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38-589: The earliest settlements in the area go back over 10,000 years and are situated near what is today the Lerma River . The earliest known inhabitants of the area were the Mazahua . It was originally called "Ñiñi Mbate" which probably means 'place of the small plain' but possibly 'place of the first man'. This area was conquered by the Aztecs before the 16th century, and its last Aztec governor was named Ocoyotzen. When

76-596: A drink made from corn, "sende choo," a Mazahua drink made from fermented corn and pulque, which is often served flavored with fruit such as cactus pears. From December 31 to January 1, Mazahua and Otomi pilgrims come here to celebrate the "Lord of the Coronation," carrying their images of this saint adorned with flowers, fruit and bread, accompanied by flutes, mariachis or drums. Local dances such as "Las Pastoras," " Los Concheros ," "Los Macheteros," "Los Romanos" and "Los Chimales" are performed. At midday on January 1, there

114-538: A few Algansea chubs, two Yuriria chubs, a few Notropis shiners, two Ictalurus catfish, two Tetrapleurodon lampreys, and more. Many of these are threatened , and a few Chirostoma silversides and all three Evarra chubs are already extinct . The Lerma–Chapala–Grande de Santiago basin and associated systems have four endemic cambarid crayfish: Cambarellus chapalanus , C. lermensis , C. prolixus and Procambarus digueti . The Lerma River has had chronic problems with pollution. Most of

152-549: A history of mistreatment by colonial authorities, the residents here sided early with Hidalgo when the Mexican War of Independence broke out in 1810. Shortly after the end of the war, the State of Mexico was created in 1824 and the municipality of Temascalcingo in 1825, with San Miguel Temascalcingo as the seat. This area was the scene of a destructive earthquake in 1912. As the birthplace of the painter José María Velasco Gómez ,

190-568: A length of 750 kilometres (470 mi). When it empties into Lake Chapala, the system stands at 1,510 metres (4,950 ft) above sea level. Some people consider the 400-kilometre (249 mi) long Río Grande de Santiago , which continues from Lake Chapala northwest towards the Pacific Ocean , to be a continuation of the Lerma River. During the 17th and 18th centuries, large haciendas were established along this river, including

228-717: A population of 11,454 people. The town is centered on a square called the Plaza Centenario , with its Municipal Palace to the south of the square. To the north is another, smaller square dedicated to painter José María Velasco. To the west of the main plaza is the Parish of San Miguel Arcángel. This church was rebuilt in 1939 in Neoclassic style, mostly imitating the design of the Church of El Carmen in Celaya, Guanajuato. It

266-403: A regular basis with an average running efficiency of about 70 per cent. Six further treatment facilities were under construction to raise the regional capacity to 9.56 cubic metres per second (338 cu ft/s). In Lake Chapala, into which the Lerma River flows, water quality improved from 90% of the lake having poor water quality in 1989 to 85% of the lake having good quality in 1997. However,

304-501: A total of 16,724 students at different levels of education imparted by 808 teachers in 222 schools. The literacy rate has increased in recent years with 78% of the total population over 15 years able to read. It is predicted that this percentage will increase to 90%. Of the total population residing in the town, 2.04% receive medical services by the IMSS , 27.73% from ISSSTE and 3.92% by ISSEMYM . The remaining 66.32% receive care from

342-1838: A track-and-field athlete who has won medals in the PanAmerican Games and set Mexican records, and Pinito Reynoso Bejarano (1895–1981) and educator best known for his work against illiteracy. As municipal seat, the town of Temascalcingo de José Maria Velasco has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Ahuacatitlan Centro, Boshesda, Calderas, Cerritos de Cárdenas, Barrio de Corona, Guadalupe Ixtapa, La Huerta, Juanacatlán, La Magdalena, Mesa de Bañi, Mesa de Santiago (La Mesa), Pastores Primer Barrio, Puruahua, Pueblo Nuevo Solís (La Estancia), San Antonio Solís, San Francisco Solís, San Francisco Tepeolulco, San José Ixtapa, San José Solís, San Juanico el Alto (San Juanico), San Mateo el Viejo, San Miguel Solís, San Nicolás Solís, San Pedro el Alto, San Pedro Potla Centro (San Pedro Potla), Santa Ana Yenshu Centro, Santa Lucía (Ejido de San Mateo el Viejo), Santa María Canchesda, Santa María Solís, Santa Rosa Solís, Santiago Coachochitlán, San Vicente Solís, Ex-hacienda de Solís, El Tejocote (La Loma), Santa Ana Yenshu Ejido, San Pedro Potla Segundo Barrio, San Pedro Potla Primer Barrio Ejido, San José los Reyes, El Rodeo, Cuadrilla, Ahuacatitlán (La Providencia), Barrio de Shelle, Estación Solís (Estación Alberto Garduño), El Garay, La Mesa del Venado, Pozo de las Palomas, San Juanico Centro, San Pedro Potla Tercer Barrio, Santa Ana Yenshu la Mesa, Los Pinos, La Estanzuela, Ixtapa, Mesa de Bombaro, Mesa de los Garnica, Mogote de la Campana, Barrio las Peñas, Barrio Santa María los Chamacueros, San Fco. Tepeolulco, Tercer Barrio la Mesa, La Magdalena Bosha, La Magdalena Cruz Blanca, Santiago Coachochitlán Barrio del Rincón, Los Pastores (Pastores Segundo Barrio), San Pedro de la Loma, and La Loma de San Mateo. Temascalcingo

