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36-537: In the Telegraph collaborated leading figures of the era. Manuel José de Lavardén published in first issue of the newspaper his "Ode to the Paraná". Thaddäus Haenke published numerous articles about his travels. The lawyer, journalist and poet Domingo de Azcuénaga y Basavilbaso , worked with some writings. Manuel Belgrano , Juan José Castelli , Pedro Cerviño , Luis José de Chorroarín , and many others, found room in

72-624: A "Bohemian Humboldt ", named after Alexander von Humboldt , who made himself familiar with some of Haenke's findings before embarking on his journey to the Americas in 1799. Haenke was born 5 October 1761 in the village of Kreibitz, Bohemia (now Chřibská , Czech Republic ). His parents were Sudeten Germans and his father, Elias George Thomas Haenke, was a successful lawyer and farmer who also served as mayor. A keen observer of nature from childhood, Haenke pursued this interest throughout his education. He studied natural science and philosophy at

108-520: A beginner [Linnaeus] appropriated everything for himself which he heard of, to make himself famous". Nevertheless, Ehret probably met Linnaeus again when the latter visited London for a month. The time in the Netherlands was a productive one for Linnaeus because in these four years he also published Systema Naturae (1735), Bibliotheca Botanica (1736), Fundamenta Botanica (1736), Flora Lapponica (1737) and Critica Botanica (1737), this

144-646: A dispute with Spain's minister, Manuel de Godoy , and was subsequently imprisoned for seven years. As a result, the official expedition report went unpublished for nearly a century, and many of the expedition's reports and findings were never released. Haenke's botanical collections consisting of more than 15.000 specimens were found in Cadiz after his death. They were bought in 1821 by the Czech National Museum and transferred to Prague. The Czech botanist Carl Bořivoj Presl spent nearly 15 years producing

180-604: A result, some species listed in Species Plantarum do not fit the descriptions in Genus Plantarum . All generic names in Genera Plantarum ed. 5 are treated as validly published on 1 May 1753. William Stearn states: "The clear typographical layout, the elimination of verbs such as est , occupant and abit , and the much greater detail given for all floral parts ... immediately catch

216-546: A six-foot wide lily pad. In addition, Haenke maintained his own botanic garden, owned a silver mine and served as the local physician in his adopted home town, Cochabamba. He is also credited with establishing the manufacture of saltpeter in Chile and helping to start the glass industry there. Although he had always hoped to return to Europe, Haenke died unexpectedly in 1816 when he was accidentally poisoned by his maid. When Malaspina returned from his voyage he became embroiled in

252-612: A student, Haenke made extensive botanical collections from what is now the Czech Republic; wrote a treatise on the botany of the Giant Mountains ; edited an edition of Linnaeus' Genera Plantarum (published in 1791); and was awarded a silver medal from the Royal Czech Scientific Society. He was also an accomplished musician, a capable illustrator, and spoke five languages. By 1789 Haenke

288-421: A universal standardised biological nomenclature . From 1735 to 1738 Linnaeus worked in the Netherlands where he was personal physician to George Clifford (1685–1760), a wealthy Anglo-Dutch merchant–banker with an impressive garden containing four large glasshouses that were filled with warmth-loving plants from overseas. Linnaeus was enthralled by these collections and prepared a detailed systematic catalogue of

324-399: Is in addition to his Genera Plantarum (1737). One of Linnaeus's main points is that a botanist can and must know all genera, and must memorise their ‘definitions’ (diagnosis). The natural definitions given in the various editions of the Genera Plantarum are intended to facilitate this. Stability of generic taxonomy was one of his first aims, and the way he went about achieving it aroused

360-417: Is the edition which is linked nomenclaturally with the Species Plantarum , the starting point for the naming of most groups of plants. The genus descriptions in this edition were original, methodically and tersely drafted according to his own plan, with an asterisk * following the generic name to indicate that he had studied living material, a dagger † to indicate that he had seen only herbarium material, and

396-511: The Fundamenta but are worked out in greater detail in the Critica . The result was a reform of generic definitions that appeared in the Genera Plantarum . The typesetting of Genera Plantarum started in 1736 leading to the publication of the first edition in early 1737; the book was dedicated to Herman Boerhaave , the great Leiden physician to whom Linnaeus owed his introduction into

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432-581: The University of Prague where his mentor was Joseph Gottfried Mikan , the resident professor of botany. He served as an assistant to Mikan, helping care for the school's botanic gardens. Haenke received a doctorate in 1782, continued to study in Prague until 1786 and then became a student at the University of Vienna where he studied medicine and botany under Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin . While still

