Plácido de Castro . The rubber gatherers occupied
2736-422: The banks of the Juruá and accelerated the occupation of land which Bolivia would later reclaim. The great fluvial rivers and their tributary systems were full of small ship fleets transporting colonists, goods, and supply material to the most isolated centers. The governments of Amazonas and Pará quickly established supply houses , which financed various types of operations, guaranteed credit, and promoted
2812-416: The change would mean the denial of the state's historical and cultural roots, by changing the last letter of the toponym from " E " to " I ". The state of Acre occupies an area of 152,581 km (58,912 sq mi) (58,911 mi ) in the extreme west of Brazil. It is located at 70º west longitude and at 9º south latitude . In Brazil, the state is part of the North Region , forming borders with
2888-437: The commercial incentive of the rubber tree groves. The rubber race had the frantic urgency of gold rushes of the 18th century. The situation drew the attention of the government to the economic use and development of an almost completely unknown area. The activities of private businesses would enable the government to incorporate the new region. In 1890, José Manuel Pando , a Bolivian official, alerted his government to
2964-678: The confluence of the Beni and Mamoré rivers. In 1895 a new commission to define the borders was created. The Brazilian representative, Gregório Taumaturgo de Azevedo, resigned after verifying that the ratification of the Treaty of 1867 would harm the Brazilian rubber gatherers already settled in Bolivian territory. In 1899, the Bolivians established an administrative post in Puerto Alonso , exacting taxes and customs duties upon Brazilian activities. The following year, Brazil accepted
3040-483: The database language MorDebe with 135,000 words, the percentage of words affected (simple words that are not inflected entries in dictionary or vocabulary) amounts to nearly 4% in the European standard. However, this figure includes both words that have changes in spelling, such as variants that are to be legally valid across CPLP . The 1990 orthographic agreement proposes the elimination of the letters c and p from
3116-563: The divergences between the two official systems and those that marked the unstressed syllable in words derived with the suffix -mente or beginning with -z- , e.g. sòmente ( somente , "only"), sòzinho ( sozinho , "alone"). Other attempts failed in 1975 – in part due to the period of political upheaval in Portugal, the Revolutionary Process in Progress (PREC) – and in 1986 – due to the reaction elicited in both countries by
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3192-523: The exploration to the west followed, and they reached lands under control by the Spanish colonies. The two nations negotiated to establish their territories, under the Treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777). Both of the treaties were based on the explorations of Portuguese bandeirante Manoel Félix de Lima of the Guaporé and Madeira river basins. The treaties established the riverbeds of
3268-455: The fact that more than three hundred rubber plantations had been developed in the Jura basin, and most were occupied by Brazilians on what was nominally Bolivian territory. The Brazilian penetration had advanced west from the 64th meridian to beyond the 72nd, in an extension of one thousand kilometers, despite the borders having been established. The Treaty of 1867 limited Brazil to land above
3344-600: The federal government undertook actions to revive the economy of the Amazon Basin , and to include it in regional development projects. Attending to the judicial arrangements of the Treaty of Petrópolis , President Rodrigues Alves sanctioned the law which created the Territory of Acre (1904), further dividing it into three departments: Alto Acre , Alto Purús , and Alto Juruá , the latter being separated to form Alto Tarauacá (1912). The departmental administration
3420-498: The following were also present: Maria Luísa Dolbeth e Costa (Angola); Abgar Renault, Adriano da Gama Kury, Austregésilo de Athayde , Celso Cunha, Eduardo Portella , Francisco de Assis Balthar Peixoto de Vasconcellos and José Olympio Rache de Almeida (Brazil); Corsino Fortes (Cape Verde); Paulo Pereira (Guinea-Bissau); Luís Filipe Pereira (Mozambique); Maria de Lourdes Belchior Pontes and Mário Quarin Graça (Portugal). In Article III,
3496-415: The future territory, now state of Acre. Peru had also claimed sovereignty over the entire territory of Acre and part of the state of Amazonas , based on historic colonial titles. After armed conflicts between Brazilians and Peruvians on the upper Purús and Juruá, a joint administration was established in those regions (1904). The studies to determine the borders proceeded until the end of 1909, when
3572-546: The incorporation of 1.2 million hectares of the Liberdade, Gregório, and Mogno forest complex to the territory of Acre, which corresponds to 11,583.87 km (4,472.56 sq mi). Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs , major geometric earthworks, have been discovered on deforested land in Acre, and dated to between 1–1250 AD. These are cited as evidence of complex Pre-Columbian societies. The BBC 's Unnatural Histories explored studies of this area, concluding that
3648-408: The industrial importance of the rubber reserves, and the penetration of Brazilian colonists in the region raised the attention of Bolivia , which solicited a better fixation of boundaries. After much failed negotiation, in 1867 the Treaty of Ayacucho was signed, which recognized the colonial uti possidetis , or use of that territory by Brazil. A border was established parallel to the confluence of