380-471: A vast program of upgrading local sanitation infrastructure. The Lerma River originates from the Lerma lagoons near Almoloya del Río , on a plateau more than 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) above sea level, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) southeast from the city of Toluca . The lagoons receive their water from springs rising from basaltic volcanics that flow down from Monte de Las Cruces . These are located between

418-465: Is a procession to the church. On Jan 2, men on horseback arrive here in honor of the image here of Saint Francis of Assisi. The passion play held every year since 1975, whose script was written by Amalio Quintana. During this Passion Play, young men re-enact the crucifixion of Christ. The Feast of Corpus Christi is celebrated in June with large processions as well. A more locally derived festival occurs on

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456-479: Is also the starting point of Río Grande de Santiago , which some treat as a continuation of the Lerma River. In combination, the two are often called the Lerma Santiago River ( Spanish : Río Lerma Santiago ). The Lerma River is notorious for its pollution , but the water quality has demonstrated considerable improvement in recent years due mostly to government environmental programs and through

494-435: Is another economic activity including corner stores, open air markets, pharmacies, clothing stores, shoe stores, furniture shops, retail stores, fruit and vegetables stands. There are 8,100 speakers of Otomi and Náhuatl , most of whom are located in ethnic communities outside the municipal seat, representing only 30% of the total population. The rest are monolingual Spanish speakers. The municipality provides education to

532-542: Is best known for the landscapes he painted of areas in central Mexico. Also in his honor is the José María Velasco Nature Park , located at the main entrance to the town. This is a section of forest that offers some amenities such as kiosks, playgrounds, and a small pool. Local dishes include chicken in "chirrión" sauce, "charales con nopales, cactus in green salsa, and "mole de olla" with xoconostles (a type of fruit). Local drinks include "puscua,"

570-550: Is bordered by the municipalities of Acambay , Atlacomulco , Jocotitlán and El Oro, and to the west by the states of Michoacán and Querétaro . The population of the entire municipality in 2005 was 58,169 people. Two notable sites in and near the municipal seat are the Tzindo , which is an archeological zone where there are some cave drawings. From Colonial period there is the Hacienda de Solis . Located about 18 km from

608-529: Is derived from "San Miguel Cambay". The area was then evangelized by the Franciscans , building the parish church, and the monastery of San Miguel in 1623. The location of the Parroquia de San Miguel (Parish of Saint Michael ) has been a church for the town since the 17th century; however, nothing of the original structure remains. In 1912, an earthquake devastated the town, and it, like everything else

646-574: Is quite irregular, with hills, and steep mountainous formations, deep gullies and valleys. The mountains and plateaus occupy nearly two thirds of the total area of the municipality. Some of the most significant mountains include Las Palomas, El Colmilludo, San Antonio, Dongú, La Cumbre, and La Manga. The major river is called Las Adjuntas. Farming is the most important activity in the municipality. The main crops are corn, potatoes, oats, beans, and vegetables. Almost every community raises domestic farm animals like cattle, horses, goats and pigs. Retail business

684-670: The 16th of August, in honor of "Lord Ndareje" or "Lord of the Water." Prehispanic rites occur at the Los Pastores waterfall and offerings are left in the Lerma River. Some notable people from this town include: José Maria Velasco , (1840–1912) who was a painter of landscapes, Archbishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres , (1865–1941) suffered the exile three times during the Cristero movement in Mexico, María del Carmen Garduño Cervantes (born 1955),

722-463: The Atenco Ranch, which was founded with bulls that belonged to Hernán Cortés . The bulls from this area are considered some of the finest stock for bullfighting. The river is dotted with cities such as Lerma and San Mateo Atenco to small picturesque villages with cultural significance such as Malinalco . The Lerma River–Lake Chapala basin is considered to be the most important watershed in