468-615: The "Reliquiae Haenkeanae" (published from 1825 to 1835), a work based on Haenke's botanical specimens collected in the Americas and the Philippines and purchased in Cadiz. The work was produced together with an exsiccata series Six volumes were produced but ultimately the work remained unfinished due to a lack of funds. Haenke Island and Haenke Glacier in Alaska are named in his honor. A small private museum, "Muzeum Tadeáše Haenkeho",

504-453: The 16 years that passed between the publication of the first and fifth editions the number of genera listed had increased from 935 to 1105. Linnaeus established the system of binomial nomenclature through the widespread acceptance of his list of plants in the 1753 edition of Species Plantarum , which is now taken as the starting point for all botanical nomenclature . Genera Plantarum was an integral part of this first stepping stone towards

540-570: The Pacific, Haenke collected thousands of plants during their seven-month stay in the Philippines. Further collecting took place in Australia, New Zealand, and Tonga. In the summer of 1793 the expedition returned to Peru where Malaspina received orders to return home by way of Montevideo. Haenke was permitted to leave the ship with an assistant and cross overland to Buenos Aires with the intention of undertaking botanical and other scientific work along

576-439: The absence of these signs to indicate he had seen no material himself and hence depended upon the literature or correspondence. In preparing a description of a genus he would describe the flower and fruit of the main species most familiar to him and then remove the characters that did not occur in other species. As new species were added Linnaeus should have updated his genus descriptions but in practice did not have time to do so. As

612-451: The attention. Such improvements in technique made Linnaeus's Genera Plantarum the model for later works on the genera of plants." Frans Stafleu regards Genera Plantarum as Linnaeus's most important book with respect to the practical introduction of his ideas – even more than Systema Naturae . The notion that the genus is the basic unit of taxonomy remained in force until the advent of evolutionary biology and biosystematics. "His reform

648-464: The colonial authorities, who looked askance at the writers' criticism and satire of their manner and policy. The newspaper ceased publication in October 1802; 110 issues had been published, as well as numerous special issues and supplements. Thadd%C3%A4us Haenke Thaddeus Xaverius Peregrinus Haenke (5 October 1761 – 4 November 1816) ( Czech : Tadeáš Haenke ; Spanish : Tadeo Haenke )

684-488: The criticism of many of his contemporaries. Yet, this generic reform was one of his greatest achievements: his genera and their nomenclature stand at the beginning of the victory of Linnaean taxonomy . He dealt with the theory of generic names in the Critica Botanica which was a prelude to his main practical work on the subject, the Genera Plantarum . The rules for the formation of generic names are contained in

720-415: The expedition for the next three years, collecting plants and recording his observations on botany, zoology, geology, and ethnology. They initially traveled up the west coast of the Americas as far as Alaska, then returned south to Acapulco and crossed the Pacific to explore the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand. At each port of call Haenke focused on botany with varying results. In Yakutat Bay , Alaska

756-584: The expedition. After recuperating in Buenos Aires, he hired guides for a trek overland across the pampas and Andes, hoping to catch the expedition at Valparaiso. Along the way, Haenke managed to collect about 1400 plants, many of them new to science. Although his botanical work must have slowed them down, he managed to reach the coast in time to join Malaspina in April 1790. From there Haenke continued with

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792-495: The first subsequent description given under those names in Linnaeus' Genera Plantarum ed. 5 (1754) and ed. 6 (1764)." This defines the starting point for nomenclature of most groups of plants. The first edition of Genera Plantarum contains brief descriptions of the 935 plant genera that were known to Linnaeus at that time. It is dedicated to Herman Boerhaave , a Leiden physician who introduced Linnaeus to George Clifford and

828-401: The first ten and last four classes. Each of the first ten classes (A–K) is named according to the number of stamens, beginning with Monandria (one stamen), Diandria (two stamens), etc. up to Decandria (ten stamens). The flowers in the eleventh (L) class, Dodecandria, have 12–19 stamens. The following four classes (M–P) are characterized not only by the number of stamens but also by their position;

864-481: The four classes (Q–T) have stamens united in a bundle or phalanx, the next three classes (V–Y) have stamens and pistils in separate flowers. The whole is completed with Cryptogamia (Z), which are plants without proper flowers. For this class Ehret chose the fig as an example. By far the most important edition for nomenclature today is the fifth, published in August 1754 (editions 3 and 4 were not edited by Linnaeus); this

