Misplaced Pages

#96903

38-403: The tell was the site of a small village of 2 hectares (220,000 sq ft), which was first settled in the late 8th millennium BC . Notable features from the earliest stage include a number of 3–4 metre diameter, lime-plaster floored, clay lined oval pits with ovens & clay bins that were suggested to have been used as houses. Tell Ramad is notable as one of the few sites fundamental to

76-544: A vulnerable community . It results from the combination of the hazard and the exposure of a vulnerable society. Nowadays it is hard to distinguish between natural and human-made disasters. The term natural disaster was already challenged in 1976. Human choices in architecture, fire risk, and resource management can cause or worsen natural disasters. Climate change also affects how often disasters due to extreme weather hazards happen. These " climate hazards " are floods, heat waves, wildfires, tropical cyclones, and

114-567: A benchmark for the Near East Neolithic. She divided the period into phases called Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), from c. 10,000 BC to c. 8800 BC; Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), which includes the entire 8th millennium, from c. 8800 BC to c. 6500 BC; and then Pottery Neolithic (PN), which had varied start-points from c. 6500 BC until the beginnings of the Bronze Age towards the end of the 4th millennium (c. 3000 BC). It

152-491: A combination of both natural and human factors. All disasters can be regarded as human-made, because of failure to introduce the right emergency management measures. Famines may be caused locally by drought, flood, fire or pestilence. In modern times there is plenty of food globally. Long-lasting local shortages are generally due to government mismanagement, violent conflict, or an economic system that does not distribute food where needed. Complex disasters , where there

190-480: A community is considered a disaster. The international disaster database EM-DAT defines a disaster as “a situation or event that overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request for external assistance at the national or international level; it is an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.” The effects of a disaster include all human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts. UNDRO (1984) defined

228-452: A disaster in a more qualitative fashion as: "an event, concentrated in time and space, in which a community undergoes severe danger and incurs such losses to its members and physical appurtenances that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfilment of all or some of the essential functions of the society is prevented." Like other definitions this looks beyond the social aspects of the disaster impacts. It also focuses on losses. This raises

266-582: A disaster occurs, rather than on response and recovery after the event. DRR and climate change adaptation measures are similar in that they aim to reduce vulnerability of people and places to natural hazards. When a disaster happens, the response includes actions like warning and evacuating people, rescuing those in danger, and quickly providing food, shelter, and medical care. The goal is to save lives and help people recover as quickly as possible. In some cases, national or international help may be needed to support recovery. This can happen, for example, through

304-524: Is dated to c. 7900–7600 BC. This was long thought to be the earliest human activity on the island, until the discovery of the Alice and Gwendoline Cave pushed the date back to 10,000 BC. The date for construction of a round-house near Howick, Northumberland is calculated c. 7600 BC by radiocarbon dating . The site is believed to have been occupied for about 100 years. The Homo sapiens fossil from Combe-Capelle in southern France, discovered in 1909,

342-503: Is estimated to be 9,500 years old (c. 7500 BC). Disaster This is an accepted version of this page A disaster is an event that causes serious harm to people, buildings, economies, or the environment, and the affected community cannot handle it alone. Natural disasters like avalanches , floods , earthquakes , and wildfires are caused by natural hazards . Human-made disasters like oil spills , terrorist attacks and power outages are caused by people. Nowadays, it

380-451: Is hard to separate natural and human-made disasters because human actions can make natural disasters worse. Climate change also affects how often disasters due to extreme weather hazards happen. Disasters usually hit people in developing countries harder than people in wealthy countries. Over 95% of deaths from disasters happen in low-income countries, and those countries lose a lot more money compared to richer countries. For example,

418-443: Is no single root cause, are more common in developing countries . A specific hazard may also spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami . This results in coastal flooding , damaging a nuclear power plant on the coast. The Fukushima nuclear disaster is a case in point. Experts examine these cascading events to see how risks and impacts can amplify and spread. This

SECTION 10

#1732772647097

456-546: Is particularly important given the increase in climate risks . Some researchers distinguish between recurring events like seasonal flooding and unpredictable one-off events . Recurring events often carry an estimate of how often they occur. Experts call this the return period . The effects of a disaster include all human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts. The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) records statistics about disasters related to natural hazards. For 2023, EM-DAT recorded 399 disasters, which

494-424: Is successful, it makes communities less the vulnerable because it mitigates the effects of disasters. This means DRR can make risky events fewer and less severe. Climate change can increase climate hazards . So development efforts often consider DRR and climate change adaptation together. Disaster response refers to the actions taken directly before, during, or immediately after a disaster. The objective

532-543: Is the very harmful impact on a society or community after a natural hazard event. Some examples of natural hazard events include avalanches , droughts , earthquakes , floods , heat waves , landslides , tropical cyclones , volcanic activity and wildfires . Additional natural hazards include blizzards , dust storms , firestorms , hails , ice storms , sinkholes , thunderstorms , tornadoes and tsunamis . A natural disaster can cause loss of life or damage property . It typically causes economic damage. How bad