760-640: The Spanish invaded, the Mazahuas and the Otomis of this area united with the Aztecs to fight them. However, after the Spanish victory, Hernán Cortés distributed this area, along with Metepec to Francisco de Villegas in 1540. In 1535, the Franciscans began evangelization here, establishing churches and renaming the area, San Miguel Temascalcingo. Through the 18th century, haciendas here grew to supply grain to mining areas like Tlalpujahua and El Oro . Because of

798-546: The Valley of Toluca and the Basin of Mexico. The river forms the short border between the states of Querétaro and Michoacán then flows west-northwest through the state of Guanajuato . After turning southward, the river separates Guanajuato and Michoacán, and Michoacán and Jalisco before flowing, after a course of about 560 kilometres (350 mi), into Lake Chapala, 24 kilometres (15 mi) west-southwest of La Barca. It has

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836-643: The country by the federal government. With its major tributaries, the Laja , Apaseo, and Turbio the Lerma constitutes Mexico's largest river system. The Lerma River is not navigable by water craft, but it is critical to regional agricultural irrigation. In the Lerma River/Lake Chapala watershed, 52,125 of the total 78,000 (roughly 67%) farmers are classified as small farmers. Currently 820,000 hectares are irrigated and an estimated three million hectares are in agricultural production. The population in

874-1718: The following communities: Agostadero (San José Agostadero), Agua Limpia, Barrancas, Barrio de Candeje, Boshi Chiquito, Boshi Grande, Boshindo, Boti (Boti Agostadero), Botidi, Bovini, Buenavista, Cañada del Gallo, Cerrito de Tixmadeje, Chanteje, Conejeras, Dateje, Deshpe, Detiña (San Antonio Detiña), Detiña Ejido, Dongu (Dongu Centro), Dongu Barrio Dos, Dongu Barrio Uno, Dongu Puerto, Doxteje Barrio Dos, Doxteje Barrio Primero, Doxteje Centro, Ejido Tixmadeje, El Capulín (Barrio el Capulín la Loma), El Ermitaño, El Fresadero, El Medrano, El Pedregal Tixmadeje, Endeje, Esdoca, Gando, Ganzda, Hacienda Toto, Hondiga, Juando, La Caridad, La Cumbre, La Estancia Sector Dos, La Estancia Sector Uno (La Estancia), La Florida, La Huerta, La Laguna, La Loma (Santa María la Loma), La Manga, La Nopalera, La Palma, La Providencia Doxteje, La Soledad, La Teresa (Santa Teresa), La Terquedad, La Venta (Barrio la Venta), Las Arenas (San Agustín), Las Chivas (El Cerro), Las Golondrinas, Las Mangas, Las Pomas Ejido de Dateje, Las Trojes, Loma de Emmedio, Loma de San Ángel, Loma del Fresno, Loma Linda, Los Charcos, Los Pilares, Los Sauces, Los Toriles, Mado Sector Dos, Mado Sector Uno, Muyteje, Pathé, Pueblo Nuevo, Puentecillas, Rancho Castilla de las Águilas, Rancho la Venta, Rancho Lucero, Rincón de Juando, San Agustín la Loma, San Antonio las Palmas, San Francisco Shaxni, San Francisco Shaxni Ejido, San Ildefonso (San Ildefonso Yolotepec), San José Bocto, San Juanico Sector Dos, San Juanico Sector Uno, San Nicolás Acambay, San Pedro de los Metates, Santa María las Arenas, Santa María las Arenas Dos, Tixmadeje Barrio Dos, Tixmadeje Chiquito, Tixmadeje Grande (Santa María Tixmadeje). The total population of

912-454: The late 1980s because of uncoordinated water policies that did little or nothing to regulate water use among competing interests and failed to consider the effects of upstream activities to those living downstream. Government plans were drawn up due to intense public pressure leading to improvement of the water quality in the 1990s. By 1997, 45 plants with a treatment capacity of 5.72 cubic metres per second (202 cu ft/s) were operating on

950-483: The most polluted, especially in stretches closest to its source near Almoloya del Río. Since 2005, industrial contaminants have become a serious concern as well as the continuing loss of plant life in and around the river itself. In 2005, thousands of fish suddenly died in the river in the municipality of Pénjamo in Guanajuato state when effluent flow depleted the oxygen in that part of the river. The lower parts of

988-713: The municipal seat, the largest attraction here is officially called the "Spring of Jesus," but is more commonly known as "El Borbollón," (the gusher). It is a natural spring of volcanically heated water which forms a pool of water with a high mineral content. Lerma River The Lerma River ( Spanish : Río Lerma ) is Mexico 's second longest river. It is a 750 km-long (470 mi) river in west-central Mexico that begins in Mexican Plateau at an altitude over 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) above sea level, and ends where it empties into Lake Chapala , Mexico's largest lake, near Guadalajara , Jalisco . Lake Chapala