900-423: The medico-botanical Dutch establishment of the day. Genera Plantarum employed his “sexual system” of classification , in which plants are grouped according to the number of stamens and pistils in the flower. Genera Plantarum was revised several times by Linnaeus, the fifth edition being published in August 1754 (eds. 3 and 4 were not edited by Linnaeus) and linked to the first edition of Species Plantarum . Over

936-512: The medico-botanical Dutch establishment of the day. Linnaeus published a revised edition in 1742. The fifth edition appeared in Stockholm, in 1754, and the sixth, the last one edited by Linnaeus himself, in 1764, also in Stockholm. The last edition that was based on Linnaeus's work was the 9th edition, revised by Kurt Sprengel , and issued in Göttingen , 1830–31. In the work Linnaeus divided

972-477: The newspaper to disseminate their ideas and creations. The Telegraph expanded in Buenos Aires the use of the word "Argentine" to refer to everything related to the Río de la Plata zone or Buenos Aires , so that the newspaper is considered one of the origins of the name of Argentina . Its pages offered not only editorials , but also gave rise to poetry, local color notes, general information, and trade matters in

1008-606: The plant kingdom into 24 classes, each of which he named according to the number of stamens and their arrangement in the flowers. In Ehret's engraved plate these classes are represented by the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet. In Ehret's original drawing for the plate, preserved in the Natural History Museum in London, he has written the name of the plant he had chosen as an example of each particular class, but only for

1044-528: The plants he collected were disappointingly similar to those in Europe so he focused instead on Indian culture, especially music. In Nootka Sound he made the first scientific collection of plants from Canada. Their brief stay in California enabled Haenke to collect and catalog over 250 species, most notably he was the first scientist to collect the seeds and specimens of the coast redwood . After crossing

1080-400: The plants in the garden, which he published in 1738 as Hortus Cliffortianus . This list was published with engravings by Georg Ehret (1708–1770) and Jan Wandelaer (1690–1759). Linnaeus included Ehret's Tabella (an illustration of his "Sexual System" of plant classification) in his Genera Plantarum but without credit to the artist. This provoked the accusation from Ehret that "When he was

1116-635: The territories of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata . The Telégrafo Mercantil of 11 October 1801, for example, featured an announcement that the area around Quilmes would be open for hunting for leather and hides from the following: vizcachas, deer, foxes, skunks, otters abundant in coastal streams and the Riachuelo , as well as wild dogs (whose hides are used for boots), swans, partridges and seagulls (for their feathers). The periodical faced economic problems early on, however, as well as disputes with

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1152-528: The two ships of the expedition, the Descubierta and Atrevida , had set sail. Determined not to miss this opportunity, he took passage on another ship, intending to catch up with the expedition in Montevideo . This vessel was shipwrecked near his destination and Haenke was forced to swim for the shore, salvaging only his collecting equipment and his copy of Genera Plantarum . Again, he had just missed

1188-464: The way. Instead of rejoining the fleet again in the fall of 1794 as planned, Haenke became engrossed with the local botany and settled in Cochabamba , Bolivia to continue his scientific studies. For the next quarter-century, Haenke continued his botanical exploration of Bolivia, Peru and Brazil. In 1801 he made one of his most memorable discoveries, the giant water lily, Victoria amazonica , with

1224-614: Was a botanist who participated in the Malaspina Expedition , exploring a significant portion of the Pacific basin including the coasts of North and South America, Australia, the Philippines, New Zealand, and the Marianas. His collections of botanical specimens were the basis for the initial scientific descriptions of many plants in these regions, particularly South America and the Philippines. His extensive botanical work and far-ranging travel have prompted some to liken him to

1260-471: Was a prominent young scholar whose name was put forward by Jacquin and Ignaz von Born when Spain was recruiting a scientific corps for the Malaspina expedition . Emperor Joseph II had met Haenke before and he approved the appointment. Thus Haenke became "Naturalist-Botánico de Su Magestad" for the expedition. A long, roundabout journey from Vienna brought Haenke to Cadiz on 30 July 1789, just hours after

1296-743: Was established at Haenke's birth home in Chřibská, Czech Republic. Around 240 taxa carry his name, including: Genera Plantarum Genera Plantarum is a publication of Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). The first edition was issued in Leiden , 1737. The fifth edition served as a complementary volume to Species Plantarum (1753). Article 13 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants states that "Generic names that appear in Linnaeus' Species Plantarum ed. 1 (1753) and ed. 2 (1762–63) are associated with

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