570-805: Is to save lives, ensure health and safety, and meet the subsistence needs of the people affected. It includes warning and evacuation, search and rescue , providing immediate assistance, assessing damage, continuing assistance, and the immediate restoration or construction of infrastructure . An example of this would be building provisional storm drains or diversion dams . Emergency response aims to provide immediate help to keep people alive, improve their health and support their morale. It can involve specific but limited aid, such as helping refugees with transport, temporary shelter, and food. Or it can involve establishing semi-permanent settlements in camps and other locations. It may also involve initial repairs to damage to infrastructure, or diverting it. The word disaster

608-429: Is usual to divide disasters into natural or human-made. Recently the divide between natural, man-made and man-accelerated disasters has become harder to draw. Some manufactured disasters such as smog and acid rain have been wrongly attributed to nature. Disasters with links to natural hazards are commonly called natural disasters . However experts have questioned this term for a long time. A natural disaster

646-603: The Fertile Crescent by 8000 BC and was gradually spreading westward, though it is not believed to have reached Europe till about the end of this millennium. Planting and harvesting techniques were transferred through Asia Minor and across the Aegean Sea to Greece and the Balkans. The techniques were, in the main, cultivation of wheats and barleys; and domestication of sheep, goats and cattle. The world population

684-701: The Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO) – also called the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) – began as a warm period lasting roughly 4,000 years until about 3000 BC. Insolation during summers in the northern hemisphere was unusually strong with pronounced warming in the higher latitudes such as Greenland, northern Canada and northern Europe with a resultant reduction in Arctic sea ice. During the 8th millennium, there were four known volcanic eruptions which registered magnitude 5 above on

722-622: The Jordan Valley continued to be the world's most significant site through this millennium. Çatalhöyük (see image) was a large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia which flourished from c. 7500 BC until it was abandoned c. 5700 BC. There was no pottery per se in the Near East at this time as the potter's wheel had not yet been invented. Rudimentary clay vessels were hand-built, often by means of coiling , and pit fired . Dame Kathleen Kenyon

760-807: The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). These were at Rotoma Caldera in New Zealand 's Taupō Volcanic Zone about 7560 BC; Lvinaya Past in the Kuril Islands about 7480 BC; Pinatubo on the island of Luzon in the Philippines about 7460 BC; Fisher Caldera , and on Unimak Island in the Aleutians about 7420 BC The biggest eruption was at Fisher Caldera, VEI 6, producing more than 50 km (12 cu mi) of tephra . The date of c. 7640 BC has been theorised for

798-533: The geologic time scale , the first stratigraphic stage of the Holocene epoch is the " Greenlandian " from about 9700 BC to the fixed date 6236 BC and so including the whole of the 8th millennium. The Greenlandian followed the Younger Dryas and essentially featured a climate shift from near-glacial to interglacial, causing glaciers to retreat and sea levels to rise. Towards the end of the 8th millennium,

SECTION 20

#1732772647097

836-543: The Middle Phase at Shillourokambos , in the second half of this millennium, is not an isolated incident but one of a number of expressions of a deep cultural change. Outside the Near East, most people around the world still lived in scattered hunter-gatherer communities which remained firmly in the Palaeolithic . Within the Near East, Neolithic culture and technology had become established throughout much of

874-490: The damage from natural disasters is 20 times greater in developing countries than in industrialized countries . This is because low-income countries often do not have well-built buildings or good plans to handle emergencies. To reduce the damage from disasters, it is important to be prepared and have fit for purpose infrastructure. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. It focuses on actions to reduce risk before

912-410: The damage is depends on how well people are prepared for disasters and how strong the buildings, roads, and other structures are. Scholars have been saying that the term natural disaster is unsuitable and should be abandoned. Instead, the simpler term disaster could be used. At the same time the type of hazard would be specified. A disaster happens when a natural or human-made hazard impacts

950-534: The impact of Tollmann's hypothetical bolide with Earth. The hypothesis holds that there was a resultant global cataclysm such as the legendary Universal Deluge . Bolides are asteroids or comets . According to radiometric dates, the main occupation phases recognized at Shillourokambos took place between the end of the 9th millennium BC and the end of this millennium, long before the Khirokitia Culture. The fact remains that its disappearance in

988-480: The initial onset of the disaster. These could be the effects of diseases such as cholera or dysentery arising from the disaster. This definition is still commonly used. However it is limited to the number of deaths, injuries, and damage in money terms. The scale of a disaster matters. Small-scale disasters only affect local communities but need help beyond the affected community. Large-scale disasters affect wider society and need national or international help. It