1026-406: The municipality is 56,849. It borders the state of Querétaro and Aculco to the north, to the east with Aculco and Timilpan , to the south with Timilpan, Atlacomulco and Temascalcingo , and to the west with Temascalcingo and the state of Querétaro . The municipality covers an area of 492.13 square kilometres (190.01 sq mi), representing 2.21% of the state's territory. The area

1064-483: The population to move. The nearby town of Benguitú, which was subsequently named Cabayé or Acambay was founded by the same tribe of Otomis soon after the abandonment of Huamango. After the Spanish conquest, the area now known as Acambay was originally entrusted to Capt. Juan Jaramillo de Salvatierra, who belonged to Hernán Cortés 's army. Later the area was granted to Don Mateo de San Juan Chimalpopoca Izcóatl of San Miguel Cambay and descendant of Cuauhtémoc . "Acambay"

1102-592: The problems are due to untreated and under-treated wastewater being discharged into the river. Reservoirs constructed to control the highly varied flow of the river are often choked with water hyacinths due to eutrophication caused by the untreated effluents. The most important industries in the Lerma River area are those that produce meat, dairy, produce, beverages, pulp and paper, leather goods, petrochemical and chemical products. Little or no emphasis on wastewater treatment and recycling has been imposed upon these economic activities. The situation became extremely bad in

1140-401: The region's larger population centers, rural areas have had chronic problems with access to potable water from the river and the aquifers that feed it. Wells drilled into these aquifers have very low yields. The Lerma–Chapala–Grande de Santiago basin and associated systems are rich in freshwater fish, being the home of more than 100 native species and 19 introduced species. Among the natives,

1178-435: The river, closer to Lake Chapala are in better shape because there is less urbanization there. 20°13′N 102°46′W  /  20.217°N 102.767°W  / 20.217; -102.767 Acambay Acambay is a town and municipio (municipality) located in northern State of Mexico . The township of Acambay is the municipal seat of the municipio of the same name. The origins of Acambay date back to

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1216-565: The settlement of the area by the Otomis who founded a ceremonial center called Huamango , which was occupied from 850 to 1350. It was the most important cultural center before the rise of the Tula civilization. The area is now known as the San Miguel plateau. While the cause of the center's abandonment is not absolutely known, some legends indicate that it was destroyed by an earthquake, forcing

1254-403: The town changed its name to Temascalcingo de José María Velasco July 14, 1945 by decree. However, it is still commonly referred to simply as "Temascalcingo". In 1988, a group of residents from Tepeolulco, a community under Temascalcingo's jurisdiction, took over the municipal hall to protest water supplies and civil rights violations. The town today has an altitude of 2,380 meters and in 2005 had

1292-411: The two most diverse families are the splitfins and Neotropical silversides (each has about 1 ⁄ 4 of the native species in the basin), followed by the poeciliids and cyprinids (each has about 1 ⁄ 8 of the native species in the basin). Among these are many endemics , including several Chirostoma ("charales") silversides, several splitfins, a few Poeciliopsis livebearers,

1330-503: The watershed as of 1997 was 9.35 million with an annual growth rate slightly less than the national average. The population is distributed among 6,224 localities; 18 of these have a population greater than 50,000 inhabitants. The rural population is currently 32 per cent. The Lerma's water is also a source for the municipal water supply in the Guadalajara and Toluca metropolitan areas. While water extraction and use has been adequate for

1368-518: The worst water quality was still closest where the Lerma River discharged into the lake. However, in the decade beginning in 2000, contamination levels of the river system were alarming, with studies in Michoacán and Guanajuato documenting an increase in cancer and neurocysticercosis in populations that live near the river. The Lerma River portion of the Lerma–Chapala basin is considered to be

1406-421: Was built with pink stone that is found in this region. It has only one tower, which contains a clock. Its interior altarpieces are all done in mahogany by sculptor Fidel Enríquez Pérez . In front of the church is a large atrium park. The Centro Cultural José María Velasco, on Hermanos Velascos Street, is dedicated to the art of this landscape painter. Most of Velasco's themes reside in botany and in nature, but he

1444-648: Was completely rebuilt. The fault system that triggered is known as the Acambay-Tixmadejé Fault System . Aside from the town church, the Otomi Ceremonial Center is without a doubt the most important venue in Acambay; it is influenced by Mexica and Toltec prehispanic cultures. It is located in the "Casa de Cultura Dr. Maximiliano Ruiz Castañeda" As municipal seat, the town of Acambay has governmental jurisdiction over

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