3724-422: The invitation, since it officially regards Galician and Portuguese as different languages. However, an unofficial commission formed by Galician linguists who support the unity of the language attended the meetings as observers. As of 2023, the agreement has been ratified and implemented by the Portuguese-speaking countries Portugal , Brazil and Cape Verde . Countries like Angola and Mozambique still use
3800-427: The mid-19th century, there was little effort to settle the area systematically. At that time, the great virgin source of rubber attracted commercial interest, and development followed. The empire was directed towards agricultural exports, based on coffee as the most important commodity. The territories of the extreme west were unknown and usually overlooked. For example, although Cândido Mendes de Almeida 's Atlas of
3876-522: The most valuable species ( Hevea brasiliensis ) and Brazil nut trees ( Bertholletia excelsa ), the forest guarantees that Acre is the greatest national producer of rubber and nuts . Acre's principal rivers, mostly navigable during the wet season (the Juruá , Tarauacá , Envira , Purús , Iaco , and Acre ), cross the state with almost parallel courses which converge only outside of its territory. The largest recorded Black Caiman , measured at 7.7 meters (25 feet) and weighing 1,310 kg (2,890 lb),
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#17327719938843952-514: The new orthography will cause changes in the spelling of about 1.6% of the words in the European norm (official also in Africa, Asia and Oceania) and about 0.5% in the Brazilian norm. The table below illustrates typical differences between the two orthographies currently in use. According to the vocabulary developed in 2008 by the Institute of Theoretical and Computational Linguistics (Lisbon) from
4028-413: The northeast. The growing impoverishment of that region stimulated migratory waves to the states of Rio de Janeiro , Minas Gerais , and São Paulo . The movement of population became particularly active during the prolonged drought of the northeastern interior , from 1877 to 1880. Hundreds of Ceará indigenous people headed for the rubber plantations in search of work. The Cearense migration reached
4104-445: The old orthography and have not completed the adoption of the reform. The former Portuguese colony of Macau is not a party to the agreement and retains the old orthography. The agreement's objectives of unifying the orthography in all CPLP countries and compiling a common vocabulary for the entire Portuguese language have not been fully achieved and failed. As of the decade of 2020 , the agreement does not have complete adoption from
4180-444: The population rose from around one thousand to four thousand inhabitants. The Brazilian imperial government, already sensitive to the resulting offerings of rubber , considered the entire valley of the Purús to be Brazilian. In the second half of the 19th century, disturbances were registered in the demographic and geo-economic balance of the empire. The coffee boom in the south attracted financial resources and workers, to detriment of
4256-414: The president Nilo Pecanha , in order to solve the border problems between Peru and Brazil. Acre was united in 1920. On June 15, 1962, it was elevated to the category of state, and was the first to be governed by a woman, Iolanda Fleming , a teacher. During the early twentieth century, rubber seedlings were taken to Southeast Asia, where competitive plantations were established, reducing the importance of
4332-787: The proposal of 1986 and leading to the Orthographic Agreement of 1990. For the development of the agreement, from 6 to 12 October 1990, the following delegations met at the Science Academy of Lisbon: In addition to these, in the Preliminary Basis for Unified Portuguese Orthography of 1988, and in the Convention of the Orthographic Unification of Portuguese, formed in the Brazilian Academy of Letters in Rio de Janeiro from 6 to 12 May 1986,
4408-595: The region belonged to Bolivia. By 1877, Acre's population was composed almost entirely of Brazilians coming from the Northeast . In 1899, Brazilian settlers from Acre created an independent state in the region called the Republic of Acre . Bolivians tried to gain control of the area, but Brazilians revolted and there were border confrontations. This resulted in what was known as the Acre War . On November 17, 1903, with
4484-416: The region, suffered in 1900 from the assault of the so-called Floriano Peixoto expedition, or "expedition of the poets". It was made up of intellectual bohemians from Manaus. Following brief fighting in the area surrounding Puerto Alonso, the expedition was completely scattered. Ultimately, the Bolivian government signed a contract with the Bolivian Syndicate (July 1901). The Brazilian congress, shocked by
4560-404: The remaining Portuguese-speaking countries. Proposers of the Agreement give the Spanish language as a motivating example: Spanish has many variations, between Spain and Hispanic America , both in pronunciation and in vocabulary, but it is under the same spelling norm, regulated by the Association of Spanish Language Academies . The contents and the legal value of the treaty have not achieved
4636-458: The role of Brazil's Minister of External Relations , immediately opened channels which were meant to have put an end to the question. The simplest problem, with the Bolivian Syndicate , was resolved by Brazil paying one hundred and ten thousand pounds to renounce the contract (February 1903). Next, commercial relations were reestablished with Bolivia, while a part of the territory on the upper Purús and Juruá, militarily occupied in March 1903,
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#17327719938844712-421: The signing over and sale in the Treaty of Petrópolis , Brazil received final possession of the region. Acre was integrated into Brazil as a territory divided into three departments. The territory was acquired by Brazil for two million pounds sterling. The land was taken from Mato Grosso in accordance with terms for the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré railway. Once the Acre War was over, Peru did not recognize