1026-716: The like. Human-made disasters are serious harmful events caused by human actions and social processes. Technological hazards also fall into this category. That is because they result in human-instigated disasters. Human-made hazards are sometimes called anthropogenic hazards. Examples include criminality , social unrest , crowd crushes , fires , transport accidents , industrial accidents , power outages, oil spills , terrorist attacks , and nuclear explosions / nuclear radiation . Catastrophic climate change , nuclear war , and bioterrorism also fall into this category. Climate change and environmental degradation are sometimes called socio-natural hazards. These are hazards involving

1064-601: The lowest risk of feeling the consequences. As of 2019, countries with the highest vulnerability per capita release the lowest amount of emissions per capita, and yet still experience the most heightened droughts and extreme precipitation. Disaster risk reduction aims to make disasters less likely to happen. The approach, also called DRR or disaster risk management, also aims to make disasters less damaging when they do occur. DRR aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. In technical terms, it aims to make them more resilient or less vulnerable. When DRR

1102-423: The need for emergency response as an aspect of the disaster. It does not set out quantitative thresholds or scales for damage, death, or injury. A study in 1969 defined major disasters as conforming to the following criteria, based on the amount of deaths or damage: At least 100 people dead, at least 100 people injured, or at least $ 1 million damage. This definition includes indirect losses of life caused after

1140-683: The number of deaths was much higher than the 20-year average of 64,148, the number affected was much lower than the 20-year average of 175.5 million. According to a UN report, 91% of deaths from hazards from 1970 to 2019 occurred in developing countries. These countries already have higher vulnerability and lower resilience to these events, which exacerbates the effects of the hazards. Hazards such as droughts , floods , and cyclones are naturally occurring phenomena. However, climate change has caused these hazards to become more unreliable, frequent and severe. They thus contribute to disaster risks. Countries contributing most to climate change are often at

1178-521: The surface, now in the Peabody Museum . Tell Ramad lay somewhat forgotten until it was rediscovered by W.J. van Liere and Henri de Contenson , the latter leading excavations in 8 seasons between 1963 and 1973. 8th millennium BC ICS stages / ages (official) Blytt–Sernander stages/ages *Relative to year 2000 ( b2k ). Paleolithic Epipalaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic The 8th millennium BC spanned

Tell Ramad - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-466: The understanding of the origin of agriculture with finds including various types of domesticated wheat , barley and flax . Emmer wheat is an important characteristic of Basin sites in this area, where it is thought to have been introduced. Wild plant foods include pistachios, almonds, figs and wild pears. The tell was discovered by French customs officers, M Company and Lieutenant Potut. Laurisson Ward visited again in 1939 and collected material from

1254-476: The work of humanitarian organizations . The UN defines a disaster as "a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale". It results from hazards in places where people live in exposed or vulnerable conditions. Some human failures make communities vulnerable to climate hazards . These are poor planning or development, or a lack of preparation. Disasters are events that have an effect on people. A hazard that overwhelms or injures

1292-590: The years 8000 BC to 7001 BC (c. 10 ka to c. 9 ka). In chronological terms, it is the second full millennium of the current Holocene epoch and is entirely within the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) phase of the Early Neolithic . It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis, or by radiometric dating. In

1330-585: Was from c. 8000 BC that agriculture developed throughout the Americas, especially in modern Mexico. There were numerous New World crops , as they are now termed, and domestication began with the potato and the cucurbita (squash) about this time. Other crops began to be harvested over the next 7,500 years including chili peppers , maize , peanut , avocado , beans , cotton , sunflower , cocoa and tomato . The Mount Sandel Mesolithic site in Ireland

1368-517: Was higher than the 20-year average of 369. Between 2016 and 2020 the total reported economic losses amounted to $ 293 billion. This figure is likely to be an underestimation. It is very challenging to measure the costs of disasters accurately, and many countries lack the resources and technical capacity to do so. Over the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020 losses were estimated at $ 5.2 trillion. In 2023, natural hazard-related disasters resulted in 86,473 fatalities and affected 93.1 million people. Whilst

1406-917: Was probably stable and slowly increasing. It has been estimated that there were some five million people c. 10,000 BC growing to forty million by 5000 BC and 100 million by 1600 BC. That is an average growth rate of 0.027% p.a. from the beginning of the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age. By c. 7500 BC (see map above right), important sites in or near the Fertile Crescent included Jericho , 'Ain Ghazal , Huleh , Tell Aswad , Tell Abu Hureyra , Tell Qaramel , Tell Mureibit , Jerf el Ahmar , Göbekli Tepe , Nevalı Çori , Hacilar , Çatalhöyük , Hallan Çemi Tepesi , Çayönü Tepesi , Shanidar , Jarmo , Zrebar , Ganj Dareh and Ali Kosh . Jericho in

1444-419: Was the principal archaeologist at Tell es-Sultan (ancient Jericho) and she discovered that there was no pottery there. The vessels she found were made from stone and she reasonably surmised that others made from wood or vegetable fibres would have long since decayed. The first chronological pottery system had been devised by Sir Arthur Evans for his Bronze Age findings at Knossos and Kenyon used this as

#96903