4788-425: The singular acr i an o . Until the entry according to the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 , the correct spelling was acr e an o in the singular and in the plural acr e ano s . In 2009, with the new orthographic agreement, the change generated controversy between the Academy of Letters of Acre (Academia Acreana de Letras) and the Brazilian Academy of Letters ( Academia Brasileira de Letras ). The latter said that
4864-521: The sovereignty of Bolivia in the zone, when it officially recognized the old boundaries at the confluence of the Beni and Mamoré rivers. Distant from the diplomatic process, the rubber workers judged their interests to have been cheated, and initiated insurrection movements. Some of this was in response to brutal treatment and abuse by forces managed by the major rubber companies. In the same year that Bolivia established administration in Puerto Alonso (1899), two serious uprisings occurred. In April,
4940-407: The states of Amazonas and Rondônia , and with two countries: Peru and Bolivia . Practically all of the terrain of the state of Acre is part of the low sandstone plateau , or terra firme , morphological unit which dominates most of the Brazilian Amazon . These terranes rise, in Acre, from the southeast to the northeast , with very tabular topography in general. In the extreme west
5016-438: The suppression of written accents in paroxytone words. However, according to proponents of reform, the fact that the persistence of two orthographies in the Portuguese language – the Luso-African and the Brazilian – impedes the trans-Atlantic unity of Portuguese and diminishes its prestige in the world – was expressed by the "Preliminary Basis for Unified Portuguese Orthography" in 1988, addressing criticisms directed toward at
5092-417: The use of hyphens and capitalization, the former still to be developed and fixed in a common vocabulary. It will also add three letters (K, W, and Y) to the Portuguese alphabet , making it equal to the ISO basic Latin alphabet . This spelling reform was meant to go into effect after all signatory countries had ratified it, but at the end of the decade only Brazil, Cape Verde, and Portugal had done so, so
5168-470: The village of Xapuri in Alto Acre (August 1902), and took Bolivian officials into custody. Finally, Plácido de Castro's forces besieged Puerto Alonso, proclaiming the Independent State of Acre, after the capitulation of Bolivian troops (February 1903). José Plácido de Castro was proclaimed governor of the new Independent State of Acre , and he had to discuss the question of borders in the diplomatic sphere. The Baron of Rio Branco , who had just assumed
5244-438: Was a territory of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839), until the two countries separated and most of the region returned to Bolivian control. The discovery of rubber tree groves in the region in the mid-19th century attracted numerous immigrants, especially from Brazil and Europe, seeking to build on the rubber boom. Despite the increased numbers of Brazilians, the Treaty of Ayacucho (1867) determined that
5320-465: Was declared litigious. Bolivia finally agreed to cede to Brazil an area of 142,800 km (55,100 sq mi), in exchange for two million pounds sterling , paid in two installments. Brazil committed to the construction of a Madeira-Mamoré Railway , connecting Porto Velho to Guajará-Mirim, at the confluence of the Beni and Madeira rivers. These actions were ratified in the Treaty of Petrópolis (November 17, 1903), through which Brazil acquired
5396-423: Was exercised until 1921 by mayors appointed by the President of Brazil . At that time the arrangements were altered, passing the administration to a governor. The second Constitution of Brazil (1934) conceded to Acre the right to elect representatives to the National Congress of Brazil . Orthographic Agreement of 1990 Galicia was invited to take part in the reform but the Spanish government ignored
5472-513: Was geographically close to that of the Inca . In the mid-18th century, the region was colonized by the Spanish and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian and Bolivian wars of independence, which ended in 1826, the region and large portions around it became part of both Peru and Bolivia respectively, but independent of Spain and both states disputed the territory. It
5548-586: Was questioned by lawyer and European Parliament member Vital Moreira. Brazil ratified the Second Amending Protocol in October 2004, as did Cape Verde in April 2005. On 17 November 2006, São Tomé and Príncipe ratified the treaty and its amending protocols, fulfilling the provisions of this protocol. Angola has not yet signed the agreement and has asked other PALOP countries to support it in discussions on various points of that accord with Portugal. The adoption of
5624-409: Was shot in Acre in 1965. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome , and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in
5700-469: Was signed that retracted the deadline from the original text, although it remained necessary for all signatories to ratify the agreement before it took effect. Once again, only the dignitaries of Brazil , Portugal , and Cape Verde approved this protocol. In June 2004, the heads of state and government of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), gathered in São Tomé and Príncipe , approved
5776-409: Was to happen after a transition period which was not defined. The old orthographies continue to predominate in their respective countries until ratification of the 1990 agreement. Brazil changed on 1 January 2009. The changes were accepted by Equatorial Guinea , which adopted Portuguese as one of its official languages on 13 July 2007. In Portugal the change was signed into law on 21 July 2008 